Tamau Hubble. Ko te roha o te ao. Ture o Hubble

Ki te whakaaro te tangata e te kupu "marara" Ko pono hākinakina i roto i te tino, he hape "antisupruzhesky" huru. He nui ake ngā tikanga. Hei tauira, Ture cosmological o te Hubble kōrero e whiwhi i te tupuni ...!

E toru ngā momo o te Nebulae

A feruri na: i roto i te mangu, he nui korehau pūnaha whetū ata me āta atu i tetahi ki tetahi, "pai-poroporoaki! Goodbye! Goodbye. " Mahalo, peka "digressions lyrical" ka tahuri ki te taunaki pūtaiao. I roto i te 1929, ka haere mai te arorangi tino whai mana o te XX rau pūtaiao American Edvin Pauell Habbl (1889-1953) ki te mutunga e reira ko te roha tonu o te ao.

Te tangata, tona ora pakeke katoa ki te hurahura te hanganga o nga hanganga, i whanau i roto i Marshfield (Missouri). Ki te whao taitamariki paanga i roto i te tātai arorangi, engari te mutunga ka noho ia hei te rōia tohu. I puta ia i University Cambridge, mahi Edwin i Chicago, i roto i Observatory York. I roto i te Pakanga o te Ao Tuatahi (1914-1918 gg.) Whawhai. anake panaia hoki te wa tuwhera tau kapamua. I teie mahana, e matau ana te ao pūtaiao katoa he aha te taimau Hubble.

I te ara ki te kitea o

I muri hoki mai i te mua, ka tahuri te pūtaiao tona aro ki te Observatory arorangi Maunga Wilson (California). I whakaae ia ki te mahi i reira. I roto i te aroha ki te tātai arorangi, pau te tangata taitama he rota o te wā titiro i te rahi nui o te tīwhana whātata 60 me 100 inihi. I taua wa - te nui, tino fantastic! I te pūrere, kua mahi nga kaitito i hoki tata he tekau tau, te whakarite i te rawa taea whārahinga me te whakapakoko mārama.

ka karanga mahara, te rohe kitea o te ao kei te Metagalaxy. mai ia ki te āhua i te wa o te Big Bang (te singularity cosmological). kī whakaratonga Modern e he ōrite nga uara o nga taimau tinana (arā te tere o te marama, te tiaki pūmotu, me ētahi atu). Kei te whakapono te reira e wāhi Metagalaxy 80 piriona kaniva (oro ahua mīharo atu rite tenei: 10 miria me 1 quadrillion whetu). Ko tino rerekē atu i riro i runga i te ariā whenua ki te ao - te āhua, te taimaha me te rahi.

ngaro Cepheid

Hei whakamatau i te ariā ki te whakamārama i te roha o te ao, e te reira i te roa whakataurite matatini rangahau hohonu me ngā tātaitanga. I roto i te pia ma wawe o te rau tau XX i taea ki te whakarōpū i Nebulae kitea motuhake i te Way Milky hopea te hoia whakamutunga. E ai ki tona kitea, tōrino ratou, porotītaha, me te kōhikohiko (toru momo).

I roto i to tatou pūnaha whetū tata, engari e kore e te tata tōrino nebula Andromeda, ka kite Edwin Cepheid (piha haapiiraa o whetu pumanawa). ko te ture o Hubble tata ake ki tona hanganga whakamutunga. Arorangi tatau te tawhiti ki enei ramaroa me te rahi o te tupuni nui o te Rōpū Local. E ai ki ana whakatau Kei ANDROMEDA āhua kotahi trillion whetu (2.5-5 wa te Milky Way).

tamau

Ētahi mataotao, whakamārama i te āhua o te Cepheids, whakarite ratou ki te pōro rapa te hangatanga. Na ratou whakanui i, ka whakaiti, ka tata, ka neke atu. Ai rerekē te tere toropā. I kōpeketanga te pāmahana o piki "haere" (ahakoa heke te mata). Pumanawa whetu he tautau rerekē e, mutu maoro,.

