Contamination o te oneone, me ona nunu'a tangata. Aromatawai o te contamination oneone

Oneone - he hanganga tūturu motuhake, te whakarite i te tupu o te rakau, hua, me te tahi atu tipu. He uaua ki te whakaaro te ora, kahore to tatou oneone momona. Ko te tangata hou e pā ana ki te hurihia? I teie mahana, kua tae te tangata o te contamination oneone hanganga nui, na te oneone o to tatou paraneta i roto i te hiahia hepohepo o te tiaki me te atawhai.

Oneone - he aha te mea te reira?

tiaki oneone ki te paitini e taea kahore he mārama māramatanga o te mea he oneone me pehea te hanga e te reira. Whakaaroa tenei pātai i roto i te taipitopito atu.

Ko te whenua (ranei whenua) - he hanganga tūturu motuhake, he wāhanga whakahauanga o tetahi rauwiringa kaiao. Kei te hanga e te reira i roto i te kahu o runga o te toka matua, i te mahi o te ra, te wai, me te otaota. Oneone - he ahua o te piriti, he hononga, e hono nga wāhanga aahuatanga me abiotic o te whenua.

tukanga Basic rite ki te hua o nei te oneone, tenei horo me mahi faufaa o kaiao ora. Ka rite ki te hua, ngaro nga tukanga o te toka matua HUARERE mīhini te me āta mongamonga, a kua ki tonu kaiao ora ki tenei papatipu popohe o matū waro.

he tangata o te parahanga oneone - ko reira tetahi o nga raruraru tino nui o te rauropi hou, me te whakahaere taiao, ngā te i whakakoi i roto i te hawhe tuarua o te rautau rua tekau.

hanganga oneone

Kei Tetahi oneone o 4 wāhanga matua. Ko ratou:

• toka (oneone turanga, e pā ana ki te 50% o te taimaha katoa);
• wai (e pā ana ki 25%);
• rangi (e pā ana ki 15%);
• mea organic (pararopi, 10%).

Tei runga i te ōwehenga o enei wae i te oneone, ko te whai ake ngā momo oneone :

• kamaka;
• paru;
• onepu;
• pararopi;
• saline.

Ko te āhuatanga matua o te oneone, e hanga rerekē i te reira i tetahi atu wāhanga o te whenua ko tona hua. Tenei taonga ahurei e makona nga otaota tika matūkai, makuku me te rangi. Ko te kupu, whakarato oneone production koiora o te tukua otaota me hua katoa. Tenei Ko te aha te parahanga oneone, me te wai ko te taua take wera i roto i te ao.

Rangahau o te oneone

whai wāhi akoranga oneone pūtaiao motuhake - pūtaiao oneone, whakaaro nei ko te kaiwhakarewa Vasily Dokuchaev - he pūtaiao o te ingoa ao. Ko ia te tangata e, i roto i te rau tau mutunga o XIX, te tuatahi tuhia e horapa te oneone rawa fakanatula (taiao latitudinal o te oneone) i runga i te mata o te whenua, me te huaina mārama āhuatanga morphological o te whenua.

whakaaro Dokuchaev te oneone hei hanganga tūturu wāhi, me te motuhake e ki kihai i meatia e ia tetahi o nga pūtaiao. Ko te mahi tino rongonui o te kaipūtaiao - "Russian whenua mangu" i roto i te 1883 - ko te pukapuka tohutoro mō te pūtaiao oneone hou katoa. whakahaeretia Dokuchaev te tūhuratanga tino o te rohe steppe oneone o hou Russia ko Ukraine, te hua o nei i hanga te pūtake o te pukapuka. miramira te kaituhi te matua āhuatanga o te oneone: te toka matua, mahere whenua, āhuarangi, me te tau o te ao tipu. homai Scientist he whakamāramatanga rawa ngā o "oneone ko te mahi o te matua kamaka, āhuarangi me rauropi, tini haere i te wā."

