Linux - he aha te mea te reira? Linux OS: tirohanga whānui, aratohu, arotake. Me pēhea te ki te tīmata te whakamahi i Linux

Ko te tino rongonui i te wa i homai ko te pūnaha whakahaere Windows. Ko e tika ana ki te whakarewatanga angitu, me te takotoranga tuatahi ki te mahi ki a ia kaiwhakamahi ngawari tenei. Otiia tata katoa e rave rahi tau o te whakamahi o te OS, i reira ko te pātai e taea whakahere analogues. Tenei te tetahi o enei e whakatutuki i roto i te tuhinga.

Ko te pūnaha whakahaere Linux: He aha te mea a te mea ngā reira o?

e kore te mea he pātai ngāwari tenei. No te pārongo tonu i runga i te taea o tenei whanaketanga e kore e hiahia ana ki te pānui i te pukapuka, me te noho i te rota o te wā i runga i te rorohiko. Ko te pūnaha whakahaere ano ko te huinga o ngā hōtaka, i te tikanga o e taea te taunekeneke ki te rorohiko, me te rere i ētahi atu hōtaka. hāngai ana te nui tino te i runga i te maha o ngā tono e taea te wehea ki nga rōpū e whai ake nei:

1. Tuku ki te farii i tohutohu i te kaiwhakamahi, me te ki te kōrero ki a ratou.
2. Hanga ana e ia taea ki te pānui me te tuhituhi raraunga ki te kōpae mārō, ka tākaro ratou hoki te whakamahi i te pūreretā.
3. Āhei ki a koutou te whakahaere i te whakamahi o te mahara ki te whakahaere i ētahi atu hōtaka.

Ko te wahi tino nui ko te matua o te pūnaha whakahaere (e kiia nei ko Linux). taea e te pūrere taua ki a koutou mahi? Popular i tenei wāhi i roto i te wa i te tauira hei wāhanga o ētahi atu pūnaha whakahaere whakamahi hōtaka rerekē e i tuhituhia mo tenei kaupapa. E te ara, te ingoa tonu o te pūnaha whakahaere - GNU / Linux. Next, ka ako koe he aha te mea i te ingoa.

hanga

i GNU / Linux mo te tauira Unix. Mai i te tīmatanga, i hangaia tenei pūnaha whakahaere rite te maha-kaiwhakamahi, me te maha-tasking. Kua he te reira nui ki te whakanui i te reira. Ko te rerekētanga i roto i nui ia atu. Ko te mea tino nui - te reira noa (kua he wahi nui o nga whanaketanga kua hanga e te tūao i kore tiaki) me te ngaro o te rangatira. Hoki te wā tuatahi te hanga o te tahi mea rite i tangohia e ake te Free Software Foundation i 1984. Katahi tatou whakawhanake i tētahi pūnaha whakahaere Unix-rite, e kiia nei ko GNU. I hanga reira maha ngā mahi taketake, me i ko reira taea ki te whakatau i te mau tamataraa o te whānui o te whānui (ka whakaritea ki te meka e noa, ki te reira i). I tua atu ki te tahua, he maha ngā rōpū mahi me te takitahi, e kore e e faaino i to ratou mahi i hanga te takoha. Ko tonu i reira e te tahi mau āhuatanga. Ko te kupu, kua te Fund i hanga te nuinga o nga taputapu i whakamahia, te rapunga whakaaro me te hapori o ngā kaiwhakamahi tākare me hötaka motuhake. puta ratou kaha, me te putanga pai-Nēpia o GNU / Linux. Ko Ko anake te wahi tuatahi o te kōrero tenei. I hanga te matua o te Linux OS i ākonga Finnish Rinuha Torvalds i 1991 (tuhia te putanga pūmau tuatahi te 1994-m). Na ka ka kauwhautia reira rite te whakakapinga mō te Minix. Ko te kaihanga kua mai i mutu ka haere tonu ki te arahi i te rōpū o te maha rau ngā e whakapai ake i te pūnaha whakahaere.

E whakarato ana i te pūnaha whakahaere ki ngā kaiwhakamahi?