Ka rite ki te toenga o te nebula, āhuatanga Andromeda e pūtaiao hei wāhi ao motu, haamana'oraa o to tatou tupuni. I roto i te 1929, i kitea Edwin: he kōtuitui o velocities toropā o ikarangi me ratou tawhiti, he linearly ti'aturi. kua tautuhitia whakarea, faaite te reira i roto i / s km MPC (MPC). mohiotia tenei te rite te tamau Hubble. Whakawhänui ao - te huri tamau. Otiia i te wāhi ngā i roto i ngā katoa o te ao, ko reira te pūnaha taua. I roto i te 2016 - 66,93 ± 0,62 (km / s) / MPC.

Fakakaukau o te pūnaha o te ao, tonu te whanaketanga, whakawhānui, ka ka pūtake observational. Kei te kaha te tukanga ako arorangi te aroaro o te timatanga o te Pakanga II o te Ao. I te tau 1942 ahu e ia te tari o ballistics waho i te Aberdeen whakamatau ano te whenua (USA). He tenei tuarua moe, pea, te ngaro te nuinga i roto i te ao o te pūtaiao? No, hiahia ia ki "Wetewaehere" nga ture o koki huna o ikarangi tawhiti! Ki te whakaaro ki ngā tirohanga tōrangapū, te arorangi nuitia whakataua te rangatira o te toru Reich o Adolf Hitler. I te mutunga o tona ora i mohiotia e ia kia rite ki Hubble he whakamahi hoariri kaha o patu o te whakangaromanga papatipu. Otiia hoki ki te nebula.

Velikiy Edvin

E whakaritea tokomaha taimau arorangi i runga i te wā, i reira he āhuatanga hou. Otiia e kore e taea te whakarite e ratou ki te ture o te roha o te ao. Ko te arorangi rongonui Hubble XX rautau (mai te wa o Nīkara kihai i ana hoa!) Hoatu i runga i te par ki te kaiwhakarewa o ahupūngao whakamātautau e Galileo me kaituhi o te putanga auaha o te oraraa o ngā pūnaha oranga e William Herschel.

i mua i Ahakoa i kitea te ture o Hubble, ka tona kaituhi he mema o te National Academy o Pūtaiao o te United States o Amerika, i muri mai hunga pukenga i roto i nga whenua rerekē, he maha tohu. pea kua tokomaha rongo e pā ana ki te meka e neke atu i te kotahi tekau nga tau ki muri, i whakarewahia ki te ohuraa, me te angitu mahi whātata wāhi "Hubble". Ko tenei ingoa he rua i runga i te marama, tetahi o nga aorangi iti āmio i waenganui Mars ko Jupiter (te asteroid).

E kore e riro te reira i tino tika ki te mea e anake te arorangi, ka hiahia ki te ake tona ingoa, engari i reira he taunakitanga autaki e pai Edwin ki kukume aro. Tiaki whakaahua i roto i ai e ia fiefia araunga muri ki whetu kiriata. Just raro e korero tatou e pā ana ki ona whakamātau ki "whakatika" te taumata paetae i runga i te laureates, ake a te kupu tomo ki te hītori o te arorangi.

tikanga Henrietta Leavitt

Ko te fīsiki Ingarangi rongonui Stiven Hoking i tona pukapuka "Te hoê aamu poto o Time", i tuhituhi e "te kitea e te whakawhänui i te ao, kua riro te reira i te revolution hinengaro nui o te rau tau XX". I waimarie nui ki te hei i roto i te wahi e tika ana i te wa e tika Hubble. ko Maunga Wilson Observatory te pokapū o te mātakitaki o te mahi e niu nei i te astrophysics hou (i muri i huaina arorangi). Ko te karu tino kaha i runga i te whenua Hooker i tika hoatu ki te mahi.

