Takinga - he aha te mea te reira? Te tikanga o te kupu "takinga." Stenographer - ko wai te mea tenei?

Takinga - he lekooti o te kuputuhi pūāhua motuhake poto. E ratou he taua puka haapotohia e taea ki te whakaputa uri i runga i te pepa noa kupu ora. Ko te tere ki i whakaputaina te pukapuka, 4-7 wa ki runga ake i noa.

Ka taea te hoatu whakamāramatanga poto he ahua rerekē. whakaritea ana tēnei ariā te ki te toi o te tuhituhi. I roto i tenei take, ko reira na nohopuku, e kore te mea iho ki te tere kupu e. Pehea e taea te whakatutuki i te hua taua? I roto i te tikanga ki te whakapiki ake i te tere o te tuhituhi, karaipiture āta hangaia mo tenei whakaaro i te pūāhua māmā. I roto i tenei take, e ngohengohe ki ngä tino ōna wāhanga, me te kupu. Ka taea e tohu verbatim whakaora e whitu tekau-rima ōrau o te wā whakaritea ki mēra auau.

kōrero

Neke atu i te 2 mano tau ki reira takinga. Te tikanga o te kupu, i pā ana ki te ariā iritihia e te i te Kariki - "narrowband". I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu,

homai hoki Kōrero papakupu Dahl he whakamārama o te wā "takinga." Ko te tikanga, ko te rite whai: "reta haapotohia, fepikitaki, e pupuri arataki ki te kupu." Ko te kaituhi rongonui Charles Dickens huaina tenei tikanga o te tārua kupu toi ngaro, me te pai.

puta Writing mō ngā mano tau i mua i to tatou era. Ko tōna tenenga ko te hua o te whai ta'etuku o te tangata ki te kōrero. I te wāhanga tuatahi o te tuhituhi ko reira ngohengohe. Kaiwhakamahi tuku ratou whakaaro ki te awhina o etahi taonga rauemi. I muri mai, hei tuhituhi kua whakamārama. I tenei wā, te tikanga o whakaaro whakawhitihia ka whakapakoko, pūāhua, a, i roto i te mutunga, te tātai reta, e te vai ki tenei ra.

puta whaaki i i te reo tuhituhi noa. A i te wā wawe rawa o te whanaketanga o te tikanga tangata, hanga i reira iwi rerekē te hiahia mō te tuku tika o te kupu i roto i te pūkete tere, me te poto.

whakamahia hoki nga Ihipiana tawhito takinga. He aha te whakatere reta auraa mo te iwi onamata? Ki te awhina o whaikōrero tuhia o te whaikōrero nui.

Ko te pua rahi o te takinga tae i roto i te Roma ko Ancient Greece. He hapahapai ki te whakapai ake o te tuhituhi tere tiketike, me te hanga pononga hēkeretari o te kaikorero nui Cicero - Tyrone. Ko ia te kaituhi o te takinga Latin. Kei te karanga a tonu tenei hōtuhi tuhipoka tironovymi.

Ko te taeraa mai o te takinga pūrārangi

I te wā tuatahi i reira, ano he fepikitaki. Eaha te auraa? Hoki ia kupu i whakawhanakehia ai tohu. Tenei nui fakafaingata'a'ia'i te mahi. Ki te tākaro i te hiahia tuhinga whakatika i roto i te tamau i te hoê maha nui o pūāhua. tae ratou tau 13000. Here ko tenei takinga. He aha te te maha o ngā pūāhua te tino uaua ki te mahara, ko reira mārama ki te katoa. kitea te otinga i roto i te rau tau 17. Ko reira ka e i hangaia te pakeha Willis pūnaha poto pūrārangi. hohoro ka tino hira i tenei takinga i roto i nga whenua maha huri noa i te ao.

tuhituhi Tere i roto i Russian

Whaaki i whakamahia i roto i te Pskov, a Novgorod rite wawe rite 15-16 senituli. I roto i Moscow, kua he reta nui-tere kua whakamahia i te tuatahi o nga Romanovs. Ko roto i te rau tau 16. Tenei te he hītori roa i roto i to tatou whenua e te takinga. tātai Russian kua whakamahia i roto i te pūnaha taketake hou whakawhanakehia Ivaniv i 1858. mahi te record tuatahi o tenei tikanga i roto i Russia March 19, 1860 Kei te tāruatia te reira i tautohe i waenganui i Kostomarov ahorangi me te academician Pogodin. Tona kaupapa ko te pātai o te take mai o Russia.

tohu verbatim i roto i te reo Russian kua kaha whakamahia i roto i te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau 19. I hiahiatia ratou e te tahi mau ngā kairīpoata, kaituhi, ngā pūkenga, me ngā ākonga.

