Sociologist American Samuel Huntington: biography, mahi nui. taupatupatunga o u'i

Sociology me Tōrangapū Science mārama e kore e no ki te kāwai o te pūtaiao tangohia. He uaua ki te kitea te tūranga e whai i te mana o te mau parau mau mâro-ratou. Ko te tohenga pūtaiao tino ki te whāiti titiro waitara, ka whakarerea i te ora tūturu, te "tangata iti." Ko reira te mea he ariā, i hanga nei i runga i te pūtake o ngā kaupapa here ke, me te kāinga o te whenua takitahi, me te hapori te ao ao. Ko te aha e ratou hāngai. Samuel Huntington - kaituhi American, sociologist me te pūtaiao tōrangapū - kaituhi o te maha o ariā. maha i roto i ana pukapuka whakaaro e au ra tuwhena rawa i te tuatahi, a ka whakarato i te kōrero whāinga i runga i te mea kei te tupu.

Childhood me te taiohitanga

I whanau ia i roto i New York i te puna o te tau 1927, nga mahi tuhituhi e pā ana-te utuafare. Tona papa - Richard Thomas Huntington - ko te kairīpoata, he whaea - Dorothy Sanborn Phillips - he kaituhi, me tona koroua - Dzhon Fillips - kaiwhakaputa mohiotia. Te kōwhiri i te tikanga e pā ana ki ngā mahi hinengaro te mea na tūturu. ko Semyuel Fillips Huntington te whai tika o te iho utuafare na roto i te tuhi i te katoa o 17 ngā pukapuka, me te mo 90 tuhinga pūtaiao whakaemi.

Paerewa mō hapu e kiia taumata me nga wahi ki te kia tīpakohia mō te mātauranga Sam. I te tuatahi tenei College "te uri" (Stuyvesant High School) i roto i New York, ka he akoranga tohu paetahi i Yale (Yale University) i roto i te New Haven - i roto i 1946, ka he kaiwhakawā i roto i te pūtaiao tōrangapū i te Whare Wānanga o Chicago (1948), me te, i te pae hopea, Harvard, i reira Samuel Huntington i 1951 riro te tohu o te tākuta o te rapunga whakaaro me tōrangapū Science.

He aha i rerekē i reira anake e angitu kua taukei e ia te marautanga o whare wānanga i roto i te wā nui poto atu i mua. Mai te whakauru i roto i Yale i 16 tau, e kore ia puta i roto i wha nga tau, me te 2.5. He whati i roto i ona akoranga ko te ratonga wā-poto i roto i te Army US i 1946, i mua i tomo i te magistracy.

Ahorangi me Kaitohutohu

I muri te whiwhi i te tohu, ka haere ia ki te mahi kia rite ki te kaiako i roto i tona mater alma - Harvard. I reira mahi ia taratahitahi hoki tata ki te haurua te rau tau - tae noa ki 2007. Anake i 1959 ki te tau 1962, pau ia te Tuarua Kaiwhakahaere o te Institute mo Pakanga me te rangimarie Pūrongo i roto i tetahi atu whare wānanga American rongonui - Columbia.

I ahau i roto i te wa i tona ora, ina te ia whakapā tata ki te kaitōrangapū taumata-tiketike o nāianei. I 1968, ko ia he kaitohutohu i runga i te kaupapa here ke i roto i kaitono peresideniraa Hubert Humphrey, me i 1977 ki te 1978, i mahi a Hamuera Huntington i whakahaere te peresideni Jimmy Carter o rite te wāhi mō te whakamahere i te Kaunihera Haumarutanga National. Tona whakaaro i maitai whakarongo ki maha peresideni me sekelitali o kāwanatanga, ka whakaaro Genri Kissindzher me Zbignev Bzhezinsky Huntington he hoa whaiaro.

kaituhi copious

te wa katoa noa i whakaako me ngā mahi tūmatanui, i oti rawa ia ki te tuhi pukapuka. E ki ana ratou i ki te tātaritanga o te kaupapa here kāinga me te ke nāianei o te whenua ārahi i roto i te ao, me te matapae o te whanaketanga o e rua ngā tukanga rohe, me te ao. Taketake o te whakaaro, mōhiotanga, nui me 'ulungaanga whaiaro tiketike roaa ia mana me te whakaute i roto i hoa. Tohu o tenei ko te meka i pōtitia a ia te ārahi pūtaiao tōrangapū me sociologists US ki te peresideniraa o te American Association o Tōrangapū Science.

I roto i te 1979, i whakaturia e ia te moheni "Foreign Policy» (Foreign Policy), i riro tetahi o nga pukapuka tino i roto i te mara o whanaunga ao. tonu ia na i teie mahana, mahue he bimonthly, te whakaputa tae ā-tau i te "Index Globalization" me "mole Reiti kāwanatanga."

Pukapuka, te hanga i tētahi ingoa

Ko te pukapuka tuatahi, i hanga te ingoa Huntington hei whakaaro taketake, me te tangata whakao whakaaro, ka whakaputaina i roto i te 1957 mahi "te Soldier me te State. Theory me Politics o Relations Civil-Military. " I roto i te reira, te korenga e ia te raruraru o te iwi whānui whai hua, mana haukāinga, ki runga i nga ope patu.

Huntington tātari te huru morare, me te pāpori o te corps āpiha, ako ia wheako hītori hōia o te mua - he ao tuatahi - mai i te rau tau XVII, a ka kotahi riro e te i te akoranga o te pakanga patu i runga i te rohe o te United States, a tāwāhi, te wahi ki te tukua atu te American Expeditionary Force. kitea ano te pukapuka te āhuatanga ka tōrangapū i te timatanga o te Cold War. kia hāngai te mana whai hua i runga i te hōia i te hapori i runga i tona professionalization, i runga i te hua tonu o te mana o te iwi i oti rawa nei te ora ki te mahi i roto i te ope: te mutunga o te kaipūtaiao.

