Ethers. āhuatanga

Ethers he matū organic, nga rāpoi ngota o e roto i Radicals pūwaro piri ki te ngota hāora. Record ko e whai ake: R'-e-R ", i reira R" ko R 'he Radicals ōrite rerekē ranei.

E, i titiro Ethers rite pärönaki o waiwaihā. whai ingoa pūhui enei pūhui. whakamahi te reira i te Radicals taitara (e haere ake taimaha rāpoi) me, i roto i te meka, te kupu "rangi" (dimethyl Etera SN3OSN3, methyl Ethyl Etere S2N5OSN3 me pera i runga i).

E whiwhi pūhui hangarite R-e-R i te maroketanga intramolecular o te waipiro. I roto i te kotahi rāpoi ngota, puta ai te kōrero OH āputa, me te tahi atu - te C-e. Ka taea te whakaaro e te tauhohenga rite te whakauru nucleophilic HO-rōpū (i roto i te kotahi muingota) rōpū RO (o tētahi atu rāpoi ngota).

pūhui hangarite te R-e-R 'i hanga i roto i te pāhekoheko o te alkoxide me galogenouglevodoroda.

Ethers (pērā ratou waiwaihā isomeric) i raro rewa me koropupu ngā. Ki ngā hononga wai e kore tata e uru. Ko e tika ana ki te meka e kore nga ethers e hanga i tenei here hauwai e tika ana ki te ngaro i roto i te rāpoi ngota neke here e-H.

He iti hohe pūhui. E ratou he kaha raro ki te whakautu atu i waiwaihā.

Kei te maha Ethers whakamahia rite te whakarewa no o ratou kaha ki te tareka maha matū organic.

Ko te pūhui tino nui ngā matū waikawa heterocyclic: dioxane me epoxide (ethylene waikura).

Ko te tuatahi ko te whakarewa pai. he tairewa ki e rua waiwaro, me te wai Dioxane. No te mea o teie mau huru, e karangatia e hoki tenei pūhui "wai organic". he paitini Dioxane, engari tohu tona ati rahi dibenzoderivatives kōnakonako.

hākawa cellulose Ko nga hua o whakauru o te ngota hauwai i roto i te rōpū hydroxyl o macromolecules cellulose he alkyl waikawa ranei moieties. kawea te kōtuitui i roto i ki te hoatu hou āhuatanga o te taonga, i roto i ngā te memehatanga, me te thermoplasticity. A, no te hanga e matatini toenga waikawa whakakapia, i whakauru ki Radicals alkyl - pūhui ohie.

rite Tuatahi i roto i te tukanga o te acylation me te hākawatanga - ka te tauhohe i cellulose ki waikawa pararopi, me te organic, ratou te pūhau waikawa me anhydrides. Ko te mea nui rawa ksatogenatam faufaa mahi. Kua rite ēnei pūhui mā te tauhohe i ki waikawa pararopi, me to ratou whakamahinga i roto i te hanga o te piataata, me te viscose muka. Ahumahi faufaa me cellulose pūhau. E whakamahia ratou i roto i te hanga o lacquers, kiriata, auahi paura.

I roto i te pūhui whiwhi i te tauhohenga ki waikawa organic, i roto i te ahumahi whakamahia whānuitia acetates cellulose. E whakamahia ratou i roto i te faaineineraa o muka waihanga, kirihou me te kiriata.

He hoki hākawa cellulose whakauru. Kei roto ratou i te whānuitanga o te acyl me alkyl substituents.

Āhuatanga o ethers cellulose tei runga i te āhua o te tuwhena. kua he tohu o te whakauru me te polymerization Uara me.

He wairewa i roto i rongoā kawakore waiwai, me te wai Simple pūhui iti-whakakapi. Tenei taea ratou te whakamahi rite thickeners me stabilizers i roto i rare i roto i te hinu, pepa, pueru, kai, ho'oraa me ētahi atu ahumahi. Tino whakakapia hākawa (matatini , me te ohie) e hototahi ki plasticizers. E whakamahia ratou i roto i te hanga o kirihou me peita riro.

ethers Karauna He ngā pūhui kei roto atu hāora i roto i te ngota whakakai. Tū, kua whakaaro ratou kia rite ki ngā hua o te ethylene waikura tsiklooligomerizatsii. He taonga ahurei o enei pūhui ko te kaha ki te hanga i complexes ki ngā tai o konganuku alkali. Ēnei complexes e hanga e tika ana ki te ngā hiko.