Te whakatikanga ake i roto i Poland o 1830-1831: take, whawhai, nga hua o

I roto i te 1830 - 1831 tau. hauauru o te Russian Empire ngaueue te whakatikanga ake i roto i Poland. tīmata National War ki te whakamārama o te hara te whakanui ake o te tika o ona tangata, kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki te revolution i roto i ētahi atu whenua o te Ao Tahito. I tāmia te kupu, engari tona vanavanaiki mō nga tau maha ki te horapa noa i Europa, a i nga mau hopearaa tino tawhiti-pa mo te ingoa o Russia i roto i te ao te ao.

prehistory

He wāhanga nui o Poland i te mapi e Russia i 1815, kia rite ki te Congress o Vienna i muri i te pakanga Napoleonic. I hanga te āhua hou mō te viivii ore o te tikanga ture. mutu hou whakaturia Basileia o Poland kua ki te uniana whaiaro Russian. E ai ki te tika na te emepera Alexander ahau, ko tenei whakatau he ngāwari whaitake. mau te whenua ona ake ture, te ope, me te Diet, kihai i nei i roto i ētahi atu wāhanga o te kingitanga. Na kakahu ano hoki te arii Russian te taitara o te kingi Polish. I roto i Warsaw, i māngai ia e te kawana motuhake.

whakatikanga ake Polish ko te mea anake o te wā ka ko te kaupapa here i roto i St Petersburg. I mohiotia Alexander ahau mo tona liberalism, ahakoa te meka e kore i taea e ia te whakatau i runga i te whakahou uruhi i roto i Russia, i reira nei nga tūranga kaha o te rangatira momo. Na reira Monarch ite ratou kaupapa hao i roto i te kingitanga huarahi motu - i roto i Poland me Finland. Heoi, ara ki nga whakaaro tino mārire o Alexander mahi ahau rawa maiorooro. I roto i te 1815, ka whakaaetia e ia te rangatiratanga o Poland kaupapa ture ohaoha, engari i tukinotia i te tika o ona tangata i roto i te tau torutoru, ka i te whakamahi i ratou ratou mana motuhake timata ki te hoatu i te korero i roto i te wira o te kaupapa here o nga kawana Russian. Na i roto i te 1820, kihai i te Seimas whakakahore tamataraa tekau, he aha Alexander hiahia.

Taimi nounou i mua i whakaurua te aukatinga tuatahi i roto i te rangatiratanga. tenei katoa Kei te tata noa whakatikanga ake i roto i Poland. puta tau o te ngangaretanga Polish i roto i te wā o te haratau i te kaupapa here o te kingitanga. kingi Tauhohenga puta noa te āhua. A, no te i roto i te Poland he pakanga mo te mana motuhake i roto i nga kawanatanga pokapū o Russia i roto i nga ngangaretanga korara tonu meinga e te mate uruta me te taratahi.

te huarahi o te tupuhi

Ko te haere mai ki te kaha o Nicholas kore ahau i fafau i te amo i tetahi faahara i. Te rangatiratanga emepera hou ko timata tohu ki te hopu me te whiu o nga Decembrists. I roto i Poland, takiwa, kua rahi kaupapa tāmau whenua, me te anti-Russian. I roto i 1830 i roto i France reira ko te Hōngongoi Revolution i hurihia e Charles X, e atu oaoa nga kaitautoko o huringa tuwhena.

Ina e, riro nga Nationalists te tautoko o maha rangatira tsarist rongonui (i roto ia ratou, ko General Iosif Hlopitsky). horahia ano te huru orurehau ki nga kaimahi, me ngā ākonga. noho Matau-Bank Ukraine mō maha tutukitanga waewae ta'efiemālie '. Wāhanga o amo whakapono e no enei whenua ki a ratou i te tika, mai i tetahi wahi o te ratou Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, wehea i waenganui Russia, Austria ko Prussia i roto i te rau tau mutunga XVIII.

Kawana o te kingitanga i reira Konstantin Pavlovich - te tuakana o Nicholas ahau, whakarerea e te torona i muri i te matenga o Alexander I. i haere te he, ki te whakamate ia ia, a ko te kupu e hoatu he tohu ki te whenua ki te tīmata i te ngangau. Heoi, ko te whakatikanga ake i roto i Poland toutou hiki. mohio Konstantin Pavlovich e pā ana ki te ati, a kihai i waiho e tona noho i roto i Warsaw.

Na, i roto i Europe, wahia atu tetahi revolution - tenei wa he Beletita. Katorika wahi French-korero o te taupori Tatimana i roto i manakohia o motuhake. Nicholas ahau, i huaina nei te "gendarme o Europe" i roto i tona Faaiteraa ua faaite ona makanga o te hui Beletita. I roto i Poland reira nga hau e ka unga i te kingi tona ope ki te pehi i te tutu i roto i te Western Europe. Hoki ruarua nga ngā o te tū he whawhai i roto i Warsaw, ko tenei rongo te kakau witi whakamutunga. I whakaritea te whakatikanga ake mo Whiringa 29, 1830.