I muri ako i te oneone Dokuchaeva whai wāhi, me ētahi atu kaipūtaiao rongonui. I roto ia ratou: Kostychev, N. Sibirtsev, K. Glinka me ētahi atu.

Te hiranga me te tūranga o te oneone i roto i te ora o te tangata

E kore te mea te parau "whenua-kaiwhakangote", rongo tatou rawa maha tohu te kupu whakarite ranei. Te reira i tino he. Ko reira te puna matua o te kai mo te taata nei, e, ahakoa, homai e pā ana ki 95% o ngā hua kai katoa. Ko te wāhi katoa o ngā rauemi whenua o to tatou paraneta he tenei ra 129 miriona km ² rohe whenua, o nei 10%, ko te whenua parahua, me tetahi atu 25% - hayfields me wahi kai.

Hei ako timata te oneone anake i roto i te rau tau XIX, engari e mohio ana te iwi e pā ana ki to ratou taonga ataahua - e pā ana ki te hua mai i nga wa onamata. E oneone nama ratou oraraa ki nga otaota katoa me kararehe i runga i te whenua, tae atu ki ngā tangata. Ko kahore aituā te wāhi tino Inia kapi o te ao ko nga wāhi ki te oneone tino hua.

Oneone - Ko te rauemi matua o te ahuwhenua. He rota o tikanga me ngā whakapuakanga i tangohia i te taumata o te ao, karanga hoki kouma, me te tango i tiaki o te oneone. Na ko kitea tenei, no te mea fakamanamanai te katoa parahanga o whenua me te oneone te oraraa o te tangata katoa i runga i te ao.

cover oneone - he āhuatanga matawhenua matua te whenua takotoranga tiaki o nga tukanga katoa i roto i te ao koiora. piki oneone te nui nui o te mea waro me te pūngao, te raveraa i, te kupu, te tūranga o te Rapa bio-tātari. Ko tenei - he wāhanga matua o te ao koiora, ka whatiia tona hanganga mahi katoa nei whakangaromanga.

I roto i te rau tau XXI, te kawenga i runga i te taupoki oneone kua tupu e rave rahi taime, a haere i te raruraru contamination oneone ki te paetukutuku o nui, me te ao. E tano ia tapao e te otinga ki tenei raruraru, tei runga i te mahi lelei mo o whenua katoa i roto i te ao nei.

Contamination o te whenua me te oneone

Oneone parahanga Ko te tukanga o te kinonga o te taupoki oneone, ai te tino nui haere ona ihirangi o ngā matū. Tohu o tenei tukanga e kaiao ora, i roto i ngā tipu e ko te tuatahi ki te mamae i te ofatiraa o te hanganga tūturu o te oneone. I roto i tenei take, te tauhohe o te tipu, tei runga i to ratou taumata o te tūtohutanga ki taua huringa.

Me kï reira e i roto i to tatou whenua whakarato mo te taunahatanga taihara poke o te whenua i te tangata. I roto i ngā, tuhinga 254 o te Code Kirimina tangi rite te "whakangaromanga whenua".

Typology o pollutants oneone

timata contamination oneone Main i roto i te rau tau rua tekau, ki te whanaketanga tere o te matatini ahumahi. I raro i te parahanga o te oneone mahino whakataki i roto i ngā wāhanga oneone mohiotia ki reira - te pera-ka karanga "pollutants". Ka taea e ratou noho i roto i tetahi āhua töpü - wai, totoka, haurehu waihā matatini ranei.

Ka taea te wehea täoke oneone katoa ki 4 ngā rōpū:

• organic (patukīrea, insecticides, waipatutaru, waiwaro kakara, matū chlorinated, phenols, waikawa organic, te hinu, penehīni, lacquers me peita);
• pararopi (konganuku taimaha, papa kiripaka, cyanides, alkali, waikawa pararopi, me ētahi atu);
• iraruke;
• koiora (huakita, microorganisms pathogenic, pükohu me te rite).

