Tatauranga o Ahuwhenua: nga tau o te tikanga. Tāhuhu o Ahuwhenua

Mahi e ai e kohikohi i te mana mātau raraunga i runga i nga mahi o te ngā māngai ōhanga i roto i te rāngai ahuwhenua - i roto i te 2016 ka tū te tatauranga ahuwhenua nui-tauine i Russia. Ko taau e selhozperepis - he āhuatanga e kore he e hou ki te hītori o Russia. tū ngā rite i roto i nga ra o tsarist Russia. Rawa mātātoa kohikohi raraunga i roto i te puka o te selhozperepisi kawea atu i roto i te Soviet Union. Ka taea te whakamahi i te wheako pai o agrarians o te USSR i whakaoti rapanga hou o kohinga raraunga, whakaata te āhuatanga i roto i te rāngai ahuwhenua. He aha e nga pau o selhozperepisey Russian? He aha e nga āhuatanga o te hui, ki te kia puritia i roto i te 2016?

Ko te ngako o tuatapaparaa ahuwhenua me te hītori o ratou mahi i roto i Russia

Tatauranga o Agriculture - ko te hui puritia e te e ture motuhake o te kohinga, me te rēhita i whakaritea te tikanga o ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te āhuatanga i roto i te ahuwhenua motu. puritia tēnei takahanga e mana tūmatanui i roto i te tikanga ki te whiwhi mōhiohio e pā ana ki te āhua o ki te whakatinana i te hōtaka whāngai e te whanaketanga o te rāngai ahuwhenua, e reira he raruraru, me aha he nga hua o ngā mahi kaimahi 'i roto i etahi wā.

Ko nga whakapakoko kōaro o tatauranga ahuwhenua mohiotia mai nga ra o Russia onamata. He he taunakitanga e i roto i te puna i tuhituhia o te rau tau 9 tutaki he lekooti o nga rangatira o whakaaro whenua i runga i te maha o te kararehe e kua i ki ratou tikanga. Kei te mohiotia te reira ki te pupuri e rave rahi tatauranga rite i roto i te rau tau 13. I muri, ngā mōhiohio i runga i nga mahi o kaipupuri whenua Russian huihui i roto i nga rau tau 16 me te 17 i roto i te karaipi o te pukapuka. I roto i te mutunga o te rau tau 17 mo taua take e whakamahia ana i ngā pukapuka tatauranga.

I tū te tatauranga nui-tauine tuatahi o te ahuwhenua i te tikanga hou i roto i te wahi Pākehā o te Russian Empire i 1877-1878, aua. tikanga ana tēnei mahi te ki te kohikohi raraunga i roto i te eka pūkete motuhake mō te ngā momo o ahurea.

I tū hui mōhiohio te tatauranga tuatahi selskohozyaystvennayakak i 1916. A tuatapapa i ona āhuatanga.

Selhozperepis 1916

Agricultural tatauranga 1916 i whakapumautia ki:

• kohinga o raraunga e tika ana mo te whakahaere o te kāwanatanga o te supply kai i roto i 1917-1918 i roto i te whawhai;
• whiwhi ngā mōhiohio tatauranga e tika ana i roto i te tikanga ki te whakapai ake i te tikanga o te ture, e whakahaere i te ao o te ahuwhenua.

I mahara te tatauranga puka pakipūmeka i roto i 1916 ki te whakaata mōhiohio e pā ana ki ngā kaipupuri whenua, kararehe, me ngā wāhi whakatokia. Ratou whai wāhi hoki raraunga i runga i te rakau, tere o te kohi o ngā momo o te kai.

Ko te raraunga o te tatauranga ahuwhenua i roto i 1916 kua whakaputaina i roto i te wā Soviet. whakaurua ratou mōhiohio i runga i 76 kawanatanga ki te taupori o e pā ana ki 104,4 miriona iwi i roto i te rohe o nei nga mahi o te tikanga o 19.2 miriona pāmu.

tatauranga Agricultural, i whakahaere i roto i 1916, whakakitea e pā ana ki 64,3% o te hua ruinga kai e nohoia e pā ana ki 31.6% - kai. Mō 3.5% o te rohe nohoia oilseeds, 0.6% - atu. Tata 52% o te rohe hua kiia hoki i te witi, rai, e pā ana ki 29% - ōti, parei. whakakitea te tatauranga e ko i te kainga o kaimahi Russian 55,8 miriona upoko o kararehe, tae atu ki ngā kau - 44%.

I roto i te 1917-1920, he maha o te tahi atu selhozperepisey. ako tatou i te mōhiohio e pā ana ki a ratou.

Selhozperepisi o 1917-1920

Agricultural Tatauranga 1917 ko te hui tuarua nui i roto i i kohia raraunga i runga i te āhuatanga i roto i te rāngai ahuwhenua o te kāwanatanga. I whakahaere te reira i matua mo te whakahaere supply kai o nga ope patu o te whenua.

