Ko te ture tuatahi, me te tuarua o thermodynamics

I mua i whakaaro tatou te ture tuatahi, me te tuarua o thermodynamics, he mea e tika ana ki te tautuhi he aha te tikanga o te te wā "thermodynamics". I roto i tenei take, ki te kupu korero hoki ano: ko reira ngāwari ki te whakatau i te tahi atu e rua - "waiariki" me "hihiri". A, no te Kariki tahuri "pāmahana wera" me "kaha, kaupapa, huringa." I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, thermodynamics tohu tetahi o nga manga o te ahupūngao, āhuatanga o te faafariuraa ki ētahi atu momo o te pūngao, me te te hurihia wera ako. I roto i tenei take e kore e te te nekehanga waiariki o ngā microcosm (ngota, rāpoi, matūriki) ngā i roto i mea wāhanga me te ako i roto i te tahi atu wāhanga o te pūtaiao. no ni'ai hoki thermodynamics ki te pūnaha tonotono katoa, e kua āhuatanga e te nui, te pēhanga, me te pera atu.

hāngai ana tēnei pūtaiao i runga i ētahi āhuatanga taketake (kore, tuatahi, ture tuarua o thermodynamics), tangohia i roto i te mau marôraa mana'o. I takoto ratou experimentally ka whakapumautia e te tātaitanga ariā. Ko te hononga i waenganui i a ratou he autaki anake, mai kore e taea te timatanga o te putanga tika o tetahi i te tahi atu.

He tīmatanga wha - ki te kore i runga i te tuatoru. Kia tohu tatou i te tikanga o ia o ratou. kī Zero ture o thermodynamics e whangai ana i tetahi pūnaha ki te taurite thermodynamic, na i roto i te mutunga i reira ko te toenga ki te ngaro o te mahi o waho. kia waiho te reira i te pūnaha taratahi ake.

Ko tētahi o te matua - ko te ture tuatahi o thermodynamics. I whakatakoto tuatahi te reira i roto i te rau tau 19. I roto i te meka, ko reira te ture o te tiaki o te pūngao i roto i te pā ana ki te mea kei te tupu i roto i macrosystems tukanga thermodynamic. E te ara, he reira maha ki te awhina o tenei postulate whakakahore te taea o te oraraa o te mīhini nekehanga mau tonu, no te mea ki te mahi i te mahi e tika ana ki te kōrero waho pūnaha pūngao atu. E ai ki a ia, i roto i te pūnaha taratahi kuiti tonu tonu te taua te uara pūngao.

he mōhio ki te katoa mai i tamarikitanga te ture tuarua o thermodynamics. E ai ki a ia, fakanatula taea te tuku i te pūngao waiariki i roto i te kotahi anake ahunga - i te tinana mahana ki te wera iti. Hei tauira, he aha i roto i te hotoke i runga i te huarahi te mea te reira ki te kia matao, mai te mea i raro i taua o te tinana tangata, e ai wera te pāmahana ambient. Ko te ture tuarua o thermodynamics ko tetahi o te rongonui tino. Ko tētahi o ona nunu'a fokotu'u e kore e taea te tino tahuri te pūngao ā katoa o te pūnaha ki te mahi whai hua. He aha te mea ngā, he pāngarau provable te ture tuarua o thermodynamics. Na roto i te te whakatakoto i te plurality o ngā, i ahu mai tenei tauira, i muri tangohia hei axiom.

Ko tehea te mea tetahi o nga āhuatanga e tohu i te ture tuarua o thermodynamics? Piraunga! Tenei wā i roto i te reo Kariki te tikanga "huringa." He āhuatanga o tetahi pūnaha thermodynamic te piraunga me ko te mahi o te kāwanatanga. I roto i te whānui taea ana te kī reira e te piraunga tohu te fafauraa ki tetahi mate pūnaha. R. Clausius, e whakaarohia ana te wā mō ngā tukanga thermodynamic rite hoatu he whakamārama te tauira o te wai mīti: tohu te wai i roto i te āhua wai i te rohe o te kore degrees. Ko reira utu reira ki te pūrongo i te wahi o te pūngao waho, ranea mo te tāne i, tahuri te wai ki te āhua totoka (tio). A, no te tukua tenei huringa tika ki te hanganga ā-o te pūngao kei te. I roto i tenei take, he mea he tukanga reversible. Nä, ko te huringa te piraunga ko te ōwehenga o te tapeke o te pūngao waiariki ki te uara pāmahana pū. Ko tētahi putanga tohu e i roto i ngā pūnaha kati kahore piki te piraunga mana waho.