Motuhake takinga whanaketanga i roto i Russia riro i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20. A, no te hanga e, te State Duma. Ki te hanga o tenei mana i reira ko te hiahia ki te tuhi hui puritia. Hei whakatutuki i tenei take i hanga he poto Bureau, kaimahi e rave rahi te iwi tatini.

Web ki Ngāwari rahi ki te taenga mai o nga mua ki te mana. I te tau 1925 i tū ai katoa-Union Conference i runga i ngā take poto. I roto i te Soviet Union whakaputaina reira he moheni motuhake - ". Pātai o takinga" mai te reira i roto i te 20-doma o te rau tau whakamutunga. I roto i te wā kotahi, i whakapumautia reira tūmatanui akoranga stenography teitei. I muri, whakaako tuhituhi tere tiketike i te tahi mau kura Soviet me whare wānanga. Kua puritia tikanga stenographer tekau o nga mano o te iwi i roto i te whenua.

Ko te kupu, i roto i te tuhituhi nui-tere Russian e kaha whakamahia matou mo te rau tau. I roto i tenei wā ka kite i te marama o maha pukapuka me ngā pukapuka i runga i tenei ako.

Puka pūnaha tuhi nohopuku

Kua kua tonu te reira i roto i te tono takinga. He aha te mea te reta whakaturia? Hoki neke atu i te kotahi rau tau, pai ake me te whakawhanakehia tenei ahua o te record. Ka rite ki te hua, kua oti heke ngā tikanga ki ngā pūnaha e rua. Ko tētahi o ratou - te āhuahanga, me te tuarua - fepikitaki. hāngai ana te tuatahi i runga i te rārangi torotika, me te porohita ki ona wahi, me te wāhi. Kei te pūnaha tuarua he porotītaha wahi me reta whakamahia i roto i te tuhituhi tikanga.

I roto i France me i Ingarangi, i te noa tino ko te takinga āhuahanga. Te tikanga i roto i tenei pūnaha taea te tāuta i runga i te huinga ngā o ngā rārangi tika, porowhita (ranei wahi ona) me ngā.

whakamahia takinga fepikitaki te nuinga i roto i Germany. he ataahua atu i roto i te kāhua me watea hoki te tuhi tenei pūnaha.

Kei tātai verbatim pūāhua e he rerekē i te rōnaki me te tiketike o te thickening me tapuwae, me ētahi atu A taea te kite i tenei kanorau i roto i ngā pūnaha e rua.

Ko te takinga hou, rapu reira ki te whakakotahi katoa o nga momo i runga ake. Ko te whāinga matua o reta whakatere i te wā hakari ko ki te kawe i te pūnaha ngā ki tetahi. rapu ano takinga ki houhanga nounou kouma, me te ōritetanga.

Ko wai Me te kaha ki te hohoro Letters

Takinga - he aha te mea te reira? Ko te ako rawa matatini tenei. A e miharo e te whakaurua inaianei reira me i te rārangi o ngā kaupapa herea i roto i aua kura i reira, mo te tauira, kei te whakangungua hekeretari tikanga etahi iwi. O te akoranga, kia hangarau hou e taea ki te whakaputa i te tuhi o te uiuiraa whakaaturanga ranei ki te kaiwhakamahara. Heoi, e hiahiatia ana he rota o te wā kei te ki te tukatuka i te mōhiohio. I tua atu, e kore e taea te rongo katoa o reira e tika ana ki ngā raruraru. Ko tētahi atu mea - te takinga. Te tikanga o ngā kupu, ngā kīanga, me te kupu e taea e te katoa te whakamahi i tenei tikanga kua tirohia ki humarie, kia rite ki ka tuhi kuputuhi noa. E mohio a tohu verbatim nui māmā atu i te parau papa'i.