I teie mahana, i reira te tikanga herekore nui i roto i te pai rawa o te pūmanawa e tika ana. Ko te kupu, i reira te mea he whakahau tatini anga raina me te maha o desktops kauwhata. A e tenei tikanga tatou e kore te hoahoa ataata, me te huri i te ingoa o te wahi mahi. Hoki, e tika ana ki te pūnaha whakahaere taunga mo te whakatinanatanga o te maha ngā hōtaka, ko reira iti e pängia ana ki ngā rahunga, a pai pare. Mai te mea āta tona introduction Linux OS engari he pono toa tona whakarongo. Na, kei te mahi kē te nuinga o nga tūmau i runga reira rite. Kei te hoko tīmata tika ara i roto i te wāhanga rangatōpū, me te kāinga. he rerekē i roto i tona taumahinga, ahua, me te rahi ia tohatoha. Heoi, i reira he kōwhiringa e whakaherea whai wāhitanga rahi. He ko te hunga e taea uru i roto i te puku kohiko iti ranei rere i runga i rorohiko tawhito. Hoki, tonu i muri i te tāuta i te pūnaha whakahaere whakarato te kaha ki te tāuta hohoro pōkai pūmanawa ki te mahi i roto i etahi tohutohu (e he faufaa, ki te hanga "tari" rorohiko).

kāpeka

Ko te wahi nui i roto i te mahi o te pūnaha mahi Linux tenei. He aha te mea he kāpeka? Ko te taputapu kaha e he pūmanawa nui. Ki reira ka taea e te hanga e koe māmā reira, ki te haere i runga i te motokā i te mahi ngā katoa ranei noa. Mā te kāpeka kia:

1. tāuta me te rere i te hōtaka;
2. te whakatika i te kōnae tohatoha whirihoranga ranei;
3. tāpiri pupuru pūmanawa hou;
4. a he tokomaha atu mea e ka korero i te-arotake Linux.

whakamahi Basic o te tauranga, me te tāutanga pūmanawa

Whakahaere i te reira. Hei tīmata i te hōtaka Me anake ki te tomo tona ingoa. Ko te kupu e taea ki te whakahohe mea katoa i ngā hōtaka ohie ki matatini-timers taputapu. e kore e hiahia ana koe ki te pato i te ara tonu (i te mea he kaha rerekētanga i Windows). Kia tangohia a te tauira o te whakarewatanga o Firefox i kotahi - te whakatuwheratanga o te pae. Me whakanohoia te whakamutunga i roto i te tautohetohe. whakawhirinaki ratou i runga i nga momo o ngā hōtaka e kua huaina. Ko te kupu, e titiro te kupu e hiahiatia ana kia rite ki tenei:. Firefox «wāhitau o te pae ki runga e hiahia ana tatou ki te haere" Ko tētahi atu āhuatanga nui o te tauranga, ko e reira e he maha o ngā kapa e kua tika hangaia e mahi ki a ia. E ko, kahore ratou e whai i te atanga kauwhata. A inaianei te reira te wā ki te kōrero e pā ana ki te tāuta i ngā hōtaka. O te akoranga, i reira he tono kauwhata e taea te āwhina ki tenei mahi. Na, tīmata tatou te kāpeka, ka pato i te whai ake: sudo pai-tiki tāuta nazvanie_paketa. He ngāwari te reira, e tika? whakamahia Kupu sudo te ki whiwhi mana kaiwhakahaere ki te tāuta i te hōtaka. Mā te pai-tiki lau te tawhā e hiahiatia ana mo te tono. Na tāuta tika tāuta te hōtaka. Na te āhuatanga ko e koutou taea rere tono maha i te wa ano - ko reira tika anake ana ki te wehe i a ratou ki te wāhi.

Mō te ingoa me te whakaaro o nga mōkī tāutanga taea te ngāwari fifili ki, a kahore te whakamahi o ngā taputapu. Otiia ki te kahore e taea tenei - pēhia Ripa. A, no te kore e tika katoa i te tuatahi huri tuwha - kaweake noa nga ingoa e whakamahia pōkai i roto i te kōnae kuputuhi ki te kawemai i te reira i roto i te tirotiro e whai ake nei. Tenei te hiahiatia he kuware Linux-ako te mo te mahi tuatahi.