Tīmata i te ngangau

I 6 pm i te ra i whakaritea ka whakaekea te rōpū patu nga pa Warsaw, te wahi i tu ana ratou tiaki Lancers. ka anga te reira i te kohuru o rangatira nei noho mateaki ki te mana emepaea. I roto i te hunga i patua ko te Minita o War Mauritsiy Gauke. whakapono Konstantin Pavlovich e te Pou ki tona ringa matau. Ko te kawana i ora ia. tiaki whakatupato rere atu i tona whare ia e kore e roa i mua i reira ka puta mai te kapa Polish, ui tona matenga. I muri i mahue Warsaw, kawea Constantine hōia Russian waho te pa. Mai i tino Warsaw i nga ringa o nga hunga tutu.

timata te ra i muri i roto i te reshuffle kāwanatanga Polish - te Kaunihera Whakahaerenga. Tona mahue nga rangatira pro-Russian katoa. Ina e hanga e he porohita me kau taki hōia o te ngangaretanga. ka e taha o nga tautohe Rūtene Tianara Iosif Hlopitsky, i pōtitia poto tonotono. I roto i te aroraa katoa, tamata ia rite pai taea e ia te whakarite ki nga tikanga takawaenga Russian, kia rite ki matau ahau e kore e taea e nga amo akakoromaki i te ope emepaea katoa, i roto i te hui e ka tonoa reira kia ki pehi te tutu. Józef Chłopicki māngai te parirau matau o te hunga tutu. i heke ratou titauraa ki te ngātahitia ki Nicholas ahau, i runga i te kaupapa ture o 1815.

Tētahi atu rangatira ko Michael Radziwill. Kua noho Ko tōna tūranga rite te ritenga. Ētahi atu tutu tuwhena (tae atu i te reira) whakaritea ki reconquer Poland, wehea i waenganui Austria, Prussia ko Russia. I tua atu, whakaaro ratou ratou ake revolution hei wāhanga o te whakatikanga ake Europe-whānui (ratou mata matua o tohutoro ko te Hōngongoi Revolution). Ko te aha kua maha hoapā ki te French i nga amo.

whiriwhiringa

riro Warsaw he matua mo te take o te whakahaere hou. I hanga e te Kawanatanga Takitaro, arā, o whitu iwi - 4 Hakihea whakatikanga ake i roto i Poland mahue i muri he wā tino nui. meinga tona matenga Arama Czartoryski. Ko ia he hoa pai o Alexander ahau, ko te mema o tona komiti ngaro, a ka mahi ano hoki rite minita ke o Russia i 1804 - 1806 tau.

Ahakoa o tenei te ra i muri i whakaatu Józef Chłopicki ia tonotono. hanga Diet kua ki a ia, engari ko tino rongonui te ahua rangatira hou i roto i te iwi, na reira, i te Paremata ki te hoki whakamuri. kihai i Józef Chłopicki tu i runga i hui ki hoariri. hāngai e ia te mana katoa i roto i ona ringa. I muri i te mau ohipa o Noema 29, tonoa i roto i St Petersburg i kaiwhiriwhiri. Kua ui te taha Polish ki tona ture, me te te taonga i roto i te puka o te waru kawanatanga i roto i Peraruhia me Ukraine. kihai i Nicholas whakaae ki enei ngā, te fafau whakawātea anake. arahina tenei whakautu ki te mārō kē atu o te pakanga.

January 25, 1831 tangohia he taumira runga ariki Russian detronizatsii. E ai ki tenei tuhinga, ko te rangatiratanga o Poland kore no ki Nicholas titulature. He ra torutoru te aroaro o Józef Chłopicki ngaro te mana me te i mahue ki te mahi i roto i te ope. te kitenga ia e kore ko Europe he tautoko tuwhera o nga amo, me e auraa e te hinga o te kawe, ko te tata. Kua Diet kua atu tuwhena. haere Pāremata te whakahaere Prince Mihailu Radzivillu. Kua taputapu takawaenga whiua. Na te ngangaretanga Polish 1830 - 1831 tau. tahuri te reira i roto i te āhuatanga i reira i taea te whakatau te pakanga anake i kaha o ringa.

Ko te toenga o ope

E tanguru 1831 te hunga tutu whakahaere ki te karanga i roto i te ope e pā ana ki 50 mano iwi. Tenei ahua tata ki āu te maha o ngā hōia ka tono ki a Poland Russia. Heoi, i nui raro te kounga o ngā waeine tūao. He āhuatanga tino raruraru ko pū, me te kaieke hoiho. Te pehi i te ngangaretanga Whiringa i St Petersburg tonoa Kaute Ivan Dibicha-Zabalkansky. Events i roto i Warsaw maitai kingitanga ohorere. I roto i te tikanga ki te aro i te ope katoa mateaki ki nga kawanatanga hauauru o te tīwae hiahiatia 2 - 3 marama.

