Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern: haurongo, haere me te kitea

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770-1846), ko te kore noa i te kaiwhakatere rongonui, admiral, mema hōnore o te Petersburg Academy o Sciences, engari ano hoki i te ahua hītori ahurei me tetahi o nga kaiwhakatū o te Russian Oceanology. a tenei tangata, he pānga nui i runga i te hītori e rua o nga haerenga moana kāinga, me i whānui mō te rere katoa i roto i te whānui. Ehara i tokomaha mohio ai ko te kaituhi o te tuatahi "Atlas Moana ki te Tonga" ïa Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. Ko haurongo Poto o te kaiwhakatere Russian i roto i te pukapuka, me tona wahi i roto i ngā kura motuhake katoa, ko rite te ingoa mohiotia e te ki nga tangata mātauranga, kei te noa'i te whai pānga ai ki te Oceanography Russian, geography, me te pera i runga i. D.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern: he haurongo poto

Tenei kaiwhakatere Russian nei i whanau i te ingoa Arama Ioann, ka haere mai i Russified he rangatira Ostsee whānau Tiamana, ko tona kaiwhakarewa ko tona nui-koroua - Filipp Kruzius. Matamua Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, tona haurongo E āta hono ana ki te moana, te waru o nga Whiringa 1770 i roto i Estonia, te whenua Hagudis. Tona papa, ko te kaiwhakawa. Mai kōhungahunga, hiahia te admiral heke mai ki te tiki a tawhio noa na roto i te ao te moana. Ahakoa hono tona ora i nga wa katoa ki te moana, e kore i ite tona moe tonu.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern i muri kakai Kura Ekalesia, te wahi ako ia mo e toru nga tau timata mai i te tau o te tekau ma rua, ka tomo tonu ki anake i te wa te kura i roto i Kronstadt, i whakangungua rangatira o te kaipuke - ko te Marine Corps. Ko te pakanga tuatahi o te midshipman taitamariki i runga i whanuitanga wai rawa i roto i 1787 i te Moana Baltic. I maoro te whawhai Russian-Swedish. Ka rite ki te tokomaha noa atu, Ivan Kruzenshtern, e kore he wa ki whakaoti i te akoranga, i mua o te hōtaka i tuhia ki te midshipmen i runga i te kaipuke 74-pū rārangi "Mstislav". tupu tenei i roto i te 1788. Kitea ratou i roto i te pakanga o Hogland i te taua tau, i tohua te taitamariki Ivan i te whakahau. Na i hanga e ia he rūtene mo ana ratonga i roto i whawhai moana i roto i te kokoru Vyborg i Krasnaya Gorka me i kakai i 1790.

tūao wā i roto i te UK

I roto i te 1793, i tonoa ma rua nga kaitohutohu standouts i roto i te tikanga ki te whakapai ake i ngā take moana ki Ingarangi. I roto ia ratou a me Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. haamata Haurongo o heke mai Admiral i tenei wa ki te tupu tino. Ka mahue te Russian Empire, he wa roa ka rere ia i runga i te manuao Thetis atu te rohe raki o Amerika, i reira whai wāhi neke atu i te kotahi i roto i nga whawhai ki nga kaipuke Wīwī tae mai Suriname, Barbados, Pāmura. I roto i te tikanga ki te ako wai Indian Te Tai Rāwhiti, ka haere ia ki te Bay o Bengal. Ko tōna whakaaro ko ki te whakatū i te ara mo te hokohoko Russian i roto i te rohe.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, ka ko ia rangatira o te Order o St. George wha kōeke, kaha hiahia i roto i te hokohoko huruhuru i roto i Russia ko Haina, i tangohia e wahi i ara whenua i Okhotsk i runga i Kyakhta. Te riroraa i roto i Canton, i ia te whai wāhi ki te kite i te painga, i taea e te tiki Russia i runga i te hoko tika o ratou furs ki Haina i te moana. I tua atu, ahakoa te tamarikitanga whanaunga, tamata te heke mai Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern ki te whakatū i tētahi hononga tika ki te pāmu e metropolis Russian kei i runga i te rohe o Amerika, i roto i te tikanga ki te e taea ki te whakarato ratou ki nga mea katoa e tika ana. Haunga, i timata kē ia kia tino whakaaro e pā ana ki ahu te reira i mua i te kaupapa āmio whawhai hautoa Swedish, nei whakaaro matua e kia ki te whakapai ake i te Russian Navy rite ara tawhiti, me te te whanaketanga o te hokohoko koroni. Na reira, kaukau i runga i te mahi i roto i nga wai o te Indian, Kiwa ko Atlantic Oceans, kei te tūhura i te kaiwhakatere ara katoa taea.