Mahi ki a Kōnae me Whaiaronga

He ko he mita e ka mahino hohoro nga āhuatanga o te mahi o te pūnaha whakahaere. Na, e nga wa katoa te mahi wahi i roto i te whaiaronga onāianei. Ki te mahi i tetahi mea atu, me tuatahi whakapūtā koe. He he he kapa taua - mitanano. Kei te whakamahia te reira ki te whakatuwhera i te ētita kuputuhi. Ki te tomo koutou te ingoa mitanano «o te tuhinga", ka e hanga te kōnae ki te ingoa i tohua i roto i te whaiaronga onāianei. Na te aha ki te mahi i ka me te reira ki te kia meatia i roto i te kōpaki rerekē? whakanohoia tatou i tenei rōpū i roto i te ara taua: mitanano / te kāinga / rabota / tuhinga / "Ingoa o te tuhinga". Ki te i roto i tenei arata'iraa i reira he kahore kōnae ki te ingoa e hiahiatia ana me te toronga, ka hanga ai, me te whakatuwhera i te tetahi hou. A, ki te hiahia koe ki te neke i te kōpaki tetahi ki tetahi? Ki te mahi i tenei, te whakamahi i te whakahau cd. Ka taea e tohu te reira iho - ki / ranei ~ fakahinohino. Ka neke nga kapa e toru tuatahi ki te whaiaronga pakiaka. Hei whakaatu i te rārangi o ngā kōnae i roto i te whaiaronga nāianei, te whakamahi i ls. Hei waihanga i tētahi whaiaronga hou, te whakamahi i mkdir «ingoa ara ranei." Hei muku kōnae mā te whakamahi i te whakahau Rm. I muri ko reira tino tika ana ki te whakapūtā te ingoa o te tuhinga ki te arata'iraa o tona wāhi ranei.

Hei tārua i te kōnae, me te whakamahi koe i te CP whakahau "Ingoa Tuhinga" - "Ko e Way". Me mōhio e me tono koe i te reira ki te whaiaronga i reira kei te whare kawe te. I roto i te aua mahi ara me mv, engari kua whai wāhi kē te reira i roto i te kaupapa o te kōnae. Na, me tohua koutou e whai ake nei: - ". Ko te ara te wahi kei te neke te ahanoa" mv "Whaiaronga te wahi i te tuhinga" Mai i te waho kia titiro reira he iti uaua, engari ka riria koe i te mahi iti e reira anake te mea. Na ka taea e koe whakaturia ake he Linux turanga, kia makona te tono.

Operation pūnaha

Whakamahia Ripa. Ko te kī tino whai hua tenei. Na, e taea te āwhina te reira whakaoti taunoa. mahi tenei hoki pōkai, ngā kōnae, me ngā kōpaki. Ki te mea i reira e rave rahi kōwhiringa, ka wero i te pūnaha koe ki te whiriwhiri i tetahi o ratou. mahara ano e ka hei tiaki e pā ana ki Linux i runga i o koutou pokohiwi. Ahakoa ka taea e koe te whakamahi i te whakaminenga whakaratohia me, ki te mea kahore he hiahia i runga i te pereki ki te kohikohi tona (ahakoa ko reira tetahi o nga āhuatanga o te pūnaha). Otiia tika i roto i te take, e mohio ana koutou e he reira ohie nui, a i roto i te nuinga o te wā i te whakatinanatanga o tenei mahi e kore e waiho uaua. Hoki e taea e koe te whakamahi i mo tetahi o nga atanga whakairoiro e taea te uru noa (ahakoa ki te huarahi māmā whakahaere - whakahau rārangi).

Tautuhi i te "Linux"

Aha ki te mahi, ki te hiahia koe ki te whakamahi i tenei pūnaha whakahaere? Na e hiahia ana koe ki te mohio me pehea ki te tāuta me te pehea, ki te whakahaere i Linux. I te tīmatanga, te whiriwhiri koe i te tohatoha e ka whai koutou. whakamahia Popular Ubuntu, Debian, CentOS, me te tini ke atu. Kia whai whakaaro ki te whakaaturanga o te pūnaha whakahaere, ahakoa te whiriwhiri whakamutunga ko koutou. Ki te mahi i tenei, ka waiho reira e tika ana ki te tiki i te whakapakoko .ISO me tahu ai ki te kōpae. Kōnae tika ki te tiki i te whakaminenga pae mōhiohio. Na e hiahia ana koe ki te tīpako i te maha o nga paraire o te pūnaha. Putanga 32 He iti raruraru hototahi me mahi pai ki te taraiwa. Ko tona orotahi o 62 He kaha teitei. Heoi, ka tukua e ratou me nga mate ki ai e whai koe ki te mahi ki. I mua i timata koe, Haere i te tārua o ngā raraunga nui katoa. Kaua e whakaaro e ki te pūnaha e taea e koe te mahi i te tahi mea pahua. Just te nuinga o nga kaiwhakamahi ratou e kuware aitua ranei muku mōhiohio nui. Na, E koe te kōpae ki te whakapakoko o te pūnaha. I mua ka taea e koe tāuta, whirihora te pūnaha tāuru / tāputa taketake ki te mahi ki te puku whatu. inaianei taea e koe te tīmata anō.

