Cars, Lorries
Kaiwhakamate: Whakatakotoranga. nga kaipahua piha tupu me ratou momo
Ko te hītori o te Munuwao hōia o mana nui, me te nui whawhai moana o He mea paihere te rau tau XIX ki te kaiwhakamate. I teie mahana, he kore tenei te hunga poti tere fakamālohisinó ki te displacement iti, he tauira nui o te mea "Zamvolt" momo kaipahua te US, i te mutunga o 2015 tukua i runga i te mau tamataraa moana.
He aha e kaiwhakamate
Kaipahua, a i roto i te poto, te kaipahua - he piha o manuao. i hangaia tuatahi Maha-tere kaipuke maneuverable ki te haukoti a te whakangaro kaipuke hoariri ki te pū ahi i te tiaki i te matua hoia o taimaha kaipuke puhoi-neke. Na roto i te timatanga o te Pakanga o te Ao Tuatahi, te whakaaro matua o kaipahua - Torpedo patu i kaipuke hoariri nui. whänui War te whānuitanga o ngā mahi kaipahua, kua whakamahia ratou mo te anti-submarine me anti-rererangi korero, te huaki. ka anga te reira ki te whakapiki ake i to ratou uara i te kaipuke, tino nui haere displacement me firepower.
I teie mahana, e mahi hoki ratou ki te whawhai ki mua, kaipuke, me te rererangi (missiles rererangi) hoariri.
He kaipahua ki ohipa tautiaki, taea te whakamahi ratou mo te reconnaissance, whakarato tautoko puhipuhi i roto i te taunga, me te hoatu maina.
Tuatahi ka haere mai te piha haapiiraa o waka marama, i iti ratou seaworthiness, e kore takitahi ratou e taea e mahi. ko o ratou patu matua toku. Ki te mahi ki a ratou i roto i maha Munuwao kua puta pera-ka karanga whawhai - oko nui-tere iti, mo e torpedoes te timatanga o te ati motuhake XX rau whakaaro. I muri mai, ko enei kaipuke i te kaipahua.
Kaipahua - no te mea te tōkiri te aroaro o te revolution i huaina i roto i te whaiaro-tīhokatia maina Russian. Squadron - no te mea tiakina e te matua hoia, ka mahi i roto i te wahi o te rohe moana, me te moana ratou.
Whakamārama o te kaipahua te piha haapiiraa
ka haere mai Torpedoes patu Navy Ingarangi e pā ana ki i roto i te hauwhā whakamutunga o te rau tau XIX. Na hanga nga kaipahua tuatahi i roto i 1877 kaipahua "Uira" (UK) me "bang" (Russia). Iti nui-tere, me te cheap ki te whakaputa i, ka taea e ratou totohu he nui kaipuke o te aho.
E rua tau i muri mai, mo te kaipuke o Ingarangi i hanga ma tahi nga kaipahua atu kaha, France - kotahi tekau ma rua, ki Austria-Hungary me Denmark - kotahi i te kotahi.
Angitu toku mahi kaipuke Russian i roto i te whawhai Russian-Turkish o 1877-1878. me te whanaketanga o mua arahina ki te kaipuke ariā hanga minonosnogo e kore hoki e hiahia ana i te korero o nga wai takutai armadillos utu nui, e taea tenei raruraru whakaoti i te rota o poti nui-tere iti minonosnyh ki te displacement iti. I roto i te eighties o te rau tau XIX tīmata reira he mo'oni "minonosny" kotokoto. Anake te ārahi mana moana - Britain, France me Russia - i roto i to ratou Munuwao, 325 kaiwhakamate. Whakakiia e taua kōti me te US Navy, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy, me ētahi atu whenua Pākehā.
eke aua iwi moana huri noa i te wa ano i runga i te hanganga o kaipuke ki te whakangaro poti tōkiri me aku. Enei "whawhai kaipahua" i ki hei te taua rite Greyhound, haunga torpedoes, i rite tetahi wahi o te patu me te pū i te rahui mana taua, me te tahi atu kaipuke nui kaipuke matua.
kua displacement "toa" Kua nui nui atu i taua o nga kaiwhakamate.