ho'iraa

Ki te wheako me te u, i roto i 1799, Ivan, e ono nga tau i muri mai ka hoki ki a Russia. I roto i te St. Petersburg, tamata ia ki te tapaea ratou kaupapa, me whakaaro i roto i te kaipuke, engari kihai i kitea matauranga.

Heoi, ka i roto i te 1802 ko te tono rite ki te mahi i te poari matua o te Russian Tāhuhu o Tauhokohoko, emepera Alexander whakaaetia e ahau a reira, a ka whakaritea ai, i raro i ki te pīkau i te ope ao. Just i tenei wa, me te mahara ahau te Kruzenshtern, fakaafe'i ia ki te kingi.

Ko te āmio tuatahi

Te Emperor, nui faauruhia ki te kaupapa, whakaaetia ana e ia, ka whakaratohia te whai wāhi mō te whaiaro tona whakatinanatanga Kruzenshtern. whakaritea te haere i rua sloop rere iti "Hope", kotahi 450 taranata me te kaipuke iti mama "Neva". Hei whakahau i te ope, me te kaipuke matua ko Kruzenshtern Ivan, te whakatuwheratanga o te mea i muri mai ka haere ki raro i roto i te hītori o Russian whakatere rite tetahi o te nui tino. He whakahau o te sloop "Neva" tukua ki tona hoa tata, Rūtene-Commander Yu Lisyansky.

tīmata haere kororia i te timatanga o Akuhata 1803. Rua kaipuke wā kotahi i roto o te whanga Kronstadt ki te haere i runga i te ara roa, me te tino uaua. Ko te mahi matua i i whakanohoia i mua i te ope - he ako o te mangai o te awa Amur ki te ite i ara hou. Kua tonu i atawhai te reira i whāinga Russian Pacific Fleet, kia ite e whakawhirinaki te-wā roa hoa me hoa - Kruzenshtern me Lisyansky. Na ratou i ki te haere i roto i te rota o fifi.
a Kooti ki te kakahu i te kara hōia. I tua atu i ngā take hokohoko, te sloop "Hope" i ki kia kawea ki Japan, te karere Russian - Chamberlain Rezanov, nei i titauhia ki te whakarite whanaunga hokohoko ki Japan. A mo te whakaaro o te rangahau pūtaiao i te ope Russian Academy o Sciences i tonoa taiao Langsdorf ki Tilesius me arorangi Horner.

tuakoi tonga

Haere i roto i ki te huaki i runga i Kronstadt, kauhoe te Kooti i roto i te tauranga o Copenhagen, i Falmouth, peia ki te motu o Tenerife, a ko kua te tekau ma wha o Noema, mā te pāwhiri i te weheruatanga mo te wa tuatahi i kawea mai haki whawhai Russian i roto i te tuakoi tonga. I roto i te mahere rerenga ako katoa, rapu hoki moutere hou e karapoti ana i te rohe o te pihinga ïa wāhi Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich. Ko whakatuwheratia i roto i tenei āmio o te kaihōpara nui, ka mohiotia ai te i roto i te tau torutoru, ka whakaputaina e ia ana tuhipoka ki runga ki tenei haerenga, whakaatu i te iwi whānui i te rota o te rauemi ngā pā ana ki nga mea katoa i kite ia i roto i te ope.

