Anatomy - He aha te mea e pūtaiao? History o anatomy

Biology - tetahi o te pūtaiao tino hao me nui-tauine i roto i te ao hou. Kei roto te reira i te maha o sciences rerekē me wāhanga, ia o nei no ni'ai te te ako o etahi pūhanga i roto i ngā pūnaha ora me o ratou mahi faufaa, hanganga, hanganga rāpoi, me pera i runga i.

Ko tētahi o ēnei pūtaiao ko ïa te ngā, me te koroheke rawa, engari tonu te pūtaiao tūturu o te anatomy.

e titiro

Anatomy - te pūtaiao e tuatapapa i te hanganga ā-me ngā āhuatanga morphological o te tinana tangata, me te whanaketanga tangata i roto i te akoranga o te phylogeny, ontogeny me anthropogenesis.

Ko te kaupapa o te ako o te anatomy ko:

• te āhua o te tinana tangata, me ona whekau katoa;
• te hanganga o whekau tangata, me te tinana;
• te takenga o te iwi;
• whanaketanga o ia kaiao takitahi (ontogeny).

Ko te ahanoa o tenei pūtaiao ko te tangata, me ona e wātea ana ngā āhuatanga waho, me te roto katoa o te hanganga.

i nui hoki te tangata i nga wa katoa Anatomy rite pūtaiao kua whakawhanakehia ake hoki te wa roa, rite moni i roto i te hanganga me te mahi o nga whekau. Heoi, anatomy hou ngā he maha o ngā wāhi e pā ana o koiora, e te tata e pā ana ki taua mea, a ka e whakaaro ki te kia te tikanga matatini. Ko nga wāhi o anatomy, pērā i enei:

1. Anatomy nahanaha.
2. Matawhenua ranei hāparapara.
3. Hihiri.
4. Kirihou.
5. Age.
6. Tauritenga.
7. Pathological.
8. Haumanu.

Ko te kupu, ko te tinana tangata - te pūtaiao e Akoranga mea katoa e te hopoia mai ki te hanganga tinana tangata, me ngā tukanga whaiaroaro. I tua atu, he whanaunga tata tenei pūtaiao ki me te taunekeneke ki taua whatu-atu i reira, a kua riro pūtaiao motuhake, pēnei i:

• Anthropology - te parau haapiiraa o te tangata rite taua, tona tūranga i roto i te pūnaha o te ao organic me ngā taunekeneke ki te hapori, me te taiao. āhuatanga pāpori me te koiora o te tangata oranga, mahara, konä i, huru, whanonga.
• Whaiaroaro - te pūtaiao o te tukanga katoa e puta ana i roto i te tinana tangata (te tikanga o te moe, me te 'ā'ā, braking me te taraiwa, hinaaro karere, me te pupuri ratou, ture manavasii me humoral, a pera atu).
• anatomy whakataurite - mo ki te ako o te whanaketanga embryonic me te hanganga o whekau rerekē me o ratou pūnaha, i te whakatairite i te embryos o kararehe o akomanga rerekē o taxa.
• ariā whanaketanga - te parau haapiiraa o te take mai me te whanaketanga o te tangata i te wa o te ahua o te ao ki te ra hakari (phylogeny), me te tohu o te kotahitanga o te koiora katoa o to tatou paraneta.
• Genetics - te ako o te waehere ira tangata, tikanga rokiroki me te whakawhiti o te mōhiohio ā-ira i te whakatupuranga ki whakatupuranga.

Ka rite ki te hua, e kite tatou e te anatomy tangata - ko te huinga matatini rawa tahi o sciences maha. Ngā mihi ki o ratou iwi mahi mohio he rota e pā ana ki te tinana tangata, me ona tikanga katoa.

History o anatomy

kitea e te reira i ona anatomy pakiaka i roto i nga wa onamata. I muri i te katoa, ko ia i te ahua o te tangata hiahia ki te mohio he aha te mea i roto ia aha, ki te mamae, toto, he aha te mea te reira, he aha te tangata hopoi, moe, kai. enei pātai katoa o tawhito fakahoha'asi ngā mema maha o te tangata.

Heoi, kihai i ratou pahonoraa mai tonu. ka mau te reira i neke atu i te rau tau ki te whakaemi i te maha rawaka o te ariā, me te mahi, me te hoatu i te whakautu ki te nuinga o ngā pātai e pā ana ki te tinana tangata tonu, me te taipitopito.

Kei te herenga wehea History o anatomy ki wā matua e toru:

• Anatomy o te ao tahito;
• Anatomy o nga Middle;
• wā hou.

Kia whai whakaaro ano tatou ia taahiraa i roto i te taipitopito.

tawhito

Iwi nei riro nga kaiwhakatū o pūtaiao o anatomy, te iwi tuatahi e hiahia, ka whakaahua i te hanganga o nga whekau - he te onamata Kariki, Roma, Ihipiana me Pahi. Māngai o enei u'i hoatu ara ki te anatomy rite te pūtaiao, anatomy whakatairite me te Embryology me te kukuwhatanga, me hinengaro. He āta titiro ki o ratou takoha i te puka o te tepu.

Middle ake

āhuatanga tēnei wā e tauwhatinga me te heke i roto i te whanaketanga o tetahi mea katoa o Sciences, me te te faatîtîraa o te Ekalesia, i opani tuaki, te rangahau, me te ako o te anatomy o te kararehe, e whakaaro ai he hara. Na reira, nui huringa me ngā āhuatanga i roto i tenei wa e kore kua i whakamana.

Ko te Renaissance, i te tahi atu te ringa, ka hoatu e te rota o te whanaketanga ki te rongoā hou, me te anatomy. Ko te koha matua hanga e toru pūtaiao:

1. Leonardo da Vinci. Ka taea te whakaaro te reira i te kaiwhakarewa o anatomy kirihou. Tono ratou mau taleni toi mo te painga o te anatomy, kua hanga e ia neke atu i te 700 drawings, tika e tohu ana i te uaua o te tuahiwi. tinana, me te whakaatu o ratou anatomy mahere whenua ratou mārama me tika. Hei mahi mahi i tētahi tūpāpaku.
2. Yakov Silvius. Kaiako o maha anatomists o tona hurihuri. whakatuwheratia e ia he awa parautanga i roto i te hanganga roro.
3. Andeas Vesalius. He tākuta rawa pūmanawa, he maha nga tau i oti rawa ako tupato o te anatomy. kawea ana ngā kitenga i roto i runga i te pūtake o te tūpāpaku, nui o nga wheua i kitea i te urupā o te rauemi kohia. mahi a tona ora - pukapuka e whitu-rōrahi, "I runga i te hanganga o te tinana tangata." Kua meinga ana mahi pato'iraa i roto i te tini, kia rite ki i roto i tona matauranga o te anatomy - ko te pūtaiao, e kia ako i roto i te mahi. i tika ke ki nga mahi o Galen, nei i i taua wa, ko te i te moni tenei.
4. Vilyam Garvey. Tona mahi matua ko te pukapuka "Te ako kikokiko o te nekehanga o te ngakau toto, me te i roto i nga kararehe." Ia whakamatauria tuatahi e neke te toto i roto i te porohita nanakia o oko, i nui ki te iti i roto i korere iti. reira no hoki ki te tauākī tuatahi e whakawhanake katoa kararehe i te hua manu, a ka whai i roto i tona tukanga whanaketanga te whanaketanga o mua o nga mea ora katoa i roto i te whānui (hou ture biogenetic).
5. Kākano, Eustace, Willis, Glisson, Azelli, Peke, Bertolini - nga ingoa o nga pūtaiao o tenei wā, i hoatu tona mahi he pikitia tino o te mea he anatomy tangata. Ko te takoha tino taonga, i hoatu ara ki te tīmatanga hou i roto i te whanaketanga o tenei pūtaiao tenei.

wā hou

E pā ana tēnei wā ki te XIX - tenetere XX me te āhuatanga e te maha o ngā āhuatanga tino nui. taea te hanga katoa o ratou whakawhetai ki te tenenga o te karu. tapiritia Marcello Malpighi ka whakamatauria whakaritea e i tetahi wa tohu Harvey - te aroaro o tōiti. whakapumautia Scientist Shymlanskaya e tona mahi, me te katinga tamatahia, me te hurihanga o te pūnaha reretoto.

Ano, he maha o ngā āhuatanga e whakaaetia ki te whāki i taipitopito atu te ariā o "anatomy". Enei ko nga mahi e whai ake nei:

• Galvani Luidzhi. Kua hanga tenei tangata he takoha nui ki te whanaketanga o te ahupūngao me te hiko whakatuwheratia. Heoi, te whakahaere ia kia kite i te aroaro o ponana hiko i roto i te kopa o te kararehe. Na ka e ia te kaiwhakarewa o electrophysiology.
• Caspar Wolf. whawhati i ia te ariā o te preformation, tohe e te tīariari tinana katoa i roto i te puka iti i roto i te pūtau iroriki, a ka tika tupu. riro ia te kaiwhakarewa o embryogenesis.
• Louis Pasteur. I muri tau o ngā whakamatauria te oraraa o te huakita. tikanga whakawhanakehia o werohanga.
• Zhan Batist Lamark. hanga e ia he takoha nui ki te whakaako whanaketanga. Ia fokotu'u tuatahi e te tangata, ano he mea ora katoa, whanake i raro i te mana o te taiao.
• Carl Baer. I wahia e ia te pūtau iroriki o te tinana wahine, whakaahuatia nga paparanga iroriki , ka hoatu ara ki te whanaketanga o te matauranga e pā ana ki te ontogenesis.
• Charles Darwin. hanga e ia he takoha nui ki te whanaketanga o te ariā kunenga me faataa te takenga o te tangata. faaite ano e ia te kotahitanga o te ora katoa i runga i te ao.
• Takai, Mechnikov, Sechenov, Pavlov, Botkin, Ukhtomsky, Burdenko - te ingoa o pūtaiao Russian XIX-XX rau, i hoatu he ariā tino e anatomy - ko te pūtaiao, he whānui, maha-faceted me whānui. hiahiatia ratou mahi e ki rongoa i roto i ngā wāhi maha. Ko ratou nga kau paionia o nga huarahi o te wātea i te mate, mahi teitei io, ua me te ture manavasii, me te tokomaha o nga take o iranga. I whakaturia aronga Severtsov i anatomy - Morphology whanaketanga, i hāngai i runga i te pūtake o te ture biogenetic (kaituhi - Haeckel, Darwin, Kovalevsky, Baer, Muller).

Tona whanaketanga o enei iwi katoa, me te pau anatomy. Biology - Ko te pūtaiao matatini, engari ko te matamua, me te tino tino o ratou te anatomy, no te mea pānga ki te tino nui - te hauora tangata.

He aha te mea te anatomy haumanu

anatomy Haumanu - he wāhanga takawaenga i waenganui i te anatomy matawhenua, me te hāparapara. whakaaro te reira i te hanganga o te pātai whānui o te okana ngā. Hei tauira, i roto i te take o te paeoro, te tākuta i mua i te pokanga he tika ki te mohio te āhuatanga whānui o te okana i roto i te tinana, ki nei te hono reira me pehea te taunekeneke reira ki ētahi atu tinana.

I teie mahana, Ko te tino whānui anatomy haumanu. Ka taea e maha e kitea e koe te faaiteraa tinana Haumanu o te ihu, pharynx, korokoro, tetahi atu tinana ranei. Ko te korero Anatomy Haumanu noa i te mea wāhanga tito te tinana, te wahi e tū ai, he aha rohe, he aha te mea te tūranga, me pera i runga i.

mohio tino ia hauora kōtaha kuiti mātanga te tinana haumanu o te tinana, i runga i nei mahi. Ko te kī ki te maimoatanga angitu tenei.

anatomy

Anatomy - he wāhanga o te pūtaiao e mahi ki te ako o te ontogenesis tangata. Ko, whakaaro nga tukanga katoa e haere tahi i te reira i te kau o te haputanga me te atamira kukune noa te mutunga o te huringa ora - te mate. I roto i tenei take, i te pūtake matua mo te tau o te tinana, me te Embryology he gerontology.

Ka taea te whakaaro te kaiwhakarewa o tenei wāhanga anatomy Karl Korimi. Ko ia te tangata e fokotu'u tuatahi e pā ana ki te whanaketanga takitahi o nga oranga ora. I muri mai i huaina tenei tukanga i ontogeny.

whakarato Age anatomy tirohanga ki nga huarahi o hoholo, i te mea nui mō te rongoa.

anatomy whakatairite

Anatomy whakataurite - te pūtaiao, tona whāinga matua ko ki te whakamatau i te kotahitanga o te ora katoa i runga i te ao. Tüturu, whai wāhi tenei ako whakatairite i te embryos o momo rerekē (momo kore anake, engari ano hoki i te taxa akomanga) me te tāutu o ngā tauira noa i roto i te whanaketanga.

anatomy whakataurite me te whaiaroaro - tenei hanganga e pā ana tata, ako kotahi pātai noa: me pehea ki te titiro me te mahi nga embryos o mea rerekē i roto i te rite ki tahi i te tahi?

anatomy mehameha

anatomy pathological - ko te ako pūtaiao mo ki te ako o ngā tukanga pathological i roto i ngā pūtau me te kopa o te tangata. homai tenei te whai wāhi ki te ako tini o nga mate, ki te tiro i te pānga o te rere i runga i te tinana, me te, na reira, ki te kitea whakaora.

Tūmahi anatomy pathological e whai ake nei:

• ki te ako i te take o tini o nga mate i roto i te tangata;
• whakaaro pūhanga o ratou tupu, me te akoranga i te taumata pūtau;
• tāutu i pōauautanga taea katoa i roto i pathologies me taatou mate putanga;
• tūhura i te tikanga o te mate i te mate;
• titiro nga take mo te memeha noa o te maimoatanga o pathologies.

Ko te kaiwhakarewa o tenei ako ko te Rudolf Virchow. I whakapumautia ai te ariā pūtau, korero e pā ana ki te whanaketanga o mate i te taumata o ngā pūtau me te kopa o te tinana tangata.

anatomy rohe

anatomy matawhenua - he ako pūtaiao, te kore tuku ki rite hāparapara. Ko tōna pūtake ko te wehenga o te tinana tangata i runga i ngā wāhi kikokiko, ia o nei te mea i roto i te tetahi wahi o te tinana: upoko, tinana wahi ranei.

Ko te whāinga matua o tenei pūtaiao ko:

• te hanganga taipitopito o ia rohe;
• tinana Syntopy (ratou whakaritenga whanaunga ki tahi e te tahi);
• tinana hononga ki te kiri (golotopiya);
• te supply toto ki ia rohe kikokiko;
• taikiri rere;
• ture io;
• skeletopy (whanaunga ki te kōhiwi).

E hanga e enei raruraru katoa i raro i te mau parau tumu o: te ako, tango ki mate pūkete, pathologies, tau, me ngā āhuatanga takitahi o te rauropi.