Momo kaipahua rite ki tōkiri hipi Ingarangi "Polifemus" hanga i roto i te 1892, te kore o te mea he puhipuhi ngoikore patu, kau fakasio "Archer" me "Scout" manuao mau "Dryad" momo ( "Halcyon") me "Sharpshuter" "Jason" ( " whakaoho "), he kaipahua nui" Swift "hanga i roto i te 1894 ki te patu whakawhiti, nui ki te whakangaro i te kaiwhakamate hoariri.
hanga te Ingarangi ano hoki te kaipahua Armoured Japanese o te tuatahi-te piha haapiiraa "Kotak" displacement nui ki te whakato te mana kaha, me te pai-rite rawa, engari ki te seaworthiness raruraru, a muri ia ia ki te kaipuke whawhai i te kaipahua "destructor" whakahau ano e Spain, te wahi i whakarōpūtia ai rite te manuao tōkiri .
kaiwhakamate tuatahi
I roto i te aroraa mure ore o Ingarangi, me te Wīwī Ingarangi manuao hanga tuatahi mo te ono kaipuke, e rerekē ahua i roto i te ahua, engari i āhuatanga whāwhā rite me ringa tango ki te tahuri ki te whakaoti rapanga Torpedo nga kaipahua toa ranei. Ratou displacement ko e pā ana ki 270 m, te tere - 26 knots. Patu ki enei kaipuke kotahi 76mm, 57mm toru pū, me te toru korere tōkiri. Kua whakaaturia whakamātautau e ara te tāutanga tukutahi o patu katoa e kore e pā te huri mai, me te tere. hipoki te kopere o te oko i Karalas ( "anga honu"), e awhina te pourewa conning me tāuta i runga taua mea i te turanga o te ahi matua. Taiapa, breakwaters i runga i nga taha o te piha tiaki te toenga o te pū.
hanga French ngaro tuatahi i roto i muri i te tau o te XIX, me te US - i te timatanga o te rau tau i muri mai. I roto i te US, i hanga 16 kaipahua mō te wha tau e.
I roto i Russia, i runga i te tahuri o te rau tau i hanga kihai i whai ingoa, na ka karanga nga kaipahua raihana. A, no te tae ratou displacement 90-150 toni te tere o te 25 knots, kotahi patu i whakaritea, e rua tōkiri turanga, me te pū marama.
timata nga kaipahua piha Independent i muri i te pakanga 1904-1905 GG ki Japan.
timatanga kaipahua o XX rautau
I runga i te tahuri o te rau tau i roto i te hanga o te mīhini huri hiko mana tipu mamaoa mai nga kaipahua. tino taea te huringa taua ake i te tere o te kaipuke. kaipahua Origin ki te powerplant hou mō whakamātautau taea ki te whakawhanake i te tere o 36 knots.
Na ka timata Ingarangi ki te hanga kaiwhakamate whakahaere i roto i te hinu, e kore e waro. I muri ia wahie wai timata ki te neke Munuwao o ētahi atu whenua. I roto i Russia, ko reira te kaupapa "Novik", hanga i roto i te 1910.
Russian-Japanese whawhai o korero o Port Arthur me te pakanga o Tsushima, i haere mai huihui iwa Russian me rua tekau-kotahi kaipahua Japanese, whakakitea nga tōnounou o tenei momo o kaipuke me te ngoikore o ratou ringa.
Na roto i te 1914, te displacement o kaipahua nui haere ki te 1000 tana. Ratou takere i hanga o kikokore rino, whakaritea ka whakakapia pūkoro korere tōkiri kotahi-ngongo i te maha-tubular i runga i te turanga hurihuri ki whakaritea tukunga mātanga whatu. ka nui Torpedo, nui haere o ratou tere tino me ngā.
tikanga ke o kaumoana okiokinga me rangatira kaiwhakamate kaumoana. riro rangatira he fare motuhake mo te wa tuatahi i runga i te kaipahua "awa" Ingarangi i roto i te 1902.
I roto i te kaipahua whawhai ki te displacement o runga ki tetahi, me te hawhe mano toni he, he tere o 37 knots nga kohua i korohū ki nozzles hinu, e wha, takitoru launchers ngongo tōkiri me rima pu ërä 88 mm 102 ranei whai wāhi i roto i ngā kaitorotoro, huaki ngā mahi, te whakatakoto maina, kawea hōia. I roto i te pakanga manuao nui o te whawhai - pakanga o mua - tae e neke atu i te 80 Ingarangi, me te 60 kaiwhakamate Tiamana.