Ka rite ki te tauira, e te whakaaro Ubuntu tāutanga. Ko te pūnaha whakahaere rongonui tenei, a ka kitea tohutohu mō te mahi tahi i te reira e kore e waiho uaua. Na, te tuatahi whakatupato ki te mata i reira e hiahia ana koe ki te tīpako "Tāuta Ubuntu». I te tīmatanga, ka hiahia Linux ki te whiriwhiri i te reo. tautuhi koe tou rohe wā. Na ka whirihora e koe te papapātuhi ki te mahi. I roto i te taahiraa e whai ake nei, ka meinga koe wāhi taka kōpae. I tenei wā, ka taea te neke te otinga o tenei raruraru ki te pūnaha whakahaere, tautuhi mea katoa i te ringa ranei. he pai hoki ngā kaiwhakamahi mātanga e mohio he aha te rāngai raraunga me pehea te mahi i te katoa he rorohiko te kōwhiringa o muri. Ano, Me mōhiotanga ki te kia tiketike rawa.

I muri kua oti nga take te mokowā kōpae pau, ka ui ai kia ki te ingoa i te rorohiko, ka hanga i te kaiwhakahaere. Ka Me koe ki te mahara i tohua konei, te kore te mahi o te mīhini i roto i te heke mai, kahore he ki te tāuta anō e kia tata e taea te tauturu ranei. E te ara, ka kia e kore e hiahiatia ana tō ingoa kaiwhakamahi me te kupuhipa anake i roto i te tikanga ki te takiuru ki te pūnaha. I muri i taua e kite koe i te ruānuku whakawhiti tautuhinga matapihi i te tahi atu pūnaha whakahaere. Ki te kore, e te tīpoka i te taahiraa. I roto i te take te ritenga, ka whakahere i te pūnaha whakahaere ki te whakawhiti kōnae me ngā tautuhinga i roto i ngā pūkete kaiwhakamahi. A i roto i te mutunga kia kite koe i te matapihi i roto i nei e whiriwhiri o te kaiwhakamahi kia whakaaturia. Tirohia ki te he katoa te ara e hiahia ana koe. Ki te mea i reira e kore amuamu, ka pāwhiri i runga i te pātene "Tāuta", a ka tīmata i te tukanga. Tei runga i te whirihoranga o tō rorohiko, e mahi enei mahi katoa, te huri i te tere o te pūnaha whakakapinga whakahaere. A, no te ka e whakamana mahi e tika ana katoa, ka whakaekea kia koe ki te pēhi "E tomo".

Whakarewa o "Linux"

A, no te tuatahi tahuri ki runga ki, ka whakatau koe te bootloader. I roto i tenei take, ka whakawhirinaki te whakarewatanga Linux i te wātea o te OS ke. Ki te he ia kotahi, ka utaina reira koe "Linux". Ki te kore te mea pera tenei, na ka whai koutou e toru ngā kōwhiringa:

1. A, no te tīpako koe i te kotahi tekau hēkona tuatahi reira ka whawhai te pūnaha whakahaere.
2. Ko te kōwhiringa tuarua - he orotahi o Aratau Haumaru te Windows.
3. RAM Test.

