He he inaianei he hararei ngaio i roto i nga tikanga. Reira ia me te iwi e mahi i runga i te whakamahere. Day kairūri me cartographer tuhia i roto i o te puna tuatahi i te marama katoa tuarua Rātapu, ahakoa o ahakoa hāngai reira ki ētahi atu hararei kore ranei. Na, i roto i te 2009, ka haere ia i runga i Maehe 8. te hunga e kore e nei whakahoa ratou ki kartosostavitelstvom hoki haere hia tenei hararei, e ko te tino he. I muri i te katoa, ki te titiro koe, he nui hoki ia o tatou te mahi o cartographers me ruri.
Kia pehea te i te whakanui
A, no te whakanui kairuri i Russia, tautuhi ia tikanga o te peresideni, hainatia i 2000, i runga i 11 Noema. e kore te Marama whiriwhiria e tupono. Ko roto i Maehe 1720th Great Kingi Pita ahau tukuna he tikanga i runga i te hiahia me te titauraa o mahi cartographic i roto i ngā wāhanga katoa o te āhua Russian. A i roto i te Maehe 1919th kua hainatia te kāwanatanga Soviet i roto i te mata o Commissars o People he ta i runga i te whakatū o VSU (Geodetic Whakahaere). Day o Kairuri i Ukraine ngā ki kaitātai ahiahi me te whakanui i roto i April, nga tuatahi Rātapu o te marama. I te tahi taime taka ki runga ki April 1 me hāngai ki te ra o te kata. Vai nei te tahi whakahaere e whakanui ratou kairūri hararei ngaio me cartographers te 15 o Maehe, i muri i te ta o Commissars o People, whakaputaina hoki i roto i te 1919.
cartographers tawhito
Pohehe nei whakaaro e e anake e hiahiatia ana i te kāri ki te whakatau i te ahanoa i runga i te whenua. Ki a ratou, ka taea e koe ara ako i te hītori o to tatou paraneta! Kei te whakapono te reira e puta nga wāhi image tuatahi atu iti iho pau ranei i roto i te AD 14-15 tenetere. Otiia vai ratou roa i mua i te whanautanga o te Karaiti. He tauira o tenei, ko te kāri o te pūtaiao Kariki Ptolemy, e whakaraupapa ana i nga fenua katoa, tae atu Antarctica, he mārama kitea. I muri mai ana mahi e whakamahia ana e maha cartographers o nga Middle. pūtaiao Wīwī Orontsy Feeney (Oronteus Phynius) hoki i roto i 1531 whakaurua te mahere o Antarctica ao, e ko, tata 300 tau i mua i tona whakatuwheratanga mōhiohio! Ahakoa mua, i roto i 1513, Antarctica kua māngai i runga i te mahere o Piri Reis, he admiral, he aivanaa me te Eunuka tino kōhure o Constantinople. He ko atu compilers, i te mea te reira utu te whakahua i te cartographer ra me te kairūri. mahue ratou ia tatou i te mahere o te fenua makariri i roto i te ao, kahore te tio, me te wāhi tangohia o awa, ngā roto me pukepuke, ki runga nei i ako kaipūtaiao hou anake i roto i te rau tau 20.
Mystery o Atlantis
Hon Plato i VI rau BC, whakaaria atu he paki e pā ana ki te tangata Atlantis. Mai reira rapu pakeke mo te tahi mea i roto i te kotahi kokonga o te whenua, na i roto i te tahi atu. Ngā mihi ki te mahere tawhito o Antarctica, haaputuhia ki tika faahiahia, i reira ko tetahi putanga o te oraraa o te nunaa ngaro reira. Proceedings unknown ki a tatou cartographers nei ora e ono, neke atu rānei miriona tau ki muri, a kihai e amo e kotahi e whakanui kairūri me cartographer kua whakaaetia, kaipūtaiao hou ki te hanga he maha ngā āhuatanga. Ngā mihi ki o ratou kāri, i kitea e ko hoki he wa roa i roto i Antarctica āhuarangi rawa ngawari, tata ki te Mediterranean. He rere he awa, māra matomato. I raro i taua mau huru, ko reira he ao tawhito taea te tīariari i runga i te tuawhenua. I roto i te rau tau 20, kua whakahaere aivanaa i runga i te rū fenua haupapa, rangahau hohonu, tāne matotoru o te tio, a ka mau ngā tauira. Kua whakapumautia Studies e kumea ana nga cartographers onamata ana kāri ki te tika mīharo. Pehea i ratou i te reira, kahore tetahi pūrere hou he unknown.
tikanga mahere
He taunga tukutuku (te ahopou me te ahopae) ia mahere. Ko wai te mea ki te whakatau i te ahopou e chronometer. whakaaro te pūrere taua tuatahi i roto i te rau tau 18, John Harrison. I mua ki tenei, nga drafters o te ahopou o te kāri takoto e mātakitaki te āraitanga o āmiorangi, me te whanui - te taha o te marama o te whenua i runga i te pae. kua oti te whakarite e ngā taonga Wāhi, me te tawhiti whanganga aho mā te wira ranei. Tona panuku i ahanoa ki whakahe, a ka tini haere e te roa o te awhi i runga i te maha o takaí. Otiia i roto i te tikanga ki te whakaaro i te fokotu'utu'u o fenua tawhiti, ko reira tika ranei ki te tae ratou ako ratou i te tiketike nui ranei. Na kua mahi i te reira ki te awhina o ngā whakaahua arorangi, mā te whakamahi i āmiorangi, me mua? tonu te reira i te mea ngaro pehea i ora ai te iwi neke atu i te 5-6, me miliniuma i teie nei, te whakahaere ki te utu tika tika nga fokotu'utu'u o te fenua unknown ki a ratou.
