Pahaki oneone whakamātautau. Engineering me te rangahau arowhenua mō te hanga

I roto i te tukanga o te hanga me te mahi o ngā whare hurihia deformation, e taea arahi ki te na'ina'iraa o te whare hou i hangaia. Ko te tino kino tenei āhuatanga, no te mea fakamanamanai reira te ahua o te kapiti whare pukapuka ranei. Na, e haafifi i tona mahi atu. Ko e taea ki te tātai i te ōwehenga te na'ina'iraa, te tabularaa rohe deformation o te hanganga o te turanga. Hoki tenei a kawea atu whakamātautau takahi whenua.

Ko te āhua me ngā āhuatanga o te tikanga

Ko faaotiraa o te āhuatanga deformation o te oneone i roto i āhua o te mahi i te reira i te pikaunga nui pateko. Me ratou ki te mohio i roto i te tikanga ki te matapae i te raungaitinga atu subsidence ranei. te mahi tenei ki te rōpū katoa o ngā tohunga.

tikanga pane whakamātautau homai hua tika rawa, koia ko tetahi o te kī ki tetahi momo geotechnical o te mahi. Rawa, ki te kei te whakamahere koe i te hanga o ngā whakaurunga raro skyscrapers ranei. whakaritea te tika o te raraunga whakamātautau e GOST.

Kei roto i te tikanga i roto i te pane ahotea āta pakeke, eke i roto i te oneone. Ki te awhina o whakaaro motuhake, te aroturuki kawenga ki runga ki a ratou me te na'ina'iraa e takoto. Tei runga i te na'ina'iraa o te pane, ko te āhuatanga tātai me te deformation o te oneone.

Test pane ki Tārewa

I roto i te rerekē ki te tikanga Tārewa, rapu taputapu atu mātanga, me te matatini rerekē whakamātautau oneone takahi. taputapu e tika ana, me ngā taputapu e te tikanga mōmona me te whai nui taimaha. I tua atu, i mua i te tīmata tika te mahi ki te faaineine i te oneone mō te whakamātautau. rawa he nui te take wa: i roto i te tikanga ki te titiro i te āhua o te na'ina'iraa oneone, e rapu wā roa-. Tāpiri ki tenei te tātai tātai matatini tono raraunga motuhake, pēnei i ōwehenga o Poisson mo te oneone.

Ko te aha e kore te tenei tikanga tono i te timatanga o akoranga geotechnical, me i te wā o te otinga o te mahi katoa ina e hangaia te tauwāhi tīpakohia mo te hanganga me te āhuatanga o te hanganga. He mea nui ki te mohio te mōrahi kawenga-mua i runga i te taumata whenua, me te ki te tātai i te āhuatanga arowhenua o te whanaketanga pae. Na tango ano tiaki o te tātaitanga o te momo, me te hōhonu o tohuwāhi o te turanga. whakaturia nga tikanga katoa i roto i roto i te mau paratarafa hāngai o te Paerewa.

āhuatanga mate me to ratou pānga i runga i te deformation

I te tau 1930, i whakakitea ai e te rahi o te pane whakamahia te nuinga pānga te tohu o te deformation o te tetahi momo o te oneone. Ka rite ki te hua o te rangahau Press pane tapawha i runga i te uku me te onepu i whakaturia mōhiohio ngā. e kore te na'ina'iraa ke i raro i te huru o te pane rahi paerewa :. Ki te taha i 18 ki te 30 cm ki te nui peka ona āhuatanga i enei rahinga, ake ki raro ranei, nui haere tawhā te na'ina'iraa.

Ka rite ki te hua, kua oti tātai tohunga pūtaiao Soviet rahi mate paerewa, e hoki nga tau maha i whakamahia mo te whakamātautau. Tenei flat, tawhio me te pane pakeke ki te rohe o 2.5, 5, me te 10 mano henimita tapawha. Ki te hiahia koe ki te whakamahi i te pane iti, ki te rohe o anake te mano cm ² tona ^rohe, te whakanui ake ki te iti mā te whakamahi i mowhiti motuhake. Heoi, kei te whakamahia pane iti anake i roto i ngā wāhi motuhake, te nuinga i roto i i te puna Rig.

rahi Manakohia

Tenei ko nga pane e tūtohu, i runga i te kiato, me te momo o te oneone rānei:

• Clay, onepu, oneone wewete me te krupnoobmolochnye ki mātotoru reo -. Stamps o 5 mano ^cm2 me te diameter o tauwehe IL 80 cm i roto i enei oneone he neke atu i te 0.25 ..
• Clay, me te one oneone te whakamahi i mate ki te rohe hawhe te diameter ki runga ki te 57 cm. IL whakarea i iti iho i te 0.25.

āhuatanga deformability

Te whakatau i te paearu e hiahiatia ana o te oneone e taea e te whakamahi i te taputapu motuhake - pressuremeter. E te whakamahia te reira i roto i te mara o whakamātautau mate. taea ana tēnei taputapu ki te whakakitea maha ngā āhuatanga o oneone i runga i te pūtake o to ratou momo.

Hoki onepu, te uku, te oneone organic ranei oneone krupnoobmolochnogo kōwae deformation tautuhia. oneone paru ki te tūponotanga nui o subsidence whakamatauria hoki tuatahi whakarea pēhanga subsidence me te deformation whanaunga.