Pa tonu te Palāsilá Santa Catarina, kitea ngā e te "Neva" hiahiatia he huringa o te pourewa e rua, na i matou ki te hanga i te rota waka iti. A, no te mutu hanga, ka haere nga kaipuke i runga i ki whiti te kōpae waenganui. Mai taua wa, me Kruzenshtern Lisyansky kē ai te pai kia whakakake o ratou ratonga ki te whenua. I muri i te katoa, te haki Russian tuatahi patua te tuakoi tonga, i taua wa ko tino e he taahiraa orurehau.

I roto i te Hui-tanguru 1804 i te tuatahi te kaipuke ao a tawhio noa, whakaawhiwhi Cape Horn, i wehea. Ko te take i te tikanga rangi tino. Na roto i te mutunga o Paenga Kruzenshtern whakahaere ki te tiki ki te moutere o Marquesas, i reira toe fakataha haere: i te tauranga o Anna Maria, ko wai e muri riro mohiotia rite Nukuhiva, tutaki "Neva" ki "tumanako".

Haere Vashingtonovyh motu, tonu te āmio ope Russian tuatahi i runga i ki te raki. Ko "Neva" ki "tumanako" haere ano i roto i Mei tata i te fenua Hawaii. whakaturia te kaipuke tuatahi rere i roto i te ahunga o Alaska me te tahi atu he kau ki te takutai o Kamchatka ki Hapani. kua mai Ingalik Eskimo moutere, e no ki te United States, i mana te ingoa te reira i te motu Krusenstern.

wahi Japanese o te haerenga

Rua tekau-tuaono i roto i Hepetema 1804 te sloop "Nadezhda" tae i roto i te Nagasaki. I roto i te Hapani, a Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern ki noho noa te tau i muri mai. märö kihai Mistrustful me tino puhoi Japanese ki te whakaae i te karere Russian. I te pae hopea, i roto i April, te take kua whakatau.

Hoki ki Rezanov Kamchatka Kruzenshtern faaoti i roto i te moana o Hapani, i taua wa ko e tino whakatere unexplored. I te ara i taea ki te tūhura i te rohe ki te hauauru o Nipon ko Matsmaya, rite pai rite te tonga, me te hawhe te rawhiti o te motu o Sakhalin ia. I tua atu, kua tāutuhia Ivan me te tūranga o te maha atu motu.

misioni Completion

Kauhoe i roto i te tauranga a Pita ko Paora, ka u karere hoki Kruzenshtern ki nga takutai o Sakhalin, oti ia ana akoranga, ka whakaawhiwhi ai ki te raki, tomo te wahapū Amur, te wahi hoki te tuarua o August ki Kamchatka, te wahi, whakakīkī anō rakau kai, ka tonoa "Hope" te ki a Kronstadt. Ko te kupu mutu te rerenga rongonui huri noa te ao Kruzenshtern, i te mea tuhituhia i roto i te hītori o Russian navigation te tuatahi. Kei te tino tika ai te reira i ka hei te kaupapa i whakamaheretia e kore anake te wā hou, engari ano hoki ki te haafaufaa i te geography me pūtaiao tūturu kōrero whai hua e pā ana ki whenua iti-mohiotia. Emperor rawa aroha utu Kruzenshtern ko Lisiansky, me te tahi atu mau melo katoa o te ope. Hei faahanahana i teie ohipa faufaa o Alexander ahau whakahau ara he mētara motuhake ki te patoto.

Komititanga ake

I roto i te 1811, i whakaritea Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, nei whakaahua taea te kite i roto i tetahi pukapuka o ngā kura moana, me te tahi atu kura motuhake, i kaitirotiro o ngā akomanga i roto i te Moana Cadet Corps. Heoi, te whakawhanake i te mate kanohi, me te kore rawa angitu ko te hononga ki te minita moana kingi arahina ia ki te ui mo te poroporoaki i mahi, a i roto i Hakihea 1815 te tuatahi ki te haere i runga i poroporoaki tuatau.