Hei wāhanga o te raraunga tatauranga i kohia i runga i ngā pāmu katoa, artels me ētahi atu momo o te mahi mahi i roto i te rāngai ahuwhenua. Heoi, tangohia matou ki pūkete anake aua pāmu, i nga hua mara.

I roto i te 1919, kawea te tatauranga i roto i te rāngai ahuwhenua i roto i te nui o te 10% i roto i te anga o te tīpako i roto i Russia. I kawea te reira i roto i roto i te tikanga ki te kitea huringa i roto i te mahi o pāmu i runga i te pūtake o te whakakāhoretanga o te Soviet institution kāwanatanga o mana tūmataiti, me te te whakatamarikitanga o te ture, kia rite ki nei i te whenua kua nationalized.

Katoa-Russia he tatauranga ahuwhenua nui i roto i te tau 1920. I whakahaeretia i te reira i roto i te tikanga ki te whiwhi mōhiohio mana e pā ana ki ngā rerekētanga i roto i te ahuwhenua i runga i te pūtake o te hanganga i muri i te Oketopa Revolution. Kua whakaaturia e te hua o tenei kaupapa e i roto i te āhua Soviet hou mahi e pā ana ki 14.2 miriona whare. mana Public kawenga mō te whakahaere i selhozperepisi 1920, kohia raraunga i runga i te maha me te hanganga o te kaha mahi i roto i te rāngai ahuwhenua o te whenua, te rahi o te wāhi hua, kararehe, me te heihei.

Selhozperepisi i roto i te USSR

I muri, i muri i te whakatūnga o te USSR, puritia ana e ia he tokomaha nui o tauira tatauranga i roto i te rāngai ahuwhenua. Na, i taea te whakaaro ratou tohu 2-3, 5, 10% o whare, ārahi ngā mahi i roto i te āhua. Kia kï hoki, e i roto i 1928 me 1929 i kawea i roto i te tatauranga o rua nga pāmu kāwanatanga me te pāmu ngā, me i roto i te 1930 - anake te momo tuarua o ngā rōpū. I roto i te anga o te tatauranga e hāngai ana raraunga i runga i ngā whānau formulations e rave nei i roto i te ahuwhenua, e pā ana ki te rahi o ngā wāhi mahinga, tau kararehe, he rārangi e ko e wātea ana ki te tangata, mahi te whenua, me te whakatairanga i kararehe kohia.

I roto i te whānui, i te rāngai ahuwhenua USSR mātātoa whakawakia e te mana tūmatanui mātau i roto i nga tau i mua i te Pakanga II o te Ao, i roto i nei hāngai reira ki - i roto i te puka o te tatauranga wā. I te 50-80 tau, kua hoki i reira i te tau nui o ngā mahi.

Kia whai whakaaro tatou inaianei pehea selhozperepisi tū i roto i te pou-Soviet Russia.

Selhozperepisi i pou-Soviet Russia

I roto i te meka, kawea te tuatahi pou-Soviet nui-tauine katoa-Russian tatauranga ahuwhenua i roto i Russia i 2006. Ko tōna whāinga matua ko:

• taenga i nga mana mātau o ngā mōhiohio i runga i te mana me te hanganga o te ahuwhenua motu, tona pūmanawa me te wātea o ngā rauemi mo tona whanaketanga;
• whiwhi raraunga tauanga i runga i te rāngai ahuwhenua i roto i municipalities;
• te whakapai ake i ngā tikanga tauanga mō raraunga i roto i te ahuwhenua.

Mōhiohio i runga i te selhozperepisi tēnā ki te whakamahi rite te pūtake raraunga, ka te momo whai-ake. Katoa-Russian Agricultural Tatauranga 2006 ko te tuatahi i whakaaetia ki te arotake i te āhuatanga i roto i te rängai agrarian motu o te Russian Federation, ki te aromatawai i nga huringa e kua puta mai nga hanganga o te kāwanatanga.

Kia kï hoki, e i whakamahia hei auaha tikanga kohinga raraunga me te huarahi e kua hanga e runga i nga tau torutoru mua o taua mau ohipa i roto i te akoranga o te tatauranga. Ko te raraunga o te tatauranga ahuwhenua i muri whakaputaina i runga i te pae Rosstat.

2016 - I roto i runga i te Kāwanatanga ta RF № 316, whakaputaina 04/10/2013, whakaritea nga selhozperepis e whai ake nei i roto i Russia. A feruri i te mōhiohio taketake e pā ana ki reira.