Ano, ahakoa o te maha o te pūnaha whakahaere tāutatia ka tapiritia ki o ratou kōwhiringa whakaoho, e kore noa te utanga o Linux-pc. I muri whakahohe i te "Linux", e rite ki te whakaturia ake tona hoahoa koe, timata ki te whakamahi i atu tono - i roto i te whānui, ki te mahi i nga mea katoa kia kua i te pūnaha whakahaere kua hāngai ki te mōrahi koe. tīariari hōtaka Linux i te huinga nui, a ka taea e koe te whiriwhiri he aha te mea ahuareka. Ka taea e anake ētahi raruraru puta ka whakamahi i ngā kēmu, me tono whakataunga (AutoCAD, me te rite).

Tangohanga me te whakaora o Linux

Ka rite ki te tauira o tenei katoa ka e whakamahia rite Ubuntu. No mea he aha ka ui koe te pātai "pehea ki te tango Linux» - kihai i rite ki te pūnaha, ranei kua whakaritea e e he reira uaua. Tino nui - me pehea ki te mahi i te reira. Fakakaukau angé ki e rua ngā kōwhiringa. I roto i te tuatahi, mo te tauira, i koe he mahere tārua i te puka o Windows. amo tatou e i roto i te tuarua, e te tahi atu pūnaha whakahaere koutou e kore e whai:

1. Kuhua te CD tāutanga ki te puku. Booting i reira, te huri i te matua i roto i te pūnaha tāuru / tāputa taketake. Whakatūwhera te wawe whakahau. Ka taea te mahi i tēnei i roto i te tahua kōpae tāutanga. Na ka whiriwhiri i te kōwhiringa "Whakatika i te pūnaha." I roto i te putanga reo Ingarihi, rite te Tapia tō rorohiko titiro reira. Papaki te lekooti e pā ana ki te kawenga pūnaha. Ki te mahi i tenei, tomo te whakahau bootrec / fixmbr. A ka rere koutou i roto i mua o koutou e kore mata whakaatu roa o te pūnaha whakahaere o whiriwhiri i te wa o tahuri i runga i te rorohiko, a ka whawhai tonu Windows. he rite katoa. Na, ki te huringa te tango pānga, tīmata anō te mīhini. Ki te hiahia koe ki te pehea o Ubuntu, e hiahia ana koe ki te mahi i rua atu kaupae. Hei timata, whakatuwhera koe i te tahua Whakahaere Kōpae. I roto i te matapihi e oroko, ka waiho reira e tika ana ki te pāwhiri i runga i te arai pūnaha whakahaere, pāwhiri tika-ka whiriwhiri ki te muku i te reira. he reira katoa a muri ake nei. pāwhiri matau-Na pera, pāwhiri i te arai Windows me tīpako "Toro Wehewehenga". wāhi Free me te tāpiri i koe ki reira. Engari kia mahara ki, tenei e taea te mahi anake, ki te reira ko te pūnaha whakakapinga whakahaere.
2. Na whakaaro e whai koe kotahi anake Ubuntu. Na ka hiahia koe ki te pei ki te pūnaha whakahaere e hiahiatia ana (i te ara o te tauira, ka tangohia Windows). Kōkuhu reira ki te puku whatu. Na ka waiho te reira e tika ana ki te muku i te arai i roto i nei i reira ko "Linux". Na ka tonu koe i te tāutanga. Ki te kore te mahi koe, e kore e taea ki te whakamahi i te rorohiko koutou. Na ka wahi i a koutou ki te hanga i tētahi pūnaha whakahaere i runga i te puku kohiko, a kua ki ia tango i te mahi e tika ana.

"Linux": na te taua, me te rerekē

Kia kōrero a pā ana ki te mea Linux ritenga reira, ka hoatu ratou he whakamārama poto. Ka kia whakaaro te reira i te tuwha tino rongonui anake:

1. Ubuntu. arotahi te reira i runga i noho pai o te whanaketanga me te whakamahi.
2. OpenSUSE. Watea roto i te tatūnga me te tiaki o te tohatoha.
3. Fedora. Ko tētahi o nga kōwhiringa tino rongonui, i roaa ia te aroha, whakawhetai ki tona ringa rehe e.
4. Debian. I hanga tēnei tohatoha rite te pūtake mo te tokomaha noa atu. I hanga te reira e te hapori whānui o ngā mahi. He he huarahi tino ki te whakamahi o te pūmanawa kore-free.
5. Slackware. Ko tētahi o te matamua tuwha Linux. He he huarahi momo ki te faatura ki te whanaketanga me te whakamahi.
6. Gentoo. tohatoha Tino ngāwari. Kei te haere te reira i i pūtake. Ko te hua whakamutunga kia rerekē mahi nui, me te ngäwari o te raruraru mahi. Hāngai i ngā kaiwhakamahi te mana me te tohunga hangarau rorohiko.
7. Archlinux. Distribution e hāngai ana i runga i te whakamahi o te pūmanawa hou. Tonu whakahou. E tika ana hoki te hunga e hiahia ana ki te whai i nga painga katoa, me whakarerekētanga, engari e kore e hiahia ana ki te ururua toku taima.