Ki te rā, ka ui reta nui-tere i roto i ngā mara. Kei te rawa e hiahiatia ana takinga mo te hunga e he mahi hinengaro pukumahi. Ehara i te mea maere e tuhituhi i te kupu i te karaipi heke mai e whakangungua te whakamahi tohu motuhake. I muri i te katoa, kua fehangahangai nga māngai o te tikanga i runga i te rā ki te rōrahi nui o ngā mōhiohio, me te kainga o te takinga e āhei ki a ratou nui whakahaere i te mahi o kore ratou anake, engari ano hoki te kaiwhakahaere.

uara fepikitaki

Takinga i roto i te tono e kore anake te mea o te tere tuhituhi tiketike. āhei te reira ki a koutou te tuhi mōhiohio rite tika rite taea. Te tangata nona taea tenei tikanga takinga kōrero nui mooni ki te taipitopito whakamutunga. ka kia pai ki tona papa'i parau, taea ki te tuhi i te kōrero katoa i te wa o ngā whiriwhiringa hui ranei rangatira hihiri nei whakamahia ana ki te mahi i te tere nohopuku,.

Ko te rironga o te pūkenga whai hua

Kia pehea te ako stenography akoranga? haapiiraa tuhituhi fepikitaki hanga i roto i te tetahi raupapa. Tuatahi o te katoa, he raro ki te rārangi pū te ako.

Ko te tohu tuatahi o te tuhinga ako tuhia i roto i te pukapuka ki te aho kuiti. Ko te tika tenei no te faufaa o te tomokanga tere o te teitei pūāhua me te ringa kia āta kia whakamahia ki reira. Ahua muri mai, ka taea e koe te haere ki te whārangi ki te aho mua. Ka taukei te tikanga o stenography tuhi tonu kei runga i nerazlinovannoy pepa mania. I roto i tenei take, ia o te takinga whakaritea e rave rahi mau taime i roto i te rarangi. Ka nui atu whai hua ki te i roto i te tuhi i tona utu e korerotia. I roto i tenei take, ka kia whakawhanakehia pūkenga tuhituhi fepikitaki tere. I te tai'oraa te tuhinga o tohu ki te kia anō-tapahia huri noa te pene.

Ko te mau parau tumu o te reta tere

whakamahi pūnaha poto he tikanga i roto i i kawea te haere i roto i oropuare. Kotahi icon ngā aua ngā o pukapuka e puta tino auau, me ōna wāhanga rawa noa. Hei tauira, pērā kupu katinga rite -tsiya, -tsa, me -ktsiya -ntsiya, ka waiho te taua he momotuhi poto. He ki te mahi ki, mea, pērā kupu rite "hautanga", "rohe", "teihana" me "te aroha noa."

kua oti te tuhituhi etahi ata kīwaha pinepine whakamahia me kīanga. I roto i te takinga whakaako tohutohu ia ratou ki te rēhita e rave rahi taime, tukurua hinengaro uara. Hoki māmā kīwaha ma'uloto me ngā kīanga e tuhia i roto i te pukapuka motuhake. I te wa ano me kitea reira i te ana'iraa piapa. kia whakahau wā tenei papakupu tukurua, me te pānui i. Ko te whakaaro o tenei Paremete, ko te ki te kawe mai i te tukanga o te tuhi tuhinga ki automatism me te whanaketanga o te kaha ki te pānui i pūkete o ratou ake, me te tahi atu iwi ki te tere taua rite kuputuhi noa.

I muri i te tahi wa poto i roto i te whakangungu, te matauranga riro kia āta tīmata ki te hoatu ki te mahi. Ki tenei mutunga, whakaurua tohu tuatahi poto ki te pukapuka noa. Āta huri ki fepikitaki kuputuhi whakauru.

Na inaianei tonu e hāngai ana, me te rongonui takinga. A tuatapapa e taea e te reira i roto i akoranga motuhake. Ratou te tikanga muri hoki e wha tekau haora mātauranga.

Āhuatanga o te tuhituhi tere tiketike

Takinga, hanga i runga i te parau tumu pūrārangi, kua he maha o ngā āhuatanga. Tuatahi o te katoa, rite whakahuatia i runga ake, Kei te āhuatanga i reira e te mamae o tracings. Ano, takirihia huri te tuhituhi takinga taea. He paerewa ratou. E matau ana tatou katoa e i roto i te tuhituhi noa e taea te tuhituhi te taua pukapuka i roto i tetahi o te maha kōwhiringa e wātea ana. Taua haere noa i roto i te takinga rāhuitia. kia tohu katoa kia tino tautuhi anake pūnaha tohu.

