B. Fisher, he kaitākaro chess: haurongo, whakaahua me mahi

Robert Dzheyms "Bobby" Fischer - kaitākaro chess i huri noa te ao, te toa 11 i roto i tenei ako i roto i te ao. Hoki i roto i tona kaiaka o te Invention me Whakataki ki te mahi i te momo hou o te wā mana e hāngai ana i runga i te tua i muri i ia patu. e karangatia karaka chess rite tona ihi - "karaka Fischer". i arai ratou e ia i roto i te tau 1990.

Tamariki me te tamarikitanga

Matamua Fisher - March 9, 1943. ko te Tiamana iwi, me tona whaea Swiss me pakiaka Hurai tona papa. I te tau o rua nga tau, ora Bobby te ati matamua i roto i te ora - i tona papa mahue te utuafare. hoki ia ki a Germany, a oho te whaea ki te tamariki ki Brooklyn.

Ko te wheako tuatahi o te tākaro whaikīngi tupu i roto i te tau o ono. kite tonu tuahine pakeke nei i whakaako Robert a Hemi tākaro ratou taranata tūturu o tona teina mo te rautaki. I roto i te tau i muri mai i tonu ake ia i roto i te kēmu o chess. Te wātea o te mahara pai te whakahohea ia ki te ako e rave rahi reo (Pāniora, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Tiamana), a ki taua matauranga o te tuhinga chess ke ako Bobby i te taketake.

whakataetae tuatahi

Ka rite ki te taiohi, whai wāhi Fisher i ngā whakataetae maha. Ko te hua tuatahi o te nui ko tona wikitoria i roto i te US Junior Championship (1957). He tau mihi i muri katoa Bobby ki te taitara o te toa o Amerika. Ko te reira i te tuatahi i roto i te aamu o te toa motu-tau 14-tau. Ko tenei wikitoria i ia tika tīmata ki te ohorere ratou pā. I roto i te 1958, i te tau o rima, ka Bobby te Grandmaster whakaotinga i te ao.

Huri noa i te wa taua rima Fischer, te kaitākaro whaikīngi ki te wheua, rau te kura ki te horo'a ia katoa ki chess. Ko te taitara o te toa ao - te reira tona moe tino nui. Na tonu Bobby i haere ki tenei whāinga.

Heoi, e kore te ngākau mō hākinakina iti ki chess anake. I whai wāhi hoki tenei tangata ahurei i roto i te tēnehi, kauhoe, faahee me Skating.

Ko te wā tuatahi ki te wahi i ki te taitara o te whaikīngi American Fischer tamata i roto i 1959 ao. Ko ia tetahi o nga kaiuru o nga contenders whakataetae mo te taitara ao i roto i Yugoslavia. Ko tenei wa i taka e ia.

hara tuatahi

I roto i 1962, i te kaitono i muri whakataetae tū i roto i Curacao. ko te whakataetae whakamutunga i mua i whati-tau e wha-roa o Fisher tenei. Na ka patua ano ia, oti i roto i te wahi tuawha. I runga i tenei pūkete kitea e ia ona take me whakamārama. whakapono ia e reira he maha rawa kaitākaro i te Soviet Union i roto i nga kaiuru. He momo o te taui roa noa kihai i taea e ki te aromatawai arohaehae te āhuatanga Bobby. Na ka mohio ia e kore ko te reira i roto i te whakataetae, me te ngoikore o tona pūkenga.

Ko te whanaketanga o te chess mahi

I muri i taua, riro ia he raupapa o whakaora nui i roto i te whakataetae tino whaimana, hoko tetahi o nga kaitākaro kaha i roto i te ao. I taua wa, Fischer - whaikīngi, te rōpū i tū i roto i Amerika, tata 100% mutu ki ana toahanga, haapuai atu te paetukutuku o ore i roto i tenei hākinakina. I te US Open i 1963, riro ia ki te hua tino. I roto i te wā i te tau 1960 ki te 1970, ārahi te rōpū o tona whenua i te Olympics World, pau ia 65 kēmu: 40 o i riro ia 18 kawea mai i roto i te Unuunu, a ngaro 7 anake.