Ko te tātai mā te whakamahi i te ōwehenga Poisson

whakaritea Tātaitanga o ātete oneone i runga i nga hua o te whakamātautau mate e te tātai motuhake. whakamahi te reira i te auau motuhake, he mea he mo ia momo. Kei te karanga a te reira i ōwehenga o Poisson me moni ki nga uara e whai ake nei mō ngā ahu rerekē:

• wahi kamaka - 0.15.
• Poluskalnyh - 0.25.
• Krupnoobmolochny - 0.27.
• Sand - 0.3.
• One - 0.35.
• Clay - 0,42.

ōwehenga o Poisson mo te oneone whai wāhi i roto i te tātai mō te tātai i te uara tawhiti o deformation. Ko, ahakoa o te momo, me te tika o te taputapu e whakamahia ana, e taea te tātai te uara o tenei kōwae anake i runga i te wāhanga tika. I muri i te katoa, te whanonga o ngā tawhā compressibility oneone e hiahia ki te kia tāutuhia, e kore e te manuwhiri. Na reira, taka ana e ia i raro i te ariā o tinana linearly deformable.

Heoi, ko te uara tawhiti tamau, Na, e matau ia, kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o te oneone, ki te tātai i te taumata o te na'ina'iraa o te hanganga e kore e waiho tetahi uaua.

I tua atu ki te kōwae riaka, pahaki whakamātautau oneone e taea whakatau subsidence ka nana a raro he tetahi kawenga, te whakakite i te whānuitanga o te taurangi tino, me te matapae i te āhua o te ahotea deformation i roto i te mahi.

Ngā wāhanga o te na'ina'iraa oneone

I roto i te te na'ina'iraa o te oneone turanga i raro i te pēhanga, whakatauiratia nei e te tikanga o mate, tohatoha etahi kaupae āpitihanga.

• Hīra. kōpeke tämata, i te whakaiti i nga āhuatanga porosity.
• Shift. Ko te oneone i roto i te taurite rohe, engari ki te huri maha i runga i te taha o te turanga.
• Te whakangaromanga, tino wāhanga ranei. Ko te taiepa taha o te oneone timata ki te wahia iho, e arata'i ki ngā hanganga deformation muri. ngā te wahi o te whenua kei te huihui ki te hiri, ka puta toka whenua riser runga ona taha. Ki te te kawenga i runga i te whenua i tenei piki atamira, ara paku, Kei te tipu haere te taumata o te riaka tere.

Kua tawhiti Ētahi atu kairangahau e rua anake ngā wāhanga o te na'ina'iraa, kahore tetahi wehenga mārama. Heoi, hangarau hou tawhiti i mua, i tenei ra koe e taea e ngāwari te hopu ara te huringa iti rawa i roto i te hanganga oneone.

Warea me tukatuka o te raraunga riro

Tetahi rangahau engineering-arowhenua mō te hanga kīnaki pukapuka, e tuhi te raraunga e tika ana. Tenei ko te nui o te na'ina'iraa o mate i raro i kawenga. raraunga Tukatuka, i runga i te momo o te taputapu e whakamahia ana rānei, e taea te kawea i roto i ā na te tikanga o whakaaro motuhake ranei.

A, no te he oti te whakamātautau, tukatuka te raraunga kei te tuhinga. E ai ki o ratou hua e haaputuhia whakairoiro, e taea te ata ki te taupuhipuhinga o te pēhanga, me te mate te na'ina'iraa.

Onäianei o mahi me whakatūpatotanga

He etahi whāititanga i te nui o ake ngā utanga me diameter borehole, whakaritea e GOST. I tua atu, he mea nui ki te aroturuki i te taumata o te verticality pai. I roto i te mahi o tona taiepa whakaritea ki te casing.

I mua i te tāuta pane parekura e horoia ki te awhina o taputapu motuhake. Ko te raro ka riro ngawari. Ki te kore e taea te tutuki i te mata maitai papatahi, whakanohoia te onepu te urunga 2-5 cm matotoru i runga taua mea, i runga i te momo oneone rānei.

Hei takahi i te piri atu i roto i te whakapā atu ki te whenua e taea, reira he wa torutoru a tawhio crank uehā. I muri i tāutanga āta tirohia te tohu o horizontality, a ka noho te toenga o te taputapu tāutanga.

Ine i te tohu o te na'ina'iraa kawea i roto i ki te tika o te whakatekau o te mirimita. I roto i te haora tuatahi i muri i te timatanga o whakamātautau oneone mate whakahaere katoa 15 meneti mō deflections inenga. I roto i te rua o nga haora - hawhe nga haora, a ka nga haora tae noa ki kore e ähuareka te tohu o te na'ina'iraa.

I te taenga ki te pēhanga tino tohu e te ahua o kapiti huri noa te mate te haamaeeraa ranei oneone. I roto i tenei whakamātautau kia mutu.

Ngā mihi ki te hangarau hou, kawea atu rangahau engineering-arowhenua mō hanga i runga i tetahi momo o te oneone, me te i runga i nga pae o tetahi whīwhiwhi. Whakaaetia tūhura ngā takiwā e waipuketia me ngā wāhi noa horo-pängia ana. Ki te haapa'oraa tupato o te hangarau, me te haapa'oraa ki nga whakaritenga o GOST whakamātautau he angitu.

Ko reira taea hoki ki te kawe i roto i pahaki whakamātautau oneone i runga i nga ara. Ki te ngā mahi kōhao i roto i ngā wāhi uaua herea ranei whakahaere, tohunga whakamahi taputapu motuhake me augers.