I tua atu i enei kōwhiringa i runga ake katoa, i reira e maha atu tuwha. kia hāngai ai ratou i runga i tāutuhia i runga ake hanga i te wahanga ranei. I roto i te rua o nga whakatinanatanga, e te nuinga o hanga ratou ki te mahi i te iti whānuitanga o ngā mahi. Ia tohatoha he tona ariā, he huinga o pōkai, huapai me ngā huakore. E kore tetahi o ratou e taea e titau ki makona kaiwhakamahi katoa. Na reira, tahi ki te kau taki reira e te tahi atu whakatinanatanga angitu i ngā rōpū o hötaka me kamupene. Heoi, i reira e maha whanaketanga e taea te whakahaeretia i te CD, a kore koutou e taea e te tāuta i te pūnaha i runga i te rorohiko ano. Ki te kahore he whāinga motuhake, ka taea e koe te whakamahi i tetahi tohatoha. Ki te hiahiatia, whaiaro huihuia-tūtohu nga wae e tika ana ki te whakarongo ki a Gentoo, pūtake LFS ranei.

He aha ta tatou e nehenehe e mea te hunga e whakamahi "Linux"?

I roto i te whānui, ka taea e koe te titiro i te urupare, me te takitahi. Otiia i roto i te tuhinga whakahekea ratou tautuhia "whakahiato" mo te hunga e kore e nei i te hiahia rapu wā ranei me pānui ngā tuhinga. Mō Linux arotake mo te wahi tino pai. Ka rite ki huaina āhuatanga pai ko te nui iti o te RAM e hiahia ana koe ki te tohatoha hoki te pūnaha whakahaere ano. Hoki, kua roaa ia faatura i roto i te hunga iwi e Me ki arotahi ki runga i te mahi, engari he tonu ratou kēmu e pehia ana. Last engari e kore e iti te mea e tika ana ki te meka i te "Linux" hua iti ngā whakangahau tenei. O te akoranga, ka taea e koe te whakamahi i te ratonga o ngā pūnaha Hōrite whakahaere, engari reira titau tonu te rota o te wā me te rauemi. Na reira, hoki te iwi mangere ko te kōwhiringa pai. Tino rongonui "Linux" Ko roto i te rāngai hangarau mōhiohio. whakawhetai Last engari e kore e iti ki te aroaro o te momo o ngā taputapu. Hötaka me tikanga korero o tenei pūnaha pai e tika ana ki tona ringa rehe me te noho pai o te mahi i te mahi e tika ana. Ka rite ki ngā āhuatanga kino te nuinga hua i roto i te hiahia ki te whai nui mohio o rorohiko taea ki te mahi rerekē pūtaiao, me te ataata tikanga atu Windows. Ko enei e taea te whakaaro e kitea i runga i Linux. Ko tino tino rerekē i te atanga maheni o te nuinga o rorohiko whaiaro te pūnaha whakahaere, engari kua whakapono reira e ko he painga neke atu i te ngoikoretanga tenei.

mutunga

E tae mai ki te mutunga Linux whakamārama. Overview aroaro te rota o āhuatanga rerekē. e mohio ana koe he aha tuwha. ako matou me ngā hōtaka mō te Linux: He aha e nga āhuatanga o ratou mahi, me pehea ki te tāuta me te rere tika ki te pūnaha whakahaere ano. I whakaratohia hoki te reira ki ngā whakahau ka taea e koe te whakamahi i ki te mahi i tūāwhiorangi taketake o ngā mahi kaiwhakamahi. Kei te tumanako te reira e te mōhiohio e pā ana ki te Linux - He aha te mea me te mea kai te reira - ka haere mai i roto i te pātata i roto i te mahi.