I roto i te tīmatanga o nga hitu ahuru, ka anga ia ki te whakaatu record hua. Ko te rōpū ki te kaitākaro pai i roto i te ao i roto i te kaitono Tournament 1971, puta ia ki te hua inä - 85% o nga ngā.

Bobby Fischer - te kaitākaro whaikīngi ki te pūāhua kinotia ia

ngā tenei tangata he chess homai onge me te whakaaro minamina me kinotia ia. Kei te rapua tonu me nga wahi katoa ia ki te hoatu ia ia ki runga ake i ētahi atu whakataetae, tono haamaitairaa. Ia maha haere kia tae noa e ofati i te ture, te patua fakahāhaa'i ware i runga i nga ngā o te whakataetae me te whakataetae. Hei tauira, ka rite ki te mema o Interzonal i Sousse i 1967, hua'tu kī ia e, i runga i te pūtake o te tui fakalotú, e kore te reira e taea te pupuri kēmu i runga i Paraire, a taea anake Rāhoroi tākaro i muri i te hora e whitu i roto i te ahiahi. haere nga ngā ki te whakatau ia ia, me tona hōtaka o kēmu i runga i enei whakaritenga. Heoi, i runga i tenei tona "hiahia" kore i runga i ano. ui atu ia e, rawa, ka anga te toenga o te rōpū i runga i te Rāhoroi i muri anake 19.00. Tenei tono rorirori, o te akoranga, i paopao, i muri nei Bobby Fischer, te kaitākaro whaikīngi ki te huru kinotia, ka i "tuwha" ki tikanga rangatira katoa, me te kore e whakaatu ki runga mo te rua ngā kēmu. E ai ki ngā ture, i taka enei rōpū i taua e murua putia ia, i roto i te whakautu ki tona kore ki te whai wāhi atu i roto i te whakataetae.

whakakitea Fisher hua tino, ko te kupu kowhetetia te faatura i roto i ngā kaitākaro. Otiia i te wa ano, kua toutou whakataua reira mo te ware, ore- raa me tono nui i runga i tona tangata. I roto i te tika kia tuhia te reira e nui haere te reira ngā whakaritenga e rua ki nga tikanga, me te ki te rahi o te utu, kua whai wāhi ki te whakapai ake o te ora whakataetae, me te toko i te ora o ngā kaitākaro. I roto i ngā, rite ki te hua o te faaino tamau e Fisher kua nui haere e rave rahi taime te rahi iti o te poka taonga o te toa ao. maha hauti i huaina hoa ia "to tatou uniana," i mohio rite tamata ia ki chess faaturahia.

toa ao

I roto i te ōrite taitara i roto i 1972, tū i roto i Reykjavik, i reira Fischer takaro ki Boris Spassky, riro ia ki te kaute o 12.5: 8.5.

Toa i te ōrite ki Spassky ko te tukinga mōhiohio whakamutunga takaro e Fisher. Riro te taitara o te toa hou, ka anga ia ki te tākaro uaua, a ka rōpū ōpaki anake. Mahi i whakataetae nui ko kahore ake. Iwi a tawhio noa ia ia kite whakahōhā noa nui o toa whakapehapeha fo'ou. Na te mamae tino ara whakaaro e pā ana ki te taea o te hinga arahina ki te meka e Fischer - kaitākaro whaikīngi, ko wai i taea e kore ano ano ki te pai ratou pā he wikitoria auheke, i roto i te meka, heke i te tawhiti.

He aha e kore e te ōrite ki Karpov

Roa i mua i te tukinga ki a Anatoliem Karpovym kua hoatu mua te toa kingi he maha nui o ngā whakaritenga (o 64) ki tona whakahaere me te whakahaere. Te nuinga o ratou i o te āhua pono mahi, ahakoa tokomaha ratou whakaaro pākiki. He nui ki te whakamahi hei tauira ki tetahi o ratou te reira: ui Fischer e te tomokanga ki te ruma, te wahi i reira ko te kēmu, te potae pere whakahauanga katoa. Me etahi hoki aua tikanga, e he mārama i roto i te pakanga ki whakapumautia mahi i te wa o tenei ahua o te whakataetae. tenei katoa fokotu'u e te ara B. Fischer, te kaitākaro whaikīngi, nei kihai i tukua ara te whakaaro o tona mate, tamata ki te whakapōrearea i te ōrite ki te hoariri e taea e kaha atu i a ia.