Ka rite ki te maha atu pukapuka, meinga tenei pukapuka he tautohetohe e mura, engari hohoro tokomaha o ona whakaaro i te pūtake o te whakahou hōia haere tonu te whenua o te.

"Ota tōrangapū i roto i te huri Tauturu" (1968)

I roto i tenei ako, whakahaere tona pūtaiao tōrangapū American he tātaritanga taipitopito o te āhuatanga pāpori-tōrangapū ukiuki i roto i te ao i te mutunga o te 60-doma o rau XX. I āhuatanga i te reira e, i roto i era atu mea, te putanga o te hapori o whenua, te nuinga i nga koroni o mua, i roto i-o-mana metropolises me whiriwhiri he ara o te whanaketanga ki te puipuitua o ao aroraa wä o ngā pūnaha, ko tona rangatira ko te Soviet Union me te United States. Kua arahina tenei āhuatanga ki te putanga o te wā "Tuatoru Ao".

Kei te whakaaro tenei pukapuka inaianei he aronui o tōrangapū whakatairite. A i muri i waiho i raro i te reira ki te fakaanga nui i nga tatarahapa o te reira rongonui i roto i Western pūtaiao tōrangapū ao hōu ariā. Huntington i roto i tona pukapuka kuhua ana tenei ariā, e whakaatu ana ia rite te whakamātau kuware ki te horapa ki whenua whakawhanake i roto i te whanaketanga manapori i roto i te whakatairanga o ngā whakaaro whakamua.

"Te Ngaru toru: Democratization i te mutunga o te rau tau XX" (1991)

Te nuinga o te pukapuka e te ako o te āhua ao o te nekehanga sinusoidal te tukanga o whenua ki ngā momo manapori o te kāwanatanga. I muri i te toronga o taua kaupapa (kiia Huntington toru ngaru: 1828-1926, 1943-1962, 1974-) kia peka (1922-1942, 1958-1975).

hāngai ana ariā pūtaiao American te i runga i te whakapae e whai ake nei:

• Democratization - Ko reira he tukanga ao ki ngā whānui me ngā take ngā.
• Manapori e te huru o te whaiaro utu-kore e whai i te whakaaro kiko.
• Ko te momo o momo o te tikanga manapori.
• e kore e Democratization mutu i te mutunga o XX rautau, te huriwhakamuri taea o te tahi mau whenua me te tīmatanga o te rau tau i muri mai, te poipoi 4.

ariā o u'i

Ko te pukapuka "te kopuratanga o u'i" (1993) i hanga he ingoa mo o rongonui Huntington katoa i runga i te ao, karanga ki te totohe tino e mura, haere mai ki te rohe US. E ai ki kaipūtaiao, i roto i te rau tau e haere mai tau XXI mō te whakatau i te raupapa ao ka hei te pāhekoheko o ngā ahurea rerekē me u'i i hanga e te reo noa me āhua.

I tua atu ki te ao Western, kua waru taua ngā Huntington: te Slavic-Siu, ahu e te Russian, Japanese, Putihi, Hindu, Latin American, African, Sinskaya (Haina), me te civilisation o Ihirama. Ko nga rohe o enei pūtaiao ngā i whakaritea te tūranga o te rārangi matua o te pakanga e heke mai.

Te ati hei tautohe i roto i te tautohetohe

Ka tukua e toru nga tau i muri mai i te pukapuka "Te kopuratanga o u'i i, me te whakariterite anō o te raupapa ao", whakaarahia te kaituhi noa teitei te kaha o te tautohe e pā ana ki tona ariā. Nga ngā fakamamahi o Mahuru 11, 2001 maha iwi, rawa Ameliká kua kite, he haamauraa atu o te tika o nga matapae kaitātari tōrangapū rongonui, ka anga te faahoho'araa aroraa o u'i rerekē.

Ahakoa e maha kaipūtaiao tōrangapū e pā ana ki te huru tōraro ki te ariā o Huntington i te US porowhita mātauranga, kua whakapono ai e i muri i te whakaeke, tahi e te pepeha Islamic e kahakina puta noa te ao, "te ariā o u'i" tino tangohia ake e te porowhita faatere US.

tangata whānau hari

Ua faaite te tangata i roto i nga whārangi o ana pukapuka, ētahi wā rawa kaha, ka mohio pehea wawe a adamantly tiakina ratou whakaaro i roto i ngā tautohetohe tūmatanui, Hamuera Huntington i te ora ia rā ko te tino ataahua, me te whārite. noho ia hoki neke atu i te hawhe te rau, ki tana wahine, Nancy, e rua nga tama whakaarahia me wha mootua.

Ko te mahi nui whakamutunga o te pūtaiao kite te marama i roto i te 2004. I roto i te pukapuka "Ko wai Ko matou? Te titauraa ki te Tuakiri National Amerika o", tātari ia nga takenga mai me ngā āhuatanga o tenei ariā me tamata ki matapae he aha ngā wero tatari te tuakiri motu o Ameliká i te heke mai.

I roto i te 2007, i takoha Huntington ki te whakaoti i tona ahorangitanga i Harvard i te ino o te hauora e tika ana ki fifi o te mate huka mellitus. mahi ia i tana tēpu taea noatia te ra whakamutunga, tae noa ki te mutunga o Hakihea 2008, haere atu ia i roto i te pa o waina a Mata i Massachusetts.

kua i roto i tona ora te fenua, kua whakaturia wāhi, engari te tautohetohe i hanga e ona pukapuka huri noa i te ao, e kore memeha atu hoki te wa rawa te roa.