Ko te kupu, kawea te contamination oneone matua i roto i te tikanga o enei, me te tahi atu pollutants. ihirangi nui ake o enei matū i roto i te oneone e taea arahi ki ngā pānga kino me te tina heke.

Rauemi o te contamination o whenua

Ka taea te huaina te reira i te maha nui o taua puna ki te rā. Na anake faarahi te maha o ratou i tau ki te tau.

whakarārangi tatou i nga puna matua o te contamination oneone:

1. Housing me ngā ratonga hapori. Ko te puna nui o parahanga whenua i roto i nga pa. I roto i tenei take, te contamination o te oneone puta i roto i te ururua tangata, otaota kai, hanga otaota me ngā tūemi whare (taonga tawhito, kakahu, me ētahi atu). I roto i nga pa nui, te pātai "aha ki te mahi ki te paru?" Huri i te reira ki te ati tino mo te rangatira o te pa. Na reira, i runga i nga waho o nga pa tupu landfills kiromita nui, e kua huihui te paru katoa. I roto i te whenua Western whakawhanakehia kua roa whakaurua te mahi o hangaruatanga i roto i ngā tipu motuhake me wheketere. A i roto i tenei i reira ko te rota o te moni roaa. I roto i to tatou whenua, tae noa ki he take pera, kāore, onge.
2. Wheketere me ngā tipu. I roto i tenei rōpū, te puna matua o te contamination oneone - he matū, keri me te engineering ahumahi. Cyanides, te ateneke, styrene, benzene, clots waerau, waro pango - enei matū whakamataku katoa ki te oneone i roto i te rohe o hinonga nui ahumahi. Ko inaianei te raruraru nui hoki te raruraru o te tuku o potae, uaki te take o ahi nui e te hunga tino uaua ki te tinei.
3. Te matatini waka. Rauemi o te whenua poke, i roto i tenei take - mata, waiwaro, ngarahu, me te hauota waikura. E tukua enei matū katoa i roto i te mahi o te pūkaha parariraa ā-, a ka takoto i runga i te whenua, me te whenumi e tipu. Ko te kupu, kitea e ratou ratou i roto i te oneone. I roto i tenei take, ka waiho rite tiketike rite taea me nga huarahi nui, me Junctions tata te ara te tohu o contamination oneone.
4. Agro-ahumahi matatini. Whiwhi atu i te kai whenua, tatou i te wa taua pau ia, rite ihoa rite kia tangi ai. contamination tangata o te oneone i konei ko roto i te whakataki o te whenua o maniua me matū. Ko te hinga na nanakia ki te whenua hoki ia matū - mēkuri, patukīrea, mata, me te cadmium. I tua atu, kua horoia atu matū i te taikaha ki te ua i te mara, whiwhi i roto i awa pūmau me te manawa whenua.
5. ururua iraruke. faaite te ati Tino nui poke oneone ahumahi ururua karihi. e mohio ana torutoru iwi e i te wa o tauhohe karihi i tipu te mana karihi o e pā ana ki 98-99% o te wahie e maumauria. hua tenei konukarihi wehenga - caesium, te konuwhiro, strontium me ētahi atu āhuatanga, e he tino kino. He raruraru rawa nui mo to tatou whenua, ko te tanumanga o ururua iraruke. Katoa tau hua e pā ana ki 200 mano mita pūtoru o ururua karihi i roto i te ao.

Ko te momo matua o te parahanga

kia tūturu contamination o te oneone (hei tauira, ngā hū) ranei te tangata-i hanga (te tangata-i hanga), ina puta contamination no o te tangata. I roto i te take whakamutunga taka te oneone matū me hua e kore e tūturu i roto i te taiao māori e ka whai te pānga tōraro i runga i rauropi me ngā pūnaha tūturu.

