O te hangarau, Hikohiko
Whaihua Mahi i te wera o te Taiao
Part 1. ētahi ngā me ngā whakamāramatanga.
Ko te Ākinga Pūngao (emf) he wāhi wahi kaha mara waho kei te puna o nāianei ... kaha waho mahi i roto i-hiko pūtau i te rohe i waenganui i te kawehiko me nga electrodes. Ratou mahi hoki i runga i te rohe i waenganui i rua konganuku Nä, me te whakatau i te rerekētanga pea whakapā therebetween [5, p. 193, 191]. Nui hūpeke moe, i runga i ngā mata katoa o te wāhanga ara iahiko ko rite ki te rerekētanga pea i waenganui i nga conductors, kei i te pito mekameka, ka kua huaina te Pūngao kaha emf kaiwhakahaere ara iahiko ... mekameka tënei anake o nga whakahiko o te ahua tuatahi he rite ki te peke pea i waenganui i te tuatahi, me te kaiwhakahaere whakamutunga i roto i te hāngai whakapā ratou (ture Volta) ... Ki te he tuwhera tika te ara iahiko, te emf tenei ara iahiko ko te kore. Hei whakatika i te kaiwhakahaere tuwhera-iahiko, e ngā i te iti rawa kia kotahi kawehiko, volts ture e hāngai ana ... Oia mau, anake ara iahiko kaiwhakahaere ngā i te iti rawa kia kotahi faatere o te rua o nga ahua he pūtau iahiko (mekameka ranei huānga iahiko) [1, p. 490 - 491].
Polyelectrolytes he waerau taea o Ruhe ki ngā katote i roto i te otinga, ko te kupu i roto i te macromolecule taua, he maha nui o auau utu ... polyelectrolytes crosslinked (exchangers katote, katote-utu kāpia) e kore e tareka, anake pupuhi, me te pupuri tonu i te kaha ki te dissociate [6, p. 320 - 321]. dissociate Polyelectrolytes ki macroion tōraro whakatupato a kua karangatia e H + katote polyacids me dissociates ki ngā katote pai whakatupato a OH- macroion huaina poliosnovaniyami.
Donnan pūmanawa taurite ko te rerekētanga pea e puta i te rohe wāhanga i waenganui i nga electrolytes e rua, ki te kore he permeable ki ngā katote katoa tenei rohe. kia meinga ai rohe Impermeability mo etahi katote, hei tauira, te aroaro o kiriuhi ki kōputaputa rawa kuiti e he mokemoke hoki matūriki runga ake te rahi etahi. uruhanga whiriwhiri o te atanga puta me te mea na kaha hono tetahi katote ki tetahi o nga wāhanga e waiho reira te tikanga e kore e taea. Rite whakahihi katote resins utu katote, whakaritea rōpū katote-utu here homopolar i roto i te wini whakakahokaho rāpoi kopu ranei ranei. Te otinga, te roto taua tāhū, puka tahi ki reira he wā kotahi; otinga, kei waho, - te rua o nga [7. 77].
Te paparanga rua hiko (EDL) Kei te puta ana i te atanga o te wāhanga e rua whakatakotoria o paparanga oppositely whakatupato tikanga i te tetahi tawhiti i ia atu [7. 96].
Peltier whakapehapeha tenei wehe absorption ranei o te wera i te whakapā o conductors e rua rerekē ki runga ki te aronga o te nāianei hiko e rerengia ana i roto i te whakapā [2, p rānei. 552].
Wāhanga 2: Mā te te reo wera i roto i te iahiko o te wai.
A feruri i te huarahi o te takanga o te mania o te pūtau iahiko (ka huaina i huānga), whakaaturia schematically i Fig. 1, atu emf e tika ana ki te whakapā ā-rerekētanga pea (PKK) me te pānga o Donnan (whakamārama poto o te ngako o te pānga Donnan, ngā PKK ā, me te wera Peltier whai pānga i roto i te wahi tuatoru o te tuhinga).