Selhozperepis 2016: ngā mōhiohio taketake e pā ana ki te kaupapa

Ko te kupu, kawea te rua o nga tatauranga ahuwhenua katoa-Russian i roto i roto i te 2016 ki runga ki te kaupapa o te kāwanatanga Russian. whakaritea ana tēnei kaupapa e ki kia whakatinana i roto i te 2 ngā wāhanga. Mai i Hōngongoi 1 ki August 15, ka e whakahaere te tatauranga i roto i nga wāhi tino wātea i roto i Russia, i Mahuru 15 ki Whiringa-15 - i roto i ngā rohe mamao o te whenua.

Tāhuhu o Ahuwhenua, i te mea te kawenga mō te whakahaere o te tatauranga i roto i 2016, ko te ki te kohikohi raraunga i runga i 167,6 mano. Farms 31,4 mano. Whakahaere Agricultural, 29,6 mano. Hinonga Pakihi i te mana o te moroiti-hinonga, 55 mano. Farmers i te mana o SP, e pā ana ki 20 miriona whare tūmataiti o tangata, me te pā ana ki 80 mano. rōpū pai māra.

Ia o nga momo tēnā o hinonga pakihi e taea mahi ki ngā momo motuhake o raruraru, moku, anake ki tetahi hinonga tauine, e kua kei roto i te rohe ngā o Russia. Ko tētahi o nga mahi selhozperepisi - ki te tāutu i ngā tauira rite, me te tātari ratou i roto i ngā o te faaohiparaa i ki te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te kaupapa here kāwanatanga i roto i te mara o te whanaketanga ahuwhenua.

Tatou ako inaianei nga whāinga me ngā whāinga ki te kia whakatutuki te kaiuru whakaaro te hui.

Whāinga me Whāinga 2016 selhozperepisi

Katoa-Russian Agricultural Tatauranga 2016 tā te whakatau i nga mana mātau o ngā raruraru i roto i te whānui, rite ki te hunga e i whakaturia hei wāhanga o te hui i roto i te tau 2006.

Na, E ratou ki:

• kohikohi raraunga tauanga i runga i te mana me te hanganga o te rāngai agro-ahumahi o te Russian Federation, i runga i nga rauemi e wātea ana ki a reira, me te tona pūmanawa;
• whakaputa āhuatanga taipitopito o ngā hinonga pakihi i roto i te rāngai ahuwhenua - i roto i te tikanga ki te ako i te rautaki whanaketanga o te ahumahi, te whanaketanga o taputapu i runga i te pānga ohaoha o reira i roto i te tikanga ki te whakaongaonga i te whakawhanaketanga;
• whiwhi raraunga ki te tohu i te taumata o te haumaru kai o te kāwanatanga.

Ako te mea etahi tohu matua mahara te ki kia whakaritea i roto i te anga selhozperepisi 2016.

Selhozperepis 2016: tohu matua

Tatauranga Agricultural i roto i te 2016 - he hui i roto i nei e kohikohi i te tohunga mātau ngā mōhiohio:

• e pā ana ki te uara o te whenua e te tangata, me ngā whakahaere i te taonga o ratou hanganga me ngā tikanga o te whakamahi;
• e pā ana ki te āhuatanga taupori o te taonga ngā o te tatauranga;
• Mahi i roto i te ahuwhenua;
• o te rohe i raro i ngā hua kua whakarārangitia e te momo;
• o te kararehe, me te heihei - hoki i roto i te ine pānga ki etahi o ratou whakaaro;
• te aroaro i te tikanga o te hinonga ōhanga o ngā momo o mīhini, taputapu, me te tahi atu hanganga.

Ka ako matou i roto i te taipitopito atu he aha kia tetahi hinonga pakihi kaupapa ki te selhozperepisi i 2016.

Selhozperepis 2016: ahanoa

I roto i runga i nga tikanga o te ture e hānga ana motuhake, kia kia ngohengohe ki te selhozperepisi 2016 tangata tinana me ngā whakahaere:

• pupuri reti whakamahi i runga i te whenua whenua atu, e kua whakamahia mo te hanga o ngā hua ahuwhenua ranei;
• whai kararehe pāmu.

Whakaröpütia Manufacturers o ngā hua ahuwhenua i runga ki te ture ki te kāwai e whai ake nei o āpiha ōhanga:

• hinonga ture;
• pāmu;
• kaipakihi takitahi;
• pāmu o tangata;
• rōpū pai-kore Chalet rākau, me te ahuwhenua.

Te āhuatanga i muri nui o tenei hui, kia rite ki te tatauranga ahuwhenua - faaineineraa. whakaaro tatou i te reira ngā pānga te selhozperepisi 2016 atu.

Te faaineineraa no te selhozperepisi 2016

Kei te whakaritea te ara i roto i i kawea tenei i roto i te aronga o te mahi o te whai wāhi i roto i te Tatauranga o Agriculture 2016, rite ki te tikanga, i te taumata o te municipality ngā, engari i runga i ture e hānga ana. Na, te nuinga o nga whenua i raro i mana rohe whakapumautia he kōmihana motuhake mo te selhozperepisi. Kei te nuinga o te wā ratou hanganga tito o māngai o te mana terenga, Rosstat, i te mara o tohunga ahuwhenua, māngai o uruhi ture me mana hi'opo'araa.