Ko te tino matatini te tukanga o te te whakarōpū o contamination oneone, e whangai rerekē whakarōpūtanga i puna rerekē. Otiia tonu e taea te whakarāpopoto i te momo matua o te contamination oneone e whai ake.

parahanga oneone Domestic - te parahanga o te oneone, me te otaota, me pira. Tenei rōpū ngā täoke o te natura rerekē me te āhua rerekē o te whakawhāititanga. Ka taea e kia ratou e rua wai, me te totoka. I roto i te whānui, e kore te mea tenei momo o te poke kino rawa mo te oneone, Heoi, ko te haaputuputuraa nui o littering te rohe koraha, me te ārai i te tupu noa o otaota. Ko te raruraru tino whakapeka o motu utu parahanga oneone i roto i ngā wāhi tāone, me nga pa nunui, me te i roto i nga pa ki te pūnaha nenalazhennoy o kohinga paru.

Matū contamination o te oneone - ko, te tuatahi o te katoa, pollution whakarewa taimaha, me patukīrea. Ko te kē tenei momo o te poke, he ati nui ki te tangata. I muri i te katoa, konganuku taimaha i te kaha ki te whakaemi i roto i kaiao ora. Soils poke momo whakarewa taimaha pērā i mata, cadmium, chromium, parahi, nika, mēkuri, te ateneke me te konupora. More whakapoke mahi oneone rite penehīni, e kei te taonga rawa paitini - mata tetraethyl.

Patukīrea - hoki matū tino kino ki te oneone. Ko te puna matua o ngā patukīrea he ahuwhenua hou, kei te kaha i whakamahia enei matū ki te aro pests me ngā. Na reira, kohikohi patukīrea i roto i te oneone i roto i ngā tau nui. kahore he iti mōrearea mō kararehe me te tangata atu i konganuku taimaha ratou. Na, ka rāhuitia te reira DDT tarukino tino paitini, me te rawa eu. Ko reira, e nehenehe o kahore decomposed i roto i te oneone mō te tekau tau, kua kitea e kaipūtaiao tona ara noa i roto i Antarctica!

He tino kino ki te microflora oneone o huakita me te harore patukīrea.

contamination iraruke o te oneone - ururua he contamination oneone tipu te mana karihi. He tino kino matū iratuki, rite taea ngāwari ratou tomo ki te mekameka kai o ngā kaiao ora. Ko te kanoirite tino mōrearea iraruke whakaaro rite strontium-90, āhuatanga nei i te tukua tiketike i roto i whakangotangota (8%) me te tiketike (28 tau) hawhe-ora. I tua atu, ko te tino pūkoro i roto i te oneone ia, a taea te takoto i roto i te whānuitanga o te wheua tangata, me kaiao ora. I roto i te tahi atu radionuclides mōrearea e taea hoki te huaina caesium-137, cerium-144, 36-chloro.

Ko te parahanga oneone puia - tenei momo o te poke e pā ana ki te rōpū o te taiao. Ko reira i roto i te whakapā ki matū paitini i roto i te hau oneone, pango waro me te ngingiha i puta rite ki te hua o ngā hū. Ko te momo rawa onge o parahanga oneone, i te mea ulungāanga anake hoki etahi wāhi iti tenei.

Mikotoksicheskoe parahanga oneone - e kore te mea ano hoki te tangata-i hanga, me te he o te take taiao. puna o te parahanga i konei ko te te tahi mau momo o te harore e hua matū mōrearea - mycotoxins. E tano ia tapao e enei matū e rite nui te ati ki kaiao ora, me te katoa o te toenga, i runga.

horo oneone

I horo tētahi wero nui mo te tiaki o te purupurua me tonu. Katoa tau, ia "kai" he wāhi nui o te oneone momona, te auau tūturu o te ora o te horo oneone auau tino raro. ata kua pūtaiao ako nga āhuatanga o enei tukanga, me te kitea mehua ki te aro ia ratou.

Ka taea e te horo whenua hei:

• wai
• hau

Oia mau, i roto i te take tuatahi, ārahi ki te take horo ko te wai rere, me te tuarua - te hau.