Otiia i whakatuwheratia whakauaua te aumou Hubble anake i runga i te pūtake o te waimarie. manawanui e hiahiatia ana, te manawanui, te kaha ki te riro tāwhai mātauranga. Na whakaekea te arorangi American Harlou Shepli te tauira o te tupuni. I mohiotia kua ia rite te kaiputaiao, ki te tautuhi i te rahi o te Way Milky. Ko te tikanga whānui whakamahia mō te whakatau i te tawhiti o Cepheids te whakamahi i te tikanga unu ake i roto i 1908 e Genriettoy Suon Leavitt. E whakatakoto ana te reira i te tawhiti ki te ahanoa, e hāngai ana i runga i te rerekētanga paerewa o te marama i te whetu kānapanapa (Cepheid taurangi).

No puehu me te hau, me te tahi atu ikarangi

Harlou Shepli whakapono e te whanui o te 300,000 tau marama tupuni (e pā ana ki tekau nga wa ki runga ake i te uara whakaaetia). Heoi, Shapley, rite te nuinga o arorangi i te wa, i mohio e te Way Milky - ko te ao katoa tenei. Ahakoa te mana'o tuatahi hanga e William Herschel i te rau tau XVIII, ngā ia te whakapono noa e katoa o te nebula ngā āhua tata - te wahi tika o te puehu me te hau i roto i te rangi.

Hia kawa, pau nga po makariri Hubble e noho ana i roto i te karu kaha Hooker i mua ia i taea e whakamatau e Shapley he. I roto i te Oketopa 1923, kite Edwin i te nebula M31 (Andromeda) "whatiia atu" te kaupapa, a te whakaaro e kore ia e no ki te Way Milky. I muri i te whakamātautau tupato o paraharaha whakaahua, i riro te rohe taua uiui, i mua i te tahi atu arorangi, tae atu Shapley, mohio Edwin e reira Cepheid.

kitea te Cosmos

Hubble whakamahia tikanga Shapley mō te ine i te tawhiti ki whetu tāupe. tahuri te reira i roto i taua moni reira ki miriona o nga tau marama i te whenua e ko tawhiti tua atu te Way Milky. Ko te tupuni ano kei milioni o whetu. Kua whänui mohiotia Universe tino i te ra, a ka - i roto i te tikanga - i kitea nga hanganga!

Ko te niupepa "New York Times" i tuhituhi: "Ko te kitea o te Nebulae tōrino he pūnaha whetū Dr. Hubbel (sic) tautoko i te tirohanga e he rite ratou." Universes Island "rite ki to tatou iho." ko Discovery o faufaa nui mo te ao arorangi, engari ko te kau nui o te Hubble tonu ki te haere mai.

kahore pateko

Ka rite mea matou, ka haere mai he wikitoria mō "Nīkara №2» i roto i 1929, ka whakarōpūtia e ia nebula mohiotia katoa a whanganga ratou velocities i te tūāwhiorangi o te marama tukuna. Ko tōna kitea maere e e timu ikarangi katoa i a tatou i kīia e hautanga ki to ratou tawhiti te whakanui ake i te Way Milky, ohorere te ao. Whakakahoretia ture a Hubble te whakaaro tuku iho o te ao hū, ka whakakitea e ko ia ia ki tonu o akiaki. Einstein ia, piko ia tona matenga i roto i te mua o taua mana mīharo o te mātakitaki.

Kaituhi o te ariā o te ngä te papaki ake whārite, i whakatikaia te roha o te ao. Na, whakakitea Hubble e he tika Einstein. wā Hubble - te kōaro o te aumou Hubble (t _H = 1 / H). Ko te wa āhuatanga o roha o te ao i te kau tenei.

Piti a marara

A, no te te tamau i roto i te tau 2016 o rite 66,93 ± 0,62 (km / s) / MPC, kua āhuatanga inaianei te roha i te whika e whai ake nei: (4,61 ± 0,05) · Oketopa ^17, me ranei (14,610 ± 0,016) · 10 ⁹ nga tau. Ano, he wahi o te arearea. mea Optimists: ko reira pai e te tupuni "titaritari ana." Ki te whakaaro tatou e whakatata ratou tahi i te tahi, e maoro, i muri mai ki te Big Bang. Ko te mea i konei i tīmata te whanautanga o te ao.