Ko he wa utu nui, e kihai i whai nga amo wa ki te whakamahi i. hoatu Józef Chłopicki i te matenga o te ope kihai i patu ia te tuatahi, a whakamararatia atu ana ratou ope ki runga ki o ratou rori tino nui i roto i nga whenua i raro i to ratou mana. Na haina Ivan Dibich-Zabalkansky hōia hou. E tanguru i ia ko te pū e pā ana ki 125 mano iwi. Heoi, i hanga e ia hape ore. Hohoro ki te mahi i te patu whakatakotoria, e kore te tatau i tango i te wa ki te whakarite i te kawe o te kai, me te matā ki te ope e te pae hopea i te pā tōraro i runga i tona ora.

Grochowski te whawhai

whiti nga hōia Russian tuatahi te rohe Polish, February 6, 1831. oho Wāhanga i roto i ngā tohutohu rerekē. Ko te kaieke hoiho i raro i te whakahau o Kipriana Kreytsa haere ki te kawanatanga i Lublin. Ko te whakahau Russian whakaritea ki te whakarite i te aukati, i mahara ki te mutunga titaria te ope hoariri. anga tino te whakatikanga ake motu-whakaoranga ki te whakawhanake i rite ki te wahi, watea hoki tianara emepaea. haere e rave rahi wehenga Polish ki Serock ko Pultusk, whawhati atu i te ope matua.

Otiia ohorere ka whakaurua te rangi i roto i te pakanga. timata koero, i haukotia whakaritea te ope Russian matua ki te haere i te ara. a Dibich ki te hanga i te tahuri koi. I te Hui-tanguru 14, i reira ko he hōia whakapāpā me General Yuzefa Dvernitskogo Fedora Geysmara. riro nga amo. A ahakoa i ia kahore faufaa rautaki ngā, faauruhia te angitu kitea tuatahi militias. ka mau pahuhu whakatikanga ake Polish.

Ko te ope matua o te hunga tutu e tata ana te pa e tu ana Olszynka Grochowska, te parururaa i te huarahi ki Warsaw. Ko konei i runga i te 25 Hui-tanguru me i reira ko tuatahi te whawhai noho. whakahau amo Russian Radzvill ko Józef Chłopicki, - ka Dibich-Zabalkansky, he tau ki te aroaro o te tīmatanga o te pakanga i te kaiwhakahaere mara. roa te whawhai ra katoa, ka mutu te mutunga anake i roto i te ahiahi. ko nga parekura āhua i te taua (te amo 12 mano iwi, i roto i Russian 9000). i takoha te hunga tutu ki te hoki ano ia ki Warsaw. Ahakoa tutuki te ope Russian he wikitoria rauhanga, kua nui ona parekura tūmanako katoa. I tua atu, i ringihia te kariri, a kihai i taea te anga hou e tika ana ki rori kino, me te rangirua o kōrero. I roto i ēnei āhuatanga kihai i Dibich maia ki te tupuhi Warsaw.

nekeneke amo

Hoki tata kihai i neke i te rua marama i muri mai i te ope. pahųtanga o papatu rā i roto i te waho o Warsaw. Ko te ope Russian tika ki ngā āhuatanga akuaku rawakore tīmata te urutā korara. I te wa ano puta noa i te whenua, ko te whawhai pakanga. I roto i te matua haere te taua whakahau o te Army Polish i Michael Radzvilla ki General Yanu Skrzhinetskomu. faaoti ia ki te patu i te ropu i raro i te whakahau o te teina o te emepera Mikhail Pavlovich ko General Karl Bistrom, nei i roto i te takiwā o Ostrołęka.

I te wa ano i tonoa te Itari 8000th ki te whakatau ia Dibich. I ia ki huri kē te ope matua Russian. Amo i nekeneke maia he ohorere mo te hoariri. taui Mikhail Pavlovich me bistros ki ana kaitiaki. Dibich whakapono roa e whakaritea e nga amo ki te whawhai, tae noa ia te mutunga i kitea i roto i taua hunga riro Nur.

Ko te whawhai i Ostrołęka

I te Mei 12, mahue te ope Russian matua ratou whaitua ki te hopu maui Warsaw amo. kawea te whakatoi i roto i rua wiki. Hei whakamutunga mau ake ki te muri Polish Five and Seven. Mai papatu te 26 whawhai o Ostroleka, i ko te wāhanga tino nui o te pakanga. ngā amo Narew. i whakaekea e te wehe i runga i te taha maui nga ope Russian pai tuatahi. timata nga hunga tutu ki te hoki whakamuri hohoro. ope Dibicha whiti te Narew Ostroleka i roto ano, i muri i te mutunga whakawāteatia te pa o kawe. I hanga e ratou e rave rahi whakamātau ki te patu i te hoariri, engari i haere mai ratou mau tautooraa ki tetahi mea. Haere i mua o te amo toutou whiua te wehe i raro i te whakahau a General Charles Mandershterna.