More whānui, me te kino horo wai. E haamata te reira ki te ahua i runga i te mata o te whenua, he iti, awaawa papaki kite, engari i muri i ia te ua taimaha e whakawhānui tenei Gully me te tupu i roto i te rahi noa tahuri ratou ki te poka. I roto i te noa wā kotahi tau i runga i te mata tino papatahi taea e waikeri hohonu i roto i te 1-2 mita! Ko te wāhanga i muri o te horo wai - ko te hanganga o te awaawa. Tenei puka rerekē hohonu nui o te tauturu, me te hanganga branched. Awaawa catastrophically whakangaro i te mara, Marehekepa me wahi kai. Ki te te Gully he kore ki te whawhai, e maoro, i muri ia ka tahuri ki te kurupae.

He mātātoa ake i roto i te rohe steppe ki whenua tiketike, i reira iti rawa otaota tukanga Vodnoerozionnye.

Ko te take ki te hau horo, me te mahi hau paroro e e taea ki te whakatangi ake te runga 20 henimita (tino hua) pōro oneone. mauria e hau i te matūriki oneone i runga i tawhiti nui, hanga i roto i te tahi mau putunga wahi ki runga ki te 1-2 mita. Nuinga o ngā wā e hanga e ratou i te māra me whitiki ngahere.

Aromātai o parahanga oneone

Hei kawe i roto i te matatini o mehua mo te tiaki oneone, ko te tino nui aromatawai tika o te contamination oneone. Kei te tatau te reira e tātaitanga pāngarau matatini, i muri i te huinga o te matū āmiki me te rangahau taiao. aroaro te aromātai i te tohu matatini o te contamination _ki Z.

kawea aromatawai o te contamination oneone i roto i runga i te maha o ngā āhuatanga nui:

• pū o puna o poke;
• huānga matū matatini - täoke oneone;
• pollutants matua rārangi rite MPC;
• pūāhua me te whakamahinga whenua.

Kua tāutuhia ngā kairangahau he maha o ngā taumata parahanga oneone, ara:

1. Manakohia (Z _ki iti iho i te 16).
2. Tika kino (Z _he i 16 ki te 38).
3. Information (Z _he i 38 ki te 128).
4. Tino kino (Z _ki neke atu i te 128).

Parenga oneone

Tei runga i te pūtake o te contamination me te kaha o tona mana, kua whakawhanakehia mehua motuhake mō te tiaki oneone. Ki te hunga mehua ngā:

1. Ture, me te whakahaere (whāngai o ture e hāngai ana i roto i te mara o te tiaki oneone, me te mana o to ratou whakatinanatanga).
2. Tukanga (hanga pūnaha production wasteless).
3. Rerenga parukore (kohinga, puretumu me te tikanga o te ururua me te oneone poke).
4. Rangahau (whanaketanga o ngā hangarau hou o whakaurunga maimoatanga, aromatawai me te aroturuki o te huru oneone).
5. reclamation ngahere me te mana horo (ngā mahi whakatō tenei whitiki whakaruru motuhake haere mara, hanga o ngā hanganga waipēhi me te whakatika i te taunga o hua).

mutunga

oneone Russian - te reira taonga nui, whakawhetai ki nei to tatou kai, me te hanga ki te whakarato i te rauemi raw tika. Ko te oneone i hanga i runga i ngā rau tau maha. Ko Ko te aha te tiaki o te oneone i poke - ko reira he mahi faufaa o te kāwanatanga.

I teie mahana i reira e he maha nui o te oneone puna poke: waka, ahumahi, pa, taputapu, ngā tipu te mana karihi, me te ahuwhenua. Ko te mahi o pūtaiao, mana tūmatanui, me tau tūmatanui o te katoa - ki te tiaki i te oneone i te pānga kino o enei āhuatanga katoa, i te iti rawa whakaiti ratou pānga kino i runga i te oneone ranei.