Ko reira taa'eraa i kawea te faaineineraa no te selhozperepisi 2016 i roto i nuinga o te wā i roto i mai 2015. Na, i te wa o nga ngā hāngai i riro ai e pai te whakaoti tohunga mātau mahi pērā i:

• te hanganga o te rārangi o ngā hinonga pakihi mo e kia kohia raraunga;
• whakatinanatanga o te tatauranga geography - te wehenga o te municipality ki ngā wāhi motuhake, me ngā wāhi tatauria ki te whakapai ake i te tōtika o ngā kaimahi te kawenga mō te kohinga raraunga;
• kukume kairēhita - i roto i te tikanga ki te hanga i ngā he rārangi mōhiohio selhozperepisi.

Ko te tukanga mō te whakahaere i te tatauranga ahuwhenua, rite kitea i roto i te ture mana kōkiri i te tiaki o ngā raraunga whaiaro o nga kaiuru o te hui. Ka ako matou tenei ake mita.

Selhozperepis 2016: tiaki o raraunga whaiaro o ngā kaiuru

Ko te meka e kua tiakina nga raraunga i runga i nga kaiuru Tatauranga, kitea i roto i te maha mātāpuna o te ture. Tuatahi, ko reira he ture e hānga ana, rite ki nei whakaritea te tatauranga ahuwhenua te. Tuarua, ko reira he ture motuhake i runga i te Protection o Raraunga Whaiaro.

I roto i runga ki te ture o nāianei o te Russian Federation i te tikanga o te ture, ki te kōrero kia whakaurua i roto i te rēhita tatauranga, ki kia i titiro rite mōhiohio e kore he e raro ki te whākinga kāore i. Ko te ara anake ki te whakamahi i te reira - ki te unga ki nga pūnaha mōhiohio e tika ana. Kaiwhakamahi mōhiohio raraunga kia anake mana mātau, me te tahi atu hinonga, i whakaaetia tenei tika e te ture.

Tukatuka o te raraunga i roto i roto i te selhozperepisi rēhita, kia kawea i roto i ngā e hiahiatia e ratou te parururaa - e ko, ki te whakamahi o te pono whakamunatanga raraunga hou me te whakawhiti o te hangarau. Kaimahi o mana whai wāhi i roto i te selhozperepisi whakahaere i runga i te ture e kore e ki te whāki i te kōrero i roto i roto i te rēhita tatauranga.

Heoi, ko reira ia tapao e te hua selhozperepisi -, ka kia whakaputaina i roto i te puka i roto i nei e nga paearu kia tutaki munatanga o ngā pārongo e pā ana ki enei atu hinonga pakihi ranei i muri mai - i roto i te tā, me te i runga i te Ipurangi. Te hunga ranei ētahi atu mōhiohio, kia rite ki te kia ta'efakaetangata me kore e roto i tohutoro ki ahuwhenua motuhake.

whakarāpopototanga

Na, kua whakaaro matou te uho o te ariā o te tatauranga ahuwhenua, te hītori raraunga o ngā. I roto i Russia, te whanaketanga o mua o maha ngā momo o te ahuwhenua me te mo te whakaaro o te hanga i tētahi kaupapa here whai hua o te tautoko me te whanaketanga o tenei State rāngai kohikohi auau raraunga i runga i te āhuatanga i roto i te ahumahi.

I roto i te 2016 i roto i te Russian Federation tū te tatauranga ahuwhenua tuarua i muri i te tiango Soviet. I roto i te tahuri, i maha enei mahi i roto i te wā Soviet: te wheako o aua wa, e whakamahia te mahi o te kohikohi mōhiohio i runga i te rāngai ahuwhenua i roto i te otinga o ngā raruraru o nāianei, whakaturia e te Tāhuhu o Ahuwhenua me ētahi atu tari kāwanatanga āwangawanga.

I roto i te 2016, tetahi o te selhozperepisey nui rawa ka tū. Ka kohikohi te mana mātau raraunga i runga i kaiwhakaari nui katoa ōhanga o te rāngai agrarian, a ki te whakarōpū ratou hei wāhanga o te tau nui o ngā kāwai rerekē - kia rite ki te hanga i te turanga raraunga e taea te whakamahi mo te whakaaro o te tātaritanga whāinga o te kāwanatanga o ahuwhenua Russian. Ka whakamahia ngā raraunga muri selhozperepisi i te mana i roto i te hanga i te kaupapa matua kaupapa here hou o te rāngai ahuwhenua me tua atu ona rāngai ōhanga.