Ki te tīmatanga o te hawhe tuarua o te ra ki te uru atu ngā Russian e pae hopea ua faaoti te putanga o te whawhai. mate o te 30 mano amo e pā ana ki 9000. I roto i te hunga i patua, ko nga tianara Kamenski me Heinrich Lyudvik Katsky. Ko te tīmatanga o te pouri i tauturu toenga o nga hunga tutu patua ki te rere hoki ki te whakapaipai.

Hinga o Warsaw

Pipiri 25 te rangatira hou o te ope Russian i roto i Poland ka Count Ivan Paskevich. I roto i tona kainga i 50 000 iwi. I roto i te St. Petersburg, i te Kaute ui ki te whakaoti i te hinga o nga amo, me ki pehi ratou Warsaw. I roto i te hunga tutu i roto i te pane i pā ana ki 40 mano iwi. Ko te whakamātautau nui tuatahi mō te Paskevich ko te whakawhitinga o te awa Vistula. I whakaritea e te reira ki te hinga i te arai wai e tata ana te rohe ki a mua. E Hōngongoi 8, kua oti te whakawhitinga kua. I roto i tenei take, kihai i nga tutu hoatu tetahi tutukitanga atu Russian, petipeti i runga i te kukū o ona ope ake i roto i Warsaw.

I roto i te tīmatanga o August, i roto i te pane a Polish reira ko tetahi reshuffle. Tenei wa, hei utu patua e Osterlenkoy Skrzhintsekogo ka rangatira i roto i te tino Heinrich Dembinski. Heoi, rihaina ia i muri ka haere mai te rongo e te ope Russian i whiti kē te Vistula. I roto i Warsaw, ihe, me ihe. Massacre ake e te iino riri, tono ki te hoatu i te hōia kawenga mo te whara mate.

haere mai August 19 Paskevich ki te pa. Ko te wiki e rua i muri tū i roto i te faaineineraa no te te huaki. ka mau wae takitahi te pa tata ki te mutunga karapotia te whakapaipai. timata te Mokoia o Warsaw i runga i Mahuru 6, ka whakaekea te hōia Russian te aho o taiepa whakaturia ki pehi i te hoariri. I roto i te pakanga muri i whara i roto i tino Paskevich. Otiia, i kitea te wikitoria Russian. 7 o General Krukovetsky i takea mai i te ope 32000th, ki nei rere ia ki te hauauru. haere mai Mahuru 8 Paskevich ki Warsaw. I riro te whakapaipai. Kua riro te mate i mahue rōpū marara o tutu he mea o te wā.

hua

rere ana te hanganga hōia Polish whakamutunga ki mua. Nuku 21 tukua Zamosc, a ngaro nga hunga tutu ratou kaha whakamutunga. i mua e Ahakoa, ka anga reira he hekenga nui, me te hohoro rangatira whakakeke, hoia, me o ratou hapu. noho mano o te mau utuafare i roto i France me Ingarangi. rere tokomaha te iwi rite Yan Skrzhinetsky ki Austria. I roto i Europe, te kaupapa whakaoranga motu i roto i Poland, oha te kamupene i te aroha, me te aroha.

Ko te whakatikanga ake Polish o 1830 - 1831 tau. arahina te reira ki te meka i whakakorea te ope Polish. Mana te whakahou whakahaere i roto i te rangatiratanga whakahaere. Porowini Kua whakakapia i runga i te mara. Hoki i roto i Poland reira ko he whānui ki te toenga o te pūnaha Russian o pauna me mehua, rite pai rite te moni ano. I mua ki taua, ko te tika-pēke Ukraine i raro i te mana kaha ahurea, me te karakia o tona hoa te uru. Na i roto i te St Petersburg kua faaoti matou ki te tareka te Kariki-Katorika Ekalesia. ko rānei kati "hē" pāriha Ukrainian ranei hei Siu.

Hoki noho o nga āhua uru, ka ahau Nicholas noa ōrite ake ki te whakapakoko o te tonotono me te fakaaoao. Ahakoa kore i inoi mana kahore āhua mo te hunga tutu, tohaina he vanavanaiki o nga ngā Polish mō nga tau maha i roto i te Ao Tahito. Kua mahi rere tāngata heke nui ki te whakaaro tūmatanui e pā ana ki tukua Russia whenua Pākehā ki tura'i tīmata te Pakanga Crimean ki Nicholas.