Āhuatanga tātai stenographic

I roto i te fepikitaki tohu ōrite orokati, me tuhituhi i te koki o ono tekau nekehanga ki te raina o te tuhituhi. A, no te mea ai tenei te te pinakitanga tika. Me tuhituhi tohu katoa i roto i te rārangi o te tuhituhi. Te tikanga taketake, whakamana nei te ka te pukapuka verbatim: tautukunga ki te pikitanga, āhua me te rahi tangohia o ia momotuhi. Ki te takahi te reira, e kore e taea te pānui i te record.

E tāutuhia e ratou teitei Rahi tohu verbatim. He whakaahua katoa e wehea nga orokati ki iti, nui, a kotahi-ahu. I roto i tenei take, kei to ratou teitei i roto i te tetahi ōwehenga. Ko te kupu, ko te riro nui mō tohu kotahi-ahu - 3 mm. ti'araa Iti ko te kotahi-toru te teitei o tetahi-ahu.

E wehea tohu verbatim ki ostrookanchivayuschiesya porotītaha me sublinear. I roto i te momotuhi poto e ōrite ana ki te kupu katoa, kia hono. kua oti te tuhituhi ratou kahore pene arumanga i te pepa. Ko te āputa i waenganui i nga tohu e rua kia mehua hawhe. Ko te momotuhi "p" pukapuka "l", "b", e tu i te timatanga o nga kupu, tuhituhi ki te tohatoha maui.

Tapanga muimui ki te tuhituhi i te kupu katoa, e toaati e tikanga o te taua āhuatanga, i rite ki ta te i roto i te longhand. Ki te mea kua kua tuhia tetahi whakapakoko hē ki te record verbatim, e kore te mea te reira tika, engari noa whiti i roto i te whakamahi i te rītaha.

E kore te te fepikitaki whakamahia i roto i te te tohutuhi reo ngā katoa. Kei roto ngā pūkete verbatim te pīhono me wāhi anake. Whakamahia hei hitirere me pātai tohu. Ko te piko me faahitiraa tohu, e whakamahia ratou anake i roto i te wā o te tikanga tino.

fepikitaki ariki

Mātanga i roto i te takinga e taea e kore anake te wahine. E mea pinepine puritia tenei tikanga e me ngā māngai o te takoto kaha. Ko, ahakoa tenei, i roto i te rau tau whakamutunga whakapakaritia reira te tirohanga e te fepikitaki - ko reira he pono tikanga wahine. He aha e nga whakaritenga taketake mō enei tohunga?

Stenographer - he ngaio e he kawenga mō te tuhi korero i te tikanga o te pūnaha rawa whakawhanakehia o tohu. ngā te kawenga o enei ngaio whakaiti whakatika katoa korerotia e te i roto i te wa tūturu, ko reira he whakaata i runga i te pepa kawea te whakahaere kupu ranei. Me e taea ki te kīa te stenographer a ka e kia kitea i runga i te pepa, mahue he lekooti i roto i te puka pānui.

I roto i tenei whakaaro, he mea mārama e te fepikitaki - e kore te reira noa tetahi i te mea e ahei ki te haere ki runga ki te tangata hoki ratou anake. Ko te pūnaha etahi o pūāhua motuhake. I roto i tenei whakaaro, kia tuatahi ako reira takinga.

Hea a ka tono taua tohunga? hiahiatia Stenographer i hui, hui me hui, te wahi kia kia unu ake whakaaturanga tikanga. I mawhiti tuatahi, te mea i tenei mahi ki te kia uncreative me i tuhia ai. Heoi, kōrero te māngai te makehe hiahiatia ki te whai huru maitatai whaiaro, me te ngaio makehe. Tuatahi o te katoa, kia taea ki te arotahi i te stenographer, i roto i te tua, me te reira he mahara pai, he matauranga tino o te pūkenga reo, tika me te kōrero.

Ko reira utu mea e kore e taea e te tuhituhi fepikitaki whakahaere anake te mahi, engari hoki kia o painga nui, me te wā ora. Ko te ako o tenei ako whai wāhi ki te whanaketanga whānui o te tangata, tino haamaitai tona kupu, i whakakiia te ka tuhi i te momo o ngā tuhinga.