I whakaritea i taua wa i timata ia ki te whakawhanake i ngā tohutohu āmiki tikanga mo te ope ao, i tangohia e wahi i 1815 ki te tau 1818 i raro i te ārahitanga o Kotzebue - āpiha teina rerenga kotiro. Kruzenshtern noa ahau i haere ki Ingarangi, i reira ka mea ia i nga taputapu haere tika. A, hoki mai, riro ia poroporoaki tuatau, ka anga ki te mahi i runga i te hanganga o tona "Atlas Moana ki te Tonga", e kia kua i ngā pitopito kōrero mā hydrographic me tātaritanga o kaimahi izyasneniem. Ivan ki te āwhina ia ki tohunga whawha ka hanga he whakaahuatanga mātauranga nui o te haere ki te rota o mahere me tānga. Tenei mahi, whakaputaina i roto i Russian, me te Tiamana, kua whakamaoritia ki French, a muri ki te katoa, kahore reo Pākehā okotahi. I whakawhiwhia e ia te Demidov paraihe.

Manual Marine Corps

I roto i te 1827 ka Kruzenshtern kaiwhakahaere o te Marine Corps. Tata i te wa ano, ka ia he mema o te Poari Admiralty. Ma ono nga tau i te urungi tohua e huringa taketake i roto i te whare hōia: Ivan whakaurua ngā kaupapa hou mō te whakaako me te whare pukapuka tetere whare taonga maha painga. huringa Radical pānga kore anake te taumata morare, me te mātauranga. whakapumautia Admiral te piha haapiiraa āpiha, te tari tinana me te Observatory.

Na roto i te tono motuhake o te tinana o Ivan i 1827 ia ka te Naval Academy.

ngā mahi pūtaiao, me te whakahaere

I te timatanga o te Ao Tuarua, i roto i 1812, Kruzenshtern, he tangata taonga, patu whakahere faehau o te iwi -third o tona waimarie. I aua ra ko reira he rota o te moni - he mano moni. I roto i te taua tau whakaputaina e ia tona toru-rōrahi "haerenga huri noa i te ao ...", me i roto i te 1813th i pōtitia he mema o maha hapori pūtaiao, me te ara hunga pukenga i roto i Ingarangi ko Denmark, Germany me France.

Tae noa 1836 whakaputaina Kruzenshtern tona "Atlas Moana ki te Tonga", i i whānui ngā kōrero hydrographic. Mai 1827 th me 1842 th, āta maranga i roto i nga rarangi, ka haere ia ki te Admiral. rapu Tino maha haere rongonui me ngā kaihōpara tautoko ranei tohutohu ki Ivan. Ko ia te kaiwhakahaere o te ope arahina e Otto Kotzebue, e kore anake, engari ano hoki Vavileva ko Shishmareva, Bellinghausen ko Lazarev, Stanyukovicha ko Litke.

whakangungu tinana

E ai ki to'utangatá, tu atu Kruzenshtern i to ratou taiao, rere sipoti me te pokohiwi whitiki, me te uma toa Nui i roto i te ope. Mea faahiahia, i roto i te haere, i roto i te noa'tu o te hoa fakatupu puputu'u, kawea ia ki a ia i runga i te pauna rā a mahi ki a ratou. Tona mahi tino ko te pēhi pana.

I roto i te mahara o

I roto i te St Petersburg i 1874 i te kaihoahoa me toi Monighetti Schroeder i mua o te Marine Corps whakapumautia he tohu Krusenstern. I hanga e ia ki te moni tūmataiti, ahakoa i riro te tahua iti, me i te āhua.

Ko te ingoa o te nui kaihōpara ko kuiti, ākau me te kiri. A i roto i te 1993, i whakaputaina i te Russian Bank whakamaharatanga moni "Ko te a tawhio Russian tuatahi te ara ao" raupapa.

Tanumia te nui Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern i Tallinn Dome Ekalesia.