Fig. 1. kanohi schematic o te pūtau iahiko: 1 - whakapā atu te pitoiho te ki te otinga o te 3, te tauhohenga whakaiti iahiko o te tīhiko kawehiko puta i runga i tona mata, hanga o te matū, e mangere nui doped n-Semiconductor. Wāhanga o te pitoiho honotanga reira ki te pūtake ngaohiko waho, metallized; 2 - whakapā te pitoake te ki te otinga o te 4, i runga i te mata puta ona tauhohe pitihāoratanga iahiko o te ngota tīhiko kawehiko, hanga o matū, e mangere puhoi doped p-Semiconductor. Wāhanga o te pitoake honotanga reira ki te pūtake ngaohiko waho, metallized; 3 - tōraro wāhi pitoiho, otinga polyelectrolyte, Ruhe i roto i te wai i macroion karaatitanga, whakatupato me counterions pai whakatupato K iti + (i roto i te tauira nei ko te katote hauwai H +); 4 - pitoake otinga wehenga polyelectrolyte i roto i te wai Ruhe ki macroion R pai whakatupato + me counterions tōraro whakatupato A- iti (i roto i tenei tauira reira waihā katote OH-); 5 - te membrane (HWM), he impermeable ki macromolecules (macroion) polyelectrolytes, engari tino permeable ki counterions iti K +, A- me ngā rāpoi ngota wai wāhi ngā 3 me 4; Evnesh - he pūtake ngaohiko waho.
emf i te pānga Donnan
Hoki mārama, tīpakohia te kawehiko o te wāhi pitoiho (3, Figure 1.) Kei te wairewa polyacid (R-H +), te kawehiko me te wehenga pitoake (4, te piki 1.) - poliosnovaniya wai (R + OH-). Ka rite ki te hua o polyacids dissociation i roto i te wehenga pitoiho, e tata ana te mata o te pitoiho (1, Fig. 1), i reira te mea he nui haere kukū o te H + katote. e kore te tiaki pai putanga i roto i te takiwā o te mata pitoiho utua tōraro whakatupato macroions karaatitanga,, mai e kore ratou e ahei te haere tata ki te mata o te pitoiho tika ki tona rahi me te aroaro o te huru katote pai whakatupato (hoki kite kōrero. Whakamārama pānga Donnan i Annex №1 o te wahi tuatoru o te tuhinga). Ko te kupu, ko te paparanga o te otinga tika i roto i te whakapā ki te mata pitoiho rohe kua he tiaki pai. Ka rite ki te hua, he arataki hiko i runga i te mata pitoiho, pātata ki te otinga, i reira te mea he tiaki kino o nga irahiko kawenga. ie i te atanga i waenganui i te mata pitoiho me otinga DES puta. Mara o te DES pana irahiko i te pitoiho - ki te otinga.
Waihoki, i runga i te pitoake (2, Fig. 1), te papanga o te otinga i roto i te wehenga pitoake rohe (4, Fig. 1) tika i roto i te whakapā ki te mata pitoake he tiaki tōraro, me i te mata pitoake, pātata ki te otinga, i reira te mea he tiaki pai. ie i te atanga i waenganui i te mata pitoake me te otinga puta hoki DES. Mara o te DES pana irahiko i te otinga - he pitoake.
Ko te kupu, ko te mara o DES i nga atanga o te pitoiho me pitoake ki te otinga, tautoko waiariki otinga katote tūringiringi, e rua pūtake emf ā, mahi i roto i te konohete ki te pūtake o waho, i.e., e aki ana i te utu kino i roto i te koropiko Tētākaraka.
polyacids Dissociation poliosnovaniya me hoki ai ngāwhā tūringiringi roto i te membrane (5, Figure 1) H + katote i te wāhi cathodic -. ki te pitoake, me katote OH- i te wehenga pitoake - he pitoiho. e kore e taea e Macroion R + ko karaatitanga, polyelectrolytes neke i roto i te membrane, na reira i te wāhi pitoiho reira ko te tiaki kino i te taikaha, a i te wāhi anodic - he tiaki pai i te taikaha, i.e., reira he tetahi DPP tika ki te pānga Donnan. Ko te kupu, puta te membrane ano i roto i te emf, mahi i roto i te konohete ki te puna waho o te tūringiringi wera, ka mau tonu te otinga o ngā katote.