I roto i tenei whawhai, ka anga nga kaipahua ki te mahi i tetahi atu mahi - ki te tiaki i te kaipuke i mua whakaeke, ka pahua ia ratou ki te ahi pū te hipi toa wawahi ranei. Kua arahina tenei ki nui haere nga kaipahua kuhunga, taputapu o hydrophones mo te kite o mua me utu hohonu. Ko te wā tuatahi i totohu te waka ruku e utu hohonu kaiwhakangaro "Llewellyn" i roto i te Hakihea 1916.
hanga Ingarangi i roto i te whawhai, he wehenga hou - "rangatira o nga kaipahua," ki ngā āhuatanga nui, me patu atu i te toharite o te kaiwhakangaro. Ko te whakaaro ki te kawe mai i te whakaekenga o ona kaipahua, te whawhai ki te hoariri, ngā rōpū mana o kaipahua me reconnaissance matua hoia i.
He kaiwhakangaro i roto i te wā interwar
Kua whakaaturia te wheako o te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao e iti torpedoes kaiwhakamate mo te whawhai. Hei whakanui i te maha o pakū i te hanganga o te ono ngā pūrere i tāutatia putorino.
He wā hou i roto i te hanganga o tenei momo o kaipuke taea te whakaaro momo kaiwhakangaro Japanese "Fubuki". ngā ratou rākau o te riri o ono pū e rima-inihi kaha ki te koki nui o tairanga, e taea te whakamahi rite anti-rererangi, me te toru reatoru-ngongo korere tōkiri ki torpedoes hāora pato 93 "roa arotahi". timata te whai ake Japanese nga kaipahua tōkiri whakakapinga mō ngā pūrere tere recharging ki te tuu i roto i te superstructure rahoraho.
US kaipahua, "Porter" kaupapa "Mahan" me "Gridley 'i rite rawa ki rima-inihi pu māhanga, a ka nui haere te maha o ngongo tōkiri 12 me 16 aua.
kaipahua French, kua kua i "Jaguar" momo he displacement o rua mano. M me 130 mm repo.
I roto i te runga i te hōtaka rearmament a Hitler ki te hanga atu nga kaipahua, a Germany, pērā i kaipuke i roto i 1934 i tatou i te displacement o 3 mano. T, engari mahi rawakore. Kua momo kaipahua 1936 Kua patu ki 150-mm pū taimaha.
Tiamana kaipahua whakamahia i roto i te tāutanga korohū mīhini huri hiko ki tiketike-pēhanga mamaoa. He otinga auaha, engari arahina reira ki raruraru nui i roto i te rehe.
I roto i te rerekē,, timata ngā hōtaka Hapanihi, me te Tiamana te hanganga o kaipahua nui te Ingarangi me Ameliká ki te hanga i te marama, engari atu tini kaipuke. momo kaipahua Ingarangi A, B, C, D, E, F, G, me H ki te displacement o 1.4 mano. T i waru korere tōkiri me wha 120 mm pū ërä. Heoi, i hanga ratou pērā i "Tribal" kaipahua ki te displacement o neke atu i te 1.8 mano. Taranata ki wha taumaihi pū, i roto i nei eke waru māhanga-mehua pū 4.7-inihi i te wa ano.
Na i reira ka tere nga kaipahua momo J ki tekau korere tōkiri me toru pourewa ki taputapu takirua ono, me L, i whakaturia nei i te ono takirua pū ao hou, me te waru korere tōkiri.
US momo kaiwhakangaro "Benson," displacement o 1.6 mano. T, kotahi tekau nga korere tōkiri patu, me te rima 127-mm (5 inihi) taputapu.
Ko te Soviet Union i te aroaro o te Pakanga II o te Ao he kaiwhakangaro hanga mo te kaupapa, me te whakaoti 7U 7, i roto i nei te whakaritenga Echelon o te tipu te mana kua pai ake te te toitü o kaipuke. whakawhanakehia ratou he tere o 38 knots i te displacement o e pā ana ki 1.9 mano. T.
1/38 mo te kaupapa i hanga e ono kau taki o kaipahua (Head - "Leningrad"). Ki te displacement o e pā ana ki 3 mano taranata, i te tere o te 43 knots me te whānuitanga Cruising o 2.1 mano maero ..
I roto i Italy, mo te kaipuke Black i hangaia reira rangatira kaipahua "Tashkent" mano taranata ki te displacement o 4.2, ki te tere mōrahi o te 44 kono, me te whānui ina tauihi ana he nui atu i te 5 mano. Miles i tere 25 knots.
Ko te wheako o te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao
I roto i te Tama'i II o te Ao, ka mau e ia he wahi rererangi kaha, tae atu i roto i ngā mahi whawhai i te moana. I runga i nga kaipahua anga tere ki te whakatū pū anti-rererangi me radars. I roto i te whawhai ki nga submarines kua atu matatau timata ki te whakamahi i ngā mōtā.
Kaipahua e "whakapau" Munuwao o nga whenua ririhau katoa. Ko ratou nga kaipuke tino nui, whai wāhi i roto i te whawhai katoa i roto i whare katoa o ngā mahi hōia i te moana. kaipahua Tiamana e i wā anake te ruma taha.
Na roto i te waenganui o te rau tau XX, etahi kaipahua i roto i te whawhai, e kore ki te hanga kaipuke hou utu, kua ake mō anti-submarine pakanga.
Hoki i hanga reira he maha o nui, patu ki pū aunoa o te ahi matua, ngā mōtā, hihiani, kaipuke pāorooro: - ". Forrest Sherman" kaipahua Soviet ngä 30-bis me 56, Ingarihi "Tena ko" me te American
nga kaipahua Era pere
Mai te Heoi o te rau tau whakamutunga ki te haerenga mai o missiles timata "whenua-whenua" me "whenua-ki-rangi" mana moana nui ki te hanga kaiwhakamate ki missiles arahina (whakarāpopototanga Russian - Uro, Ingarihi - DDG). Ko nga kaipuke Soviet o te kaupapa 61, Ingarihi - pērā i "Kaute" American - ". Charles F. Adams" momo
Na roto i te mutunga o te XX rau rohe peroo i waenganui i nga kaipahua meka, frigates puhoi patu me fakasio.
I roto i te Soviet Union i roto i 1981 ka anga ki te hanga i nga kaipahua o kaupapa 956 (momo "ahipare" ranei "hou"). Ko nga kaipuke Soviet anake i te tuatahi e whakarōpūtia rite kaiwhakamate enei. i te tikanga ratou ki te mahi ki ope mata, me te tautoko o te taunga, me ka hoki anti-submarine me anti-rererangi korero.
956 mo te kaupapa, me te hanga i te kaipahua "tohetohe", te tino nui o te Baltic Fleet nāianei. I whakarewahia te reira i roto i Hānuere 1991.
Kaipahua launchers patu anti-kaipuke missiles ipu "waeroa" (e rua tapawhā), anti-rererangi pere matatini "Tahuri" (2 wae), mōtā sextuple RBU-1000 (2 wae), eke te pū takirua rua 130 mm, sextuple AK-630 (4 tāutanga), e rua korere tōkiri māhanga ërä 533 mm. I te poari te kaipuke, ko te Ka-27.
O kua hanga ki te hou i te kaipahua o te Navy Indian noa tata. Ships rite "Delhi" e patu ki te missiles anti-kaipuke ki te whānuitanga o te lesion 130 km, SAM "Tahuri" (Russia) me ataata Paraka (Iharaira) mo te korero, te tākirirangi anti-waka ruku Russian bombometnye tāutanga RBU-6000 ASW me rima tōkiri ārahi ana torpedoes ërä 533 mm. Kei te hangaia Helipad mō topatopa e rua moana kingi. Kei te tika te reira i roto i te heke mai tata ki te whakakapi i enei kaipuke kaipahua o te "Kolkata".
haukotia teie mahana kaipahua DDG-1000 Zumwalt US Navy te nikau.
Nga kaipahua i roto i te rau tau XXI
whakaraupapahia nga Munuwao nui katoa nga ngā whānui o te hanganga o kaiwhakamate hou. Ko te tetahi matua ko te whakamahi o ngā pūnaha whakahau me te mana rite ki te US "Aegis» (AEGIS), tikanga nei ki te whakangaro i te rererangi e kore anake, engari ano hoki missiles "kaipuke-ki-kaipuke" me "rangi-ki-kaipuke."
A, no te hanga kaipuke hou me te tono hangarau Puku: whakamahi rauemi radiation-absorbent, motuhake hangaia āhua āhuahanga, Heoi, hei tauira, momo rerekē kaipahua USS Zumwalt.
Ko te kaipahua hou ki te kia nui haere, me te tere, reira ake i te habitability me seaworthiness.
I roto i te kaipuke hou te taumata tiketike o te aunoatanga, engari kia nui haere ai, a, na reira, me ki te tupu te wahi o ngā waeine mana pŭpŭ tauturu.
Ko reira mārama e arahi katoa o enei tukanga ki te ara i roto i te utu o te hanga i nga kaipuke, pera me te whakapai ake kounga o ratou kaha e tika ki downsizing.
Me Hira ake nga kaipahua o te rau tau hou i roto i te rahi me te displacement wātea katoa ki kaipuke rā o tenei momo. Ko te kaipahua hou DDG-1000 Zumwalt whakaaro he lekooti mo te displacement, he reira 14 mano. Taranata. Kua whakaritea nga kaipuke o tenei momo ki te tomo ki roto ki te US Navy rite wawe rite 2016, ko te tuatahi o ratou i tīmata kē tamataraa moana.
E te ara, ka whai he kaiwhakangaro Russian Project 23560, e, mai tei fafauhia, e kia hanga e 2020, he displacement o 18 mano. Tana.
Ko te hukihuki Russian o te kaiwhakangaro hou
E ai ki te kaupapa 23560, e, kia rite ki ngā pūrongo pāpāho, kei roto i te wā o te hoahoa o tētahi ariā, kua whakaritea reira ki te hanga 12 kaipuke. kia whai ngā Cruising mutunga kaipahua "rangatira" roa o 200 m, me te whanui o te 23, i roto i te whakatere motuhake ki te kia 90 ra ki te tae te tere haere mōrahi o 32 knots. Kei te riro te reira i te tahora matarohia o te kaipuke te whakamahi i te hangarau Whakahewa.
Ka kaipahua te fafau o te "Leader" (kaipuke mata o te rohe moana) kia hanga, pea ki te whakato mana karihi, ka kua ki te kawe 60 ranei 70 missiles ipu turanga huna. Kei te mahara te reira ki te huna i roto i te maina, me te pere mata-ki-rangi, e kia kia tika 128, tae atu SAM "Poliment-rāihe." kia ngā Antisubmarine rākau o te riri o 16-24-tank missiles arahina (Plourac'h). riro kaipahua ao pūnaha puhipuhi ërä 130 mm A-192 "Armat" me te papa whakaekenga kaipuke mō waka topatopa multipurpose rua.
He tonu raraunga katoa petipeti a kia whakaritea i roto i te heke mai.
whakapono rangatira Navy e te "Leader" kaipahua momo e-whakaaro maha waka, te taviniraa rite nga kaipahua tūturu, kaipuke anti-submarine, a pea kau fakasio pere "Orlan".
Kaipahua "Zamvolt"
Momo kaipahua Zumwalt - he āhuatanga matua o te hōtaka o manuao mata o te rau tau XXI te US Navy o (Mata Combatant SC-21).
kaipahua Russian o te "Leader" - pea tenei pātai, a kahore i tawhiti atu, engari te heke mai.
Na ko konei te momo hou tuatahi o te kaiwhakangaro DDG-1000 Zumwalt kua whakarewahia, me i te timatanga o Hakihea 2015 tīmata ona whakamātautau production. Ko te āhua i rawe ki o te kaiwhakangaro huaina Kikī, tona takere me te superstructure tata toru henimita i roto i te matotoru pani ki rauemi ngongo (1 inihi), heke te maha o kohuki Antennas te ki te iti.
momo kaipahua "Zamvolt" roa o 183 m, he displacement o runga ki te 15 mano. T me te mana ngā mana matua tipu 106 mano. L. he. Ka taea e tae i te tere o te 30 noti. E ratou he kaha hihiani kaha, me te e taea ki te kite i tawhiti nui, ko te kore missiles anake iti-rere, engari ano hoki kaipuke o hoto.
kaipahua kaingārahu, titoa o 20 launchers poutū MK 57 VLS, te 80 tākirirangi tātai "Tomahawk», ASROC ranei ESSM, e rua tere-kōmata MK 110 pu ki te ërä 57 mm o uipa, e rua 155-mm pū AGS ki te whānuitanga o 370 km, e rua tubular 324-mm Torpedo korere.
kia hāngai ai te kaipuke 2 SH-60 topatopa Moana Hawk 3 ranei UAVs MQ-8 Fire Scout.
"Zamvolt" - momo kaipahua, nei matua mahi ko ki te whakangaro whakaurunga uta o te hoariri. Ano hoki, i tenei momo o kaipuke taea tōtika mahi ki te mata, ngā whāinga raro me te rangi, me te pū hoariri ope tautoko ahi.
"Zamvolt" Ko te ahua o te hangarau hou, ko te hou ki te rā whakarewatia kaipahua. kihai i Kaupapa India ko Russia anō, me tenei ahua o te kaipuke, te mea te reira, e kore kua ano rere tona akoranga.
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