Kua whakapumautia e te toa o nāianei nga whakaritenga e whai ake nei mo te ture kēmu: kia muri i te reira ki runga ki te 10 ngā kēmu toa, e kumea kore tatau; e kore e kia whakaritea te maha o ngā rōpū i roto i tetahi ara; ki te ko te kaute 9: 9, e noho te taitara ki Fischer.

A, no te nga ngā tuatahi e rua o te roanga kēmu i taea ki te matapae. Ia i taea e muri mo te rave rahi marama, e pai kia Kāore. Na reira, he kōmihana ngā o ngā mema ārahi o te Fide faaoti e te kēmu 6 riro e kia nui. He aha Bobby "whakawehi ana" i te kore o te karauna whaikīngi, me te kēmu ki a Karpov. Here, kua hanga nga ngā tuuraa ra. Tau o kēmu i whakaarahia ki 9. anake kotahi whakaritenga tika e i whakaaro heahea, me te taurite i riro, kihai i whakatau ia. Kei te korero tatou e pā ana ki te pire. I muri i te katoa, ki te ko te pūkete hohe 9: 8 i roto i te manakohia o Karpov, ka ki te riro i roto i te kēmu i muri Me tino ia ki te riro, e ko, kua te kaitono ki te riro 2 kēmu nui atu i te toa kingi.

I roto i te whakautu, kihai tonu Fischer te ōrite, hoki i ngaro ia tona karauna chess. whakaaturia Anatoly Karpov toa, me te mahi o Fisher mo te wa roa kōrero i roto i te taiao chess.

reclusion

Bobby Fischer - te kaitākaro chess (kite i raro whakaahua.), Nei kua he taua huru rereke, i muri i te kēmu i taka ki a Karpov te kore whai wāhi i roto i te whakataetae chess mōhiohio. Kei te mohiotia te reira i taua i roto i 1976-1977, ua faaite e ia he hiahia ki te pupuri i te tukinga ki te toa kingi Karpov me whiriwhiringa ara whakahaere i runga i te mea. Otiia kihai i ratou angitu, a kihai te hui i tango i te wahi. Kei te reira mohiotia hoki e taua kaitākaro rite Enrike Meking, Svetozar Gligoric, Viktor Korchnoi ko Jan Timman, i hiahia i roto i Fisher rite tāwhai pea hoki, engari ano hoki ki a ratou e kore e ki kēmu tae.

I roto i te mutunga o nga hitu ahuru, korerotia te press e honoa Fischer he titorehanga fakalotu "Ao Ekalesia o te Kaihanga." Heoi, i muri i te mutunga i taka o te ao, e tohu tona rangatira, ka puta mai i roto o te titorehanga.

Ko te tau whakamutunga o te ora me te mate

Tae noa 1992, Fischer tata kihai i puta te ingoa o whaikīngi i te press. I roto i te taua tau ohorere ia whakaae ki te tono o te tuaana arumoni Tararā ki te tākaro i te kēmu ki a Anatoliem Karpovym. Fischer riro te reira, engari, ka rite ki tuhia e fakaangá maha, rangatira e rua o te pūkenga, whakaritea ki te meka e kua faaite ratou i roto i te 1970, kua heke mārika i.

I muri i te wikitoria i aru e te take, raruraru hoki ki te takoha me te US State Department. Ko te meka e ka tangohia Fisher, wahi i roto i te kēmu, takahia te Heoi ao, e ngā i roto i te whakaūpoko o Yugoslavia, whakaaturia te United States. Ano, i kore utu ia takoha i runga i toahanga. I muri i kore i taua Bobby tika wehenga hoki korero e pā ana ki te kāwanatanga US. Ka rite ki te hua, ka haere mai ki raro ki te meka i kua whakakorea tona uruwhenua. A, no te muri i te ia tamata ia ki te tiki ki te Amerika, i hopukina ia, ka whiua ki te 8 marama i roto i te whare herehere.

I muri i tona whare herehere, i noho ia i roto i Tiorangi, i Reykjavik. Mate Bobby Fischer - te kaitākaro whaikīngi, kua ki tonu i te taua ngā rerekē, me te whakahē nei haurongo, i hēnga o ōna whatukuhu January 17, 2008.