kaumoana
I roto i te rau tau 13, whakaaro te awhi, i nui ngä te mahi o cartographers. I taua wa ko te kore noa i te mahere whenua, engari ano hoki te moana, i whakamahia nei e heramana. Ko tenei takoto i roto i te kātua Hristofora Kolumba. Ki te whanaketanga o te whakatere me te ki te haerenga mai o te pū mea mahere nui whakawhānui, ka pai ake. He maha āhua whakahere haerenga ki te tūhura whenua unknown. Ka rite ki te hua, kua riro nga kāri atu pau, i reira ko ano te ao tuatahi. I hanga te reira e te Tiamana Martin Behaim. A iti i muri mai, i hanga Gerhard Mercator ko Aperahama Ortelius mahere tuatahi o te ao. Kei te whakapono te reira e whakaaro te pūtaiao o te cartography ko Mercator. I te ra o te kairūri me cartographer, he tokomaha whakahua tona ingoa. Ko tenei mataotao whakaurua te pūnaha o tohu matawhenua me haurangi mahere. I roto i te rau tau 18 ka anga ki te ine i te teitei o te ahanoa runga ake te taumata moana, i tohua te timatanga o te mahere whenua.
Cartography i roto i Russia
I roto i Russia, pera i roto i nga whenua whakawhanakehia katoa, i piri faufaa nui ki te awa wāhi matauranga, ngā roto, ngahere, pa me nga huarahi i waenganui ia ratou. Ahakoa puta Ivan Grozny he tikanga mo te haaputuraa o te wāhi tātuhi taipitopito. Ko te hua ko te pera-ka karanga "tuhi Big", i ngaro i teie nei. Ka taea e anake tatou kōrero i runga i tenei mahi. Engari i puritia e kape o ngā mahere o Siberia, i kiia hoki whakahau a Pita Godunov i 1667. Na Fyodor Godunov, hanga te whakamahi i te "tātuhi Big" tona mahere. A ahakoa te kingi, pau ia o nga marama i te tokorua, i pai te cartographer. Pita ahau, no te mea o te ture e whakanui tatou i te kairuri i Maehe, e kore anake tangohia ake ana te tukapaku, o cartography Russian, engari i hanga ano hoki tenei take tetahi o te nui tino i roto i te āhua. Hei mahi i te mahi a Pita karangatia ahau kaituhi ke, i tonoa ahau te pai rangatira rohe me kairūri (Kozhin me Urusova). I muri mai, i whakaputaina ai te mahere tuatahi Russia ki 19 mahere o ngā wāhi rerekē.
cartography hou
Kua tipu Cartography me muri Pita I. Paora tukua e ahau tenei mahi ki te tari hōia, Alexander whakapumautia e ahau te corps o kairuri hōia, a Nicholas whakaaetia e ahau te whakatūnga o te Observatory Pulkovo. Methods me hangarau whakamahere ki te whakapai ake tonu. I roto i te rau tau rua tekau ka anga cartographers ki te tono tukanga waituhi, me te ahomatū whakapakoko o ngā. Electronic e poka Technology tenenga, pūreretā, matawai, tono irirangi ake anō te tukanga o te hanga mahere tika. Na kahore ratou e kore e taea ki te whakaaro i to tatou ora. He kaitaraiwa me tūruhi, tohunga pūtaiao me kaihanga Maps. Kairūri hanga mahere mo ratou wāhi, tuatapaparaa, mahere, rerewē me huarahi. hinga kairūri Day i roto i 2014 i runga i Maehe 9, noa i muri i te ra Women o. mihi te peresideni i te kairūri me cartographers o te whenua, a hiahia ratou atu angitu o te mahi.
Mihi ki runga ki te kairūri me cartographer
I runga i nga ara o nga pa, me nga kainga maha e taea te kite i te iwi ki te whatanga, taumata theodolite ranei. tango ratou inenga, te whakatau i te wāhi matawhenua tika o ngā, te mahi i te koki here. Te manaaki hoki ia ratou i runga i to ratou hararei ngaio e taea e kupu tika, engari ka taea e kia whiti. Hei tauira, enei:
Kairūri, ītonu me ngā mahere o nga compilers katoa,
He pono he tino taonga koutou mahi,
Whai koe nga tukinga te fenua noho,
Awa me ngā awa e rere i roto i te reira,
ka ine i te rau wa, tirohia te rau wa
Na te utu tatou he mahere o te tau,
Leisure ki te rangi-mea patu maha wehewehea,
Titiro iho nga fifi.
Na kia te koe maha ataata
Waimarie me te whakarau pupuri ana i te kino,
Kia e mahi ana koutou whakaaro katoa,
A te whai koe nui te oaoa mo te rau tau!