Tupuni "kokiritanga" (tīmata ki te neke) i roto i ngā tohutohu rerekē i te wa ano. Ki te kahore i hautanga ki te tawhiti te auau tango - te ariā paainaraa horihori. Ko tētahi atu taimau pārōnaki - tawhiti Hubble - te hua o te tere o _{te mau tau marama: D H = CT H = c} / H. Ko te nāianei - (1,382 ± 0,015) · (14,610 ± 0,016) · ¹⁰ tau te marama Mahuru Oketopa ²⁶ m ranei.

Na ano i runga i te poihau te hangatanga. Kei te whakapono te reira e tae noa e kore e tonu tika whakamāori arorangi te roha o te ao. whakaaro wāhanga o tohunga e te rimurapa reira ano he mea porotaka rapa, e kore e matau tetahi fakangatangata fakaesinó. Ikarangi kore e neke ratou anake atu i tatou, engari ano hoki te huru "pokanoa" i roto i te tautau whakaritea. titau etahi e te mau haapueraa tawhiti "kauhoe" whatiwhatinga o te Big Bang, engari rave i te reira āta.

i taea e ahau hei Laureate Nobel

I ngana Hubble ki te tiki i te Nobel. I roto i te mutunga o 1940, ara utua he kaihoko pānuitanga (i tenei ra e ka huaina a reira te kaiwhakahaere PR), i whakanuia e ia ki te take. Otiia ko nga mau tautooraa i roto i te noa: kahore he kāwai mō arorangi. mate Edwin i 1953, i roto i te akoranga o te rangahau pūtaiao. Hoki te maha o nga po kitea e ia ngā extragalactic.

noho käore tona moe hao hou. Otiia e pono koa e i roto i tona kororia, ko te pūtaiao ko te karu whātata wāhi. Na haere tonu teina whakatupuranga o te ngakau ki te tūhura i te wāhi nui me te whakamiharo. Reira mau tonu maha mea ngaro. Kia pehea te maha ngā āhuatanga ki te haere mai! Na pärönaki o te aumou Hubble, mo te tino, e tauturu i te tangata i kaipūtaiao taitamariki ki te riro "Nīkara №3».

te tautohetohe Aristotle

He aha e mohiotia e fakahalaki, rite ina i roto i te puehu rere ariā o mutu-, mure ore, me te pumau o te wāhi huri noa i te whenua, i tautoko e Aristotle ia ranei? pēnei ia te te hangarite me te tino o te ao. whakapumautia parau tumu cosmological: rere katoa, huringa katoa.

Kei te whakapono te reira e runga i pirioni o tau nga rangi e kau, me te pouri. Roha o "kawe atu" ikarangi o pae rangi, te wahi e kore e taea e te marama tae tatou. E he hāngai ki ahakoa te ao kau te tamau Hubble? Eaha te tupu ki te pūtaiao o te arorangi? ka ngaro te reira? Ko te nounou tenei katoa.

redshift

I roto i te takiwa, kua hanga te whātata "Hubble" he pikitia e whakaatu nei ki te kore noa iho te ao e matou tonu tawhiti atu. I roto i te taiao ngaio i roto i te akoranga o te whakaaro e te kitea mahu'inga o Edwin Hubble, engari e kore e te ture. Heoi, i mohio tata tonu te reira i roto i te hapori pūtaiao o te wā. e kore ko ngā kitenga o "neke whero" noa ki te riro i te tika ki te tīariari, he reira pono, a i roto i te rau tau XXI.

A i tenei ra, ki te whakatau i te tawhiti ki haapueraa, e hāngai ana i runga i pūtaiao superotkrytie. tautohe Optimists e ara, ki te e hei to tatou tupuni anake te "ma'iri" kore tatou e whai. He ka pirioni o whetu papaka me aorangi. tikanga o tēnei e ka tonu tata ki a tatou ki te kia "ao whakarara" e hiahia ana ki te kia tūhuratia.