I roto i to tatou hi'oraa, te ngaohiko puta noa i te membrane taea tae 0,83 volts, rite hāngai tenei ki te huringa i roto i te pūmanawa o te kawehiko hauwai paerewa i - 0,83 ki 0 volts i te whakawhitinga i te reo kawakore i roto i te wehenga pitoake te taiao waikawa pitoiho wehenga. No te kōrero, kite. I roto i te Annex №1 o te wahi tuatoru o te tuhinga.
emf PKK i te roto
Ko te emf Huānga puta te reira i, tae atu i roto i te pitoake whakapā Semiconductor me pitoiho ki o ratou wahi whakarewa te taviniraa ki te hono i te pūtake ngaohiko waho. tenei emf e tika ana ki PKK ā-. e kore e ā-IF hanga, i roto i te rerekē ki te mara waho i roto i te wāhi e karapoti ana i te conductors whakapā, i.e. e kore e pā te reira i te nekehanga o korakora i ako ki waho i te conductors. Kei te makona mohiotia Construction n-Semiconductor / whakarewa / p-Semiconductor me te whakamahia, hei tauira, he thermoelectric kōwae Peltier. Ko te rahi o te emf he hanganga taua i te pāmahana rūma e taea tae uara o te raupapa o 0.4 - 0.6 wae [5, p. 459; 2, p. 552]. E whakahaua mara i roto i ngā hoapā i roto i te ara taua e pana ratou irahiko tētākaraka i te koropiko, i.e. mahi i roto i te kōnohete ki te pūtake waho. Ko te irahiko whakaara te taumata pūngao o te reo te ngongo i te wera o te Peltier.
Ā-IF puta tika ki te tūringiringi o ngā irahiko i roto i te wāhi whakapā o te electrodes me te otinga, ki runga ki te anga ke, pana irahiko i roto i te ahunga tākaraka i roto i te koropiko. ie Me tohaina te motini o ngā irahiko i roto i te Huānga tētākaraka i roto i enei hoapā wera Peltier. Otiia no te mea Kei te tika haere tahi te whakawhiti o ngā irahiko i te pitoiho ki te otinga, me te o te otinga i roto i te pitoake i te tauhohenga pauwera whakaputa hauwai me te hāora, e kore te te wera o te Peltier tukua ki te reo, a ka he ki te whakaiti i te pānga pauwera, i.e. rite "pūmau" i roto i te enthalpy o hanganga o hauwai me te hāora. No te kōrero, kite. I roto i te Annex №2 te wahi tuatoru o te tuhinga.
kawe (irahiko me ngā katote) neke i roto i te Huānga iahiko kore ara kati, e kore e kore tiaki i roto i te huānga neke i roto i te ara iahiko kati. Ia pitoake irahiko whiwhi i te otinga (i roto i te akoranga o te piti hāora o ngā katote OH- ki rāpoi hāora), ka haere i roto i te ara iahiko waho ki te pitoiho, kua volatilized tahi me ngā rāpoi ngota hauwai (i roto i te tukanga o te ora o ngā katote H +). Waihoki ngā katote OH- ko H + kore e neke i roto i te ara iahiko kati, engari anake ki te kawehiko hāngai, a ka whakaeto i te puka o te hauwai rāpoi, me te hāora. ie me nga ngā katote me ngā irahiko ia neke i roto i tona taiao i roto i te mara tere o DES, me te mutunga o te ara, ka tae ratou e ngā te mata o te kawehiko i te rāpoi ngota, te faafariuraa i te pūngao katoa rongoa - te pūngao o te here matū, me i o te koropiko!
Katoa o nga puna ā-o emf Huānga, whakaiti utu pūtake waho mō te iahiko wai. Ko te kupu, ko te mahana o te ambient ngongo huānga i roto i tona mahi ki te mau tonu tūringiringi o DES, ko ki te whakaiti i te utu o te pūtake waho, i.e., faarahi te reira i te tōtika-iahiko.
-Iahiko o te wai, kahore tetahi pūtake waho.
I roto i te arotake i te tukanga e puta ana i roto i te huānga whakaaturia i roto i Fig. 1, e kore e tangohia te tawhā pūtake waho ki pūkete. Tera pea e he rite ki te RD te parenga ā-me te ngaohiko o 0. taua Evnesh E shorted electrodes huānga ki te kawenga hāngū (kite Fig. 5). I roto i tenei take, i te ahunga me te nui o mara DES puta i te atanga i roto i nga mea timatanga noho te taua.
Fig. 5. Engari Evnesh (Fig. 1) tae atu ki RL kawenga hāngū.
Te whakatau i te tikanga o noa rere o nāianei i roto i tenei huānga. Te huri i te pūmanawa Gibbs, kia rite ki (1) te tātai o te Annex №1 o te wahi tuatoru o te tuhinga:
Δ G faanahohia = (Δ faanahohia H - n) + mod Q
Ki te 'PASSWORDSENTTEXT Δ H + Q mod mod = 284,5 - 47.2 = 237.3 (kJ / mol) = 1.23 (eV / muingota)
te faanahohia Δ G Ka whakaaro matou atu e puta huānga hauwai whakatupuranga tauhohenga i roto i te reo waikawa (kawehiko pea o 0 volts), me te hāora i roto i te (pūmanawa kawehiko o 0.4 volts) kawakore. moe kawehiko taua whakarato te membrane (5, Fig. 5), te ngaohiko i nei kia 0,83 volts tenei. ie heke te pūngao e hiahiatia ana mo te hanganga o te hauwai me te hāora e 0.83 (eV / rāpoi ngota). Na te huru o te pea o te tukanga noa e: 'PASSWORDSENTTEXT 1.23 - 0.83 = 0.4 (eV / muingota) = 77.2 (kJ / mol) (2) kitea e tatou e te arai pūngao o te rāpoi ngota hauwai me te hāora avoidable me kahore te whakamahi i te pūtake ngaohiko waho. ie ara i n = 0.4 (eV / rāpoi ngota), i.e. ka te kawehiko roto HPDC 0.4 volts, ka waiho huānga i roto i te āhua o te taurite hihiri, a ka meinga tetahi (ara iti) huringa o nga tikanga toenga te nāianei i roto i te ara iahiko. Ko tētahi atu fifi ki te tauhohenga i te electrodes ko te pūngao whakahohenga, engari kua whakakorea ai e te pānga kauhanga, puta tika ki te itinga o te āputa i waenganui i te electrodes me te otinga [7, p. 147-149]. Ko te kupu, i runga i te pūtake o whakaaro pūngao, faaoti tatou e nāianei noa i roto i te huānga whakaaturia i roto i Fig. 5, ko te mea e ahei. Ko te aha take tinana taea meinga tenei nāianei? E whakarārangitia ēnei take i raro: 1. Ko te tūponotanga o te whakawhitinga o ngā irahiko i te pitoiho ki te otinga ki runga ake i te tūponotanga o te whakawhitinga i te pitoake ki te otinga, mai n-Semiconductor pitoiho he rota o irahiko noa ki te taumata pūngao tiketike, me te pitoake p-Semiconductor - anake "rua", me enei "rua" e i te taumata pūngao i raro i te irahiko pitoiho; 2. tautoko te membrane te i roto i te wāhi pitoiho o te taiao waikawa, a i roto i te pitoake - kawakore. I roto i te take o electrodes e mangere, arata'i tenei ki te meka e riro nui atu i te pitoake he pūmanawa pitoiho kawehiko. Nā tēnei, me neke irahiko i roto i te ara iahiko-waho i te pitoake ki te pitoiho; 3. Ko te tiaki mata o nga rongoā polyelectrolyte puta tika ki te pānga Donnan, hanga i te kawehiko / mara otinga pērā e te mara i te pitoiho whakatairanga e tukua irahiko i te pitoiho ki te otinga, me te mara i te pitoake - urunga irahiko ki te pitoake i te otinga; 4. toenga whakamua me te whakataka tauhohenga i te electrodes (ngā utu) rītaha ki H + katote tauhohenga whakaiti tika i te pitoiho me hāora o katote OH- i te pitoake, mai E haere tahi ratou i te hanganga o te hau (H2 me O2) nehenehe o ngāwari mahue rohe tauhohenga (Le Chatelier o Mätäpono). Ngā. Hoki te aromātai ine o te ngaohiko puta noa i te utanga i te pānga Donnan, whakamana te whakamātau i roto i i ngā te Huānga pitoiho o te waro whakahohe ki te kawehiko graphite waho me te pitoake - he ranunga o te waro whakahohe me anion teriuma AB-17-8 ki te kawehiko graphite waho. E wehea e te Felt waihanga otinga NaOH waiwai, pitoake me te pitoiho ngā wāhi - kawehiko. I te tuwhera electrodes waho o tenei huānga i te ngaohiko o e pā ana ki 50 mV. A, no te hono ki te huānga o te kawenga waho 10 whakaritea nāianei o e pā ana ki 500 microamps Ohm. A, no te nga piki pāmahana ambient i te 20 ki te 30 0C ngaohiko ki te kawehiko waho nui haere ki te 54 mV. Te whakanui ake i te ngaohiko i te pāmahana ambient fakapapau'i e te puna o te emf Ko tūringiringi, i.e. nekehanga waiariki o te matūriki. Hoki te aromātai ine o te ngaohiko puta noa i te kawenga i te roto whakamātau whakarewa / Semiconductor HPDC i whakahaeretia i roto i nei ngā te pitoiho pūtau o te paura graphite waihanga ki te kawehiko graphite waho me te pitoake - he puehu o te boron carbide (B4C, p-Semiconductor) ki te kawehiko graphite waho. E wehea e te Felt waihanga otinga NaOH waiwai, pitoake me te pitoiho ngā wāhi - kawehiko. I te tuwhera electrodes waho o te ngaohiko huānga i pā ana ki 150 mV. A, no te tūhono i te kawenga waho ki te huānga 50 ngaohiko kOhm i tuturu iho ki 35 mV., He maturuturunga iho taua ngaohiko kaha e tika ana ki te iti carbide boron tūturu me, rite ki te hua, he huānga ātete ā-tiketike. e kore te Investigation ngaohiko versus pāmahana mo te huānga o taua hanganga kawea i roto i. Ko tenei e tika ana ki te meka e, mo te Semiconductor, i runga i tona hanganga matū, tohu o doping me ētahi atu āhuatanga, ko te huringa pāmahana i roto i ngā huarahi rerekē e taea te whakaawe i tona taumata Fermi. ie pāmahana pānga i runga i emf Huānga (hua heke ranei), i roto i tenei take, tei runga i te rauemi e whakamahia ana, kia kore he whakamātau tohu tenei. I tenei wāhi tonu te reira i te tahi atu whakamātau i roto i i hanga pitoiho pūtau e o te ranunga o te waro whakahohe paura me KU-2-8 ki te waho kawehiko he kowiri tira me te pitoake i te ranunga o whakahohe waro paura me te anion teriuma AB-17-8 ki te kawehiko waho i he kowiri tira. Kawehiko - otinga waiwai o NaCl, ua te pitoake me te pitoiho e wehea e te waihanga wāhi. E taea e ki poto-iahiko i te iahiko hāngū electrodes waho o tenei huānga ki Oketopa 2011. Nāianei e whakaatu ana he ine iahiko, e pā ana ki te ra i muri i tahuri, heke e 1 mA - ki runga ki te 100 mkA (i te mea te āhua e tika ana ki te vahiraa o te electrodes), me mai ka neke atu i te tau, e kore e huri. I roto i ngā mahi e whakaahuatia ana i runga ake i te hononga ki te hua whiwhi rauemi inaccessibility whai hua atu te nuinga raro atu i takahi taea. I tua atu, kia mōhio e wahi o te emf ā-katoa pau tonu Huānga mō te pupuri i te tauhohenga kawehiko (te hanga o te hauwai me te hāora), me te kore e taea ana te ruri i roto i te ara iahiko waho. Opaniraa. Komititanga ake, ka taea e tatou e faaoti e natula taea ki tatou tahuri waiariki pūngao ki pūngao whai hua te mahi ranei, i te whakamahi i rite te taiao "whakamahana" me kore he he "pouaka". Ko te kupu pānga Donnan me ā IF tahuri pūngao waiariki o te matūriki i ako i roto i te pūngao mara hiko te tahuri DEL rite te wera tauhohe pauwera ki pūngao matū. huānga whakapā whakaaro pau wera i te reo, me te wai, a ka tukuna hiko mana, hauwai me te hāora! Ano, ko te tukanga o te kohi pūngao me te whakamahi o te hauwai rite te wahie, me te wai hoki hoki ki te reo wera! Wāhanga 3 o te Annex. anō kōrero tēnei wāhanga Donnan taurite pānga, ā-IF i te huinga whakarewa / Semiconductor me wera Peltier runga tauhohe pitihāoratanga me moe kawehiko i roto i te huānga. Donnan pea (Tāpiritanga №1) A feruri i te huarahi o te takanga o Donnan pūmanawa mō te polyelectrolyte. I muri timata counterions dissociation polyelectrolyte ona iti, i te tūringiringi, mahue te rōrahi nohoia e te macromolecule. tūringiringi Anga o counterions o macromolecules rōrahi polyelectrolyte iti i roto i te whakarewa he tika ki nui haere kukū i te nuinga o te macromolecule rite whakaritea ki te toenga o te otinga. I tua atu, ki te, hei tauira, counterions iti e tōraro whakatupato, tenei hua i roto i taua e pai whakatupato te wahi i roto rawa o te macromolecule, a ko tonu tata ki te rōrahi o te macromolecule te otinga - tōraro. ie huri noa i te rōrahi macroion pai i ako, i reira te mea he ahua o "huru katote" o te iti counter-katote - tōraro i ako. puta whakamutunga tupu tiaki huru katote ka te mara hiko i waenganui i te rōrahi katote huru macroion me pauna te tūringiringi waiariki o counterions iti. Te taurite rerekētanga pea hua i waenganui i te huru me nga macroions katote ko Donnan pūmanawa. Kei te tuku hoki Donnan pūmanawa ki rite membrane pūmanawa, no te mea puta he āhuatanga rite i runga i te membrane semipermeable, hei tauira, ina wehe reira te otinga kawehiko i he katote o rua momo - e taea, me te kore e ahei o haere therethrough o te whakarewa parakore. Ka taea te whakaaro Donnan pūmanawa rite te take whāiti o te pūmanawa tūringiringi, ka te nekeneke o tetahi o nga katote (i roto i tenei macroion take) ko te kore. Na, kia rite ki [1, p. 535], tango tiaki o te counter rite ki te kotahi: E d = (RT / F) ln ( A1 / A2), i reira Ed - Donnan pūmanawa; R - ao tamau hau; T - te pāmahana wera; F - Faraday tamau; A1, A2 - counter-mahi i roto i te wāhanga whakapā. I roto i te mema tenei, wehe ai i te membrane rongoā poliosnovaniya (pH = wakarere te 1 = 14), me te polyacid (pH = wakarere te 2 = 0), Donnan pūmanawa puta noa i te membrane i te pāmahana rūma (T = 300 0 K) e kia: E d = (RT / F) (wakarere he 1 - wakarere te 2) ln (10) = (8.3 * 300/96500) * (14 - 0) * ln (10) = 0.83 Volts Donnan piki pea i roto i te rahi tika ki te pāmahana. Hoki tūringiringi o te wera Peltier pūtau iahiko ko te puna anake mo te hanga o te mahi whai hua, ehara i te mea maere e EMF taua huānga faarahi ki te whakanui ake i te pāmahana. I roto i te tūringiringi pūtau mo te hanga o te mahi, tangohia tonu Peltier wera te i te taiao. A, no te hanga e rerenga o nāianei i roto i te EDL pānga Donnan, i roto i te aronga coinciding ki te aronga pai o te parae o DES (i.e., ina mahi te mara o DES mahi pai), whenumi wera te i te taiao mo te hanga o tenei pepa. Otiia i roto i te huānga tūringiringi ko te huringa tonu, me te unidirectional i roto i te kukū o ngā katote, e te mutunga arata'i ki aifaitoraa o te kukū me te mutu tūringiringi whakahaua, pērā taurite Donnan, i roto i nei, i roto i te take o te takanga o Manatü-pateko nāianei, katote kukū, kotahi pa i te tetahi uara, e noho tonu . Fig. 2 E whakaatu ana te hoahoa o te moe, pitihāoratanga o te tauhohe o te hauwai me te hāora, ka huri i te kawatanga o te otinga. E whakaatu ana te tūtohi e he rerekē i te pūmanawa kotahi i kukū teitei (0.4 volts i roto i te reo kawakore) i 0,83 volts te pūmanawa kawehiko o te tauhohenga hāora hanganga i roto i te ngaro o katote OH- (1.23 volts i roto i te taiao waikawa). Waihoki, he rerekē i te pūmanawa kotahi i kukū teitei (0 V i roto i te reo waikawa) te pūmanawa kawehiko o tauhohenga hauwai-hanga i roto i te ngaro o H + (-0.83 volts i roto i te reo kawakore), ano i 0,83 volts [4. 66-67]. ie kitea e 0,83 volts hiahiatia te i roto i te tikanga ki te whiwhi i te kukū nui o te wai i roto i te katote tēnā. Tenei te tikanga e hiahiatia te 0,83 volts mo te papatipu o te dissociation kūpapa o ngā rāpoi ngota wai ki H + me katote OH-. Ko te kupu, ki te tautoko te membrane e i roto i to tatou Huānga wāhi pitoiho reo waikawa me te i roto i te anodic kawakore, ka taea e te ngaohiko tae ona DEL 0,83 volts, i te mea i roto i te kawenata pai ki te tātai ariā aroaro mua. whakarato ana tēnei ngaohiko he wāhi kawe ia tiketike DES membrane i dissociation wai ki katote i roto i te reira. Fig. 2. Hoahoa moe, pitihāoratanga tauhohenga whāwehe o te wai, me te H katote + me OH- ki hauwai me te hāora. IF ko Peltier wera (Tāpiritanga №2) "Ko te take o te pānga Peltier ko e te pūngao toharite o te kawe tiaki (mō ngā irahiko mauranga) wāhi i roto i te kawe ia hiko i roto i ngā conductors o rerekē ... I roto i te whakawhitinga i tetahi kaiwhakahaere ki tetahi irahiko ranei te tuku mātiti mana te taikaha ranei fakalahi he kore o te pūngao i tona utu (i runga i te ahunga o nāianei). Fig. 3. Ko te pānga Peltier i runga i te whakarewa whakapā me te N- Semiconductor: ԐF - Fermi taumata; ԐC - te raro o te ropu kawenga o te Semiconductor; ԐV - honohono, ropu; Ahau - aronga pai o nāianei; porowhita ki pere whakaaturia schematically irahiko. I roto i te take tuatahi e tata ana te whakapā e tukua, me te tuarua - te pera-ka karanga whenumi .. wera Peltier. Hei tauira, i runga i te Semiconductor whakapā - whakarewa (Figure 3) te pūngao o te irahiko e haere i te n-momo Semiconductor ki whakarewa (mahue pa) ko tino teitei ake i te pūngao ԐF Fermi. Na reira, kei te takahi ratou i te taurite waiariki i roto i te whakarewa. whakahokia taurite te rite ki te hua o collisions, i roto i nei thermalized irahiko, hoatu tioata pūngao i te taikaha. mātiti. Te whakarewa Semiconductor (pa matau) ka taea e haere i te irahiko tino hihiri anake, kia irahiko hau i roto i te whakarewa mātao. I te faaho'iraa mai o te tohatoha taurite o oscillation pūngao wini whakakahokaho pau "[2, p. 552]. Hei whakapā Ko rite te āhuatanga whakarewa / p-Semiconductor. No te mea p-kawe ia rua Semiconductor whakarato tona ropu honohono, e ko i raro te taumata Fermi, na ka kia matao o te whakapā, i roto i nei rere irahiko i te p-Semiconductor ki te whakarewa. wera Peltier tukua whenumi e te whakapā o rua conductors, e tika ana ki te hanga o kino pai o te IF ā ranei ranei. Kei roto i te āputa maui whakapā (Fig. 3), i runga i nei te tohanga Peltier wera, he pūtau -hiko, hei tauira, wai otinga NaOH (Figure 4) me te Semiconductor whakarewa me n-kia waiho reira matū e mangere. Fig. 4. Ko te whakapā maui n-Semiconductor me he tuwhera, me whakanohoia i roto i te wahi pakaru o te otinga kawehiko te whakarewa. Ko te taua rite i roto i Fig iku'anga. 3. No te mea, ka rere o nāianei «ahau», te Semiconductor o n-irahiko i roto i te pūngao teitei tae otinga atu e haere mai i roto i o otinga i roto i te whakarewa, tenei pūngao te taikaha (wera o Peltier) me tu i roto i te pūtau. Ko te nāianei i roto i te pūtau pea he take anake o ngā turuturu ki reira tauhohe iahiko. Ki te te tauhohenga putawera i roto i te pūtau, tukua te wera Peltier te i roto i te pūtau, rite atu kua wahi ia ki te haere. Ki te te tauhohenga i roto i te pūtau - pauwera, he te katoa tetahi wahi ranei i te wera Peltier ki utu mo te pānga pauwera, arā, ki te hanga i te hua tauhohenga. I roto i tenei tauira, te katoa tauhohe pūtau: 2H2O → 2H2 ↑ + O2 ↑ - pauwera, na te wera (pūngao) o te Peltier ko ki te waihanga rāpoi me H2 O2, kua hanga e runga i te electrodes. Ko te kupu, noaa mai ia tatou e kore te te wera o te Peltier tīpakohia i roto i reo i roto i te matau n-whakapā Semiconductor / whakarewa tukua hoki ki te taiao, me kei te rongoa i roto i te puka o te pūngao matū o ngā rāpoi ngota hauwai me te hāora. Oia mau, pau te mahi o te pūtake ngaohiko waho te mo te iahiko o te wai, i roto i tenei take, ka waiho iti atu i roto i te take o electrodes ōrite, meinga kahore takanga o te pānga Peltier .. Ahakoa o nga āhuatanga o nga electrodes, te pūtau -hiko iho taea e haru te whakaputa wera, ka haere i roto i te tukunga o nāianei Peltier ranei. Ko te tikanga Manatü-pateko, te huringa pea o te pūtau Gibbs [4, p. 60]: Δ G = Δ H - T Δ S, te wahi Δ H - panoni hāwera o te pūtau; T - te pāmahana wera; Δ S - huringa i roto i te te piraunga o te pūtau; Q = - T Δ S - wera o te pūtau Peltier. Hoki te pūtau iahiko hauwai-hāora i T = 298 (K), te panoni i roto i enthalpy ΔHpr = - 284.5 (kJ / mol) [8, p. 120], te huringa i roto i te Gibbs pea [4. he. 60]: ΔGpr = - zFE = 2 * 96485 * 1.23 = - 237.3 (kJ / mol), i reira z - maha o irahiko ia rāpoi ngota; F - Faraday tamau; E - emf pūtau. reira Q Ave = - T Δ S Ave = Δ G etc. - Δ H etc = - 237.3 + 47.2 = 284.5 (kJ / mol)> 0, arā mahia hauwai-hāora pūtau iahiko wera i roto i te taiao Peltier, i te whakapai ake i tona piraunga, e tukupu ana ona. Na, i roto i te tukanga kōaro, te iahiko o te wai, i te mea te take i roto i to tatou hi'oraa, Peltier wera Q mod = - Q Ave = - Ka 47.3 (kJ / mol) o te kawehiko kia whenumi i te taiao. Rawea, P - wera Peltier tangohia i te taiao i roto i te matau n-whakapā Semiconductor / whakarewa. Ko te 'PASSWORDSENTTEXT 0 wera me tu i roto i te pūtau, engari no te mea whāwehe o te wai i roto i te tauhohenga pauwera pūtau (Δ H> 0), te P Peltier wera, ko te ki te utu mo te pānga waiariki o te tauhohenga: Δ G faanahohia = (Δ faanahohia H - n) + mod Q (1) