Craft - he ... Types o mahi. Crafts iwi

Ko te putanga o te mahi taka i te timatanga o ngā mahi ahumahi o te tangata. Mai nga wa onamata, mohiotia mea timatanga o ngā mahi mahi.

Ko te ariā o mahi

Craft - he mahi ahumahi, e hāngai ana i runga i te hanga o ngā tūemi ahumahi te whakamahi i mahi iti ā-, taea mua ki te whanaketanga o te te hanga mīhini, me te pupuri ki reira.

Ko te tangata e kua he kaihanga ngaio o ngā kua karangatia e te kaimahi.

He aha te mea Folk Crafts

E huaina mahi toi Folk ahanoa, e kua hanga e rauemi e mau tikanga me whakaaro ohie. rerekē Folk Crafts tona mahi auaha, e hanga nga hua ki a ratou ringa ake, me te nuinga o maha i ngā rauemi māori ranei tata ki a ratou (te rakau, papanga, whakarewa, me ētahi atu). I hangaia tēnei mahi i mahi kāinga i hanga ka tūemi whare e tika ana. Ka rite ki ki toi, kua tipu mahi toi i runga i te ahurea, haapa'oraa rānei, me ētahi wā - whakaaro tōrangapū.

hītori mahi

Craft kua he hītori roa o te tupu. hapori tahito maha rave i roto i te hokohoko kāinga, ahumahi o tūemi kohatu, wheua, te uku, te rakau, me ētahi atu mahi kāinga - ko te hanga o ngā hua e hiahiatia ana mō te ahuwhenua. I roto i te tahi mau vahi, ara tenei ra he nui tenei mahi.

I muri mai, ka anga te iwi ki te arahi i te ara noho o te ora, i reira nga kaimahi. He maha kaimahi mahi i runga i te papa whenua ōhanga o te kingi, mau hiero, monasteries me: muri iho (Ancient Ihipa, Ancient Roma, Ancient Greece me nga whenua o Mehopotamia). Tuatahi he kaimahi e mahi anake, engari mai i hoatu he moni iti, ka anga te ariki ki uru i roto i te rōpū. huaina ēnei rōpū i artels a tangohia ana whakahau i te iwi whānui. haere etahi o nga toi i roto i nga pa, me nga kainga, i kua ora ētahi, ka mahi i roto i te wahi kotahi. kua hoatu Toi me mahi toi i runga i te tikanga ara ki te putanga me te whanaketanga o nga pa kia rite ki pokapū o mahi handicraft me hokohoko. Ki roto i te maha ngā hapori tiaki ingoa huarahi, tuhu ki te wahi o te mahi o te ariki i tenei ra. Hei tauira, Potter - i whakaritea ai e te hanga o ngā hua i hanga o paru, Leather - tukatuka hiako, hanga o ngā hua hiako, Repair o hū, pereki - e mau ana pereki.

I roto i te anotau Middle reira ko he ahua o te mahi ngaio. I roto i nga pa, he piha pāpori hou - tenei kaimahi tāone. Ko te manga matua o te pa mahi i :. te hanga o ngā hanga o te whakarewa, suknodelie, hanga o ngā hua karaihe, me ētahi atu e nohoia ruānuku Urban pērā haamaitairaa rite te pa matau, toa mahi, ake herekore.

Ki te taeraa mai o te revolution ahumahi , kua ngaro maha momo o mahi tona ārahitanga i roto i te whakangao, ka anga nga wheketere ki te whakamahi i te mīhini. I teie mahana, kaimahi tiaki i roto i ngā ahumahi e whakatutuki ki te hiahia whaiaro o kiritaki, a i roto i te hanga o ngā hua toi utu (hūmeka, tailors, rei, toi, me ētahi atu.).

Ko te hītori o te whanaketanga mahi toi i roto i Russia

Ko te taupori o nga pa Russian nuinga ngā o kaimahi. whai wāhi te nuinga o ratou e i roto i rikarika ki production. I muri mai, i te parakimete i hanga paipa. Ko tōna hua i roto i te tono nui i roto i Europe. Production o patu tohaina rangatira mo te hanga o kopere, raiwhara, rakau, me ētahi atu i whakaaro Haana kaimahi Russian te tikanga o te nui ki runga ake i te Turkish, Hiriani, me te Italian.

E ai ki te kōrero i te meatanga, i roto i 1382 i roto i Russia reira nga pū. I roto i te rau tau 14 i hanga reira he faaiopoiporaa (e maka ana pere). Ki te whakaekenga Mongol haere production ki heke.

mahi Jewellery Making nga hiahia o te kāhui. hua tiaki (ata, whitiki koura, uku, Here pukapuka) whakaatu ki te ngaio tiketike o kaimahi whakapaipai i roto i te mara o te whakairo, te whakarewanga o toi, rikarika ki, takahi me te pūkoro. I roto i te rau tau 14 ka anga minting moni i roto i te maha o nga rangatiratanga Russian e hanga e te hokohoko moni. I runga i te mākete me te whānui o te kiritaki ngā i tātai hiako, shoemaking me te uku. mahi Clay te whānuitanga o ngā rīhi, taonga tākaro me ngā rauemi hanga. I tua atu, hanga i roto i Moscow, me era atu pa i hahi kohatu (te nuinga o te kohatu ma) me whakatakoto ana te pourewa karaka ki te whawhai.

Kua whai wāhi Works o toi ki te pahua whakaora i muri i te whakaekenga Tatar-Mongol. Kua pāngia toi Russian te faaineineraa o ngā āhuatanga ōhanga i roto i te hanga o te āhua centralized Russian.

Mai 1917, te maha o nga kaimahi i roto i Russia maturuturu koi, i tahoê ratou i roto i ētahi kaihanga '. Ko tenei ngā mahi toi Russian rave rahi iwi toi ao rongonui me mahi toi.

momo rerekē me momo o mahi

Momo o mahi i hanga i te rauemi i hanga i nei te ahanoa. Hoki te wa roa mohio iwi pēnei mahi rite:

• Parakimete.
• Te kāmura.
• Raranga.
• Pottery.
• Taitapa.
• Hurihuri.
• Whakapaipai.
• Baking.
• Tanning.

parakimete

Parakimete - Ko tetahi o nga haapiiraa tuatahi e kua puta i roto i Russia. Kua miharo tonu te iwi, e matakitaki ana i te mahi o te parakimete. kihai i taea e ratou te mārama me pēhea i te ruānuku hina taua mea mīharo whakarewa. i whakaaro parakimete maha nga iwi tata maori.

I mua smithing hiahiatia mōhiotanga motuhake me te awheawhe rawa rite rawa ki te rota o taputapu. Metal te kamaka i te repo ore, keri nei i roto i te puna me te hinga. hua Old parakimete Russian mō kaimahi tana, hea parau, rino, a mo nga hoia - tao, hoari, toki me pere. I tua atu, kia whai tonu koe i te matatahi i roto i te pāmu ika matau, mau taviri, me raka, ngira, me ētahi atu

I teie mahana, kua ahua ke hangarau te ahunga whakamua, me te tino rite smithing, engari he mea i roto i te tono tonu. rikarika ki toi whakapaipai tari, whaitua, whare whenua, ngā pāka, ngā māra tūmatanui, he mea rawa i roto i tono i roto i te hoahoa whenua.

Jewelry mahi

mahi o te kaituhi - tetahi o te matamua i roto i te aamu o te taata nei. Hanga o te koura, te hiriwa me te kohatu utu nui mo te wa roa i whakaaro he tohu o te kaha, me te taonga o te piha haapiiraa kahurangi. Hoki i roto i te 10 - 11 tenetere rei i rongonui mo ratou taranata puta noa Europe. Iwi mai i nga wa onamata ko te tahi kaingākau o te whakapaipai. Pirepire i hanga i konganuku utu nui ranei karaihe tae, ngā hoahoa whakatārewatanga (te tikanga kararehe), mowhiti temepara hiriwa e kua whakatārewatia i te potae, ranei whatu ki te whakapai makawe, mowhiti, etc. kolts

I roto i te rau tau 18, ko te tino pokea ana o whakapaipai toi Russian. Just i tenei wa, te tikanga o "te koura, me te hiriwa," i te ingoa "rei". I roto i te rau tau 19 ka puta rangatira Russian i roto i to ratou kāhua ake, na he ahurei taua i teie mahana whakapaipai Russian. timata te reira ka kamupene rongonui Grachev teina, Ovchinnikov me Faberge tona mahi.

I teie mahana, te taupori i roto i te hononga ki te te pai ake me te ake tipu i roto i te hiahia o tino whakapaipai.

uku

Kei te mohiotia te reira e mai te rautau 10 i roto i Russia hua uku. I mahi tenei i te ringa, a i roto i te nuinga o te ringa wahine. Hei whakanui i te kaha me te mauroa o te hua ki te paru i konatunatua ki te anga iti, onepu, kiripaka, ofa'i, a ētahi wā tipu me nga maramara uku.

A iti i muri mai i reira nga wira o te kaihanga rihi, i whakahaerehia te mahi o te kaihanga rihi. hua Circle i te kaupapa o to koutou ringa, a ka ona waewae. I te wa ano, ka te uku tangata taumautia.

Industrial-tauine uku tae i roto i te rau tau 18. I roto i te St Petersburg me muri mai i roto i Moscow, he wheketere uku.

faahiahia tonu Ahanoa i hanga e te kaihanga rihi hou. I teie mahana uku - he mahi rongonui i roto i ngā rohe maha o Russia, me tono hoki ngā hua handmade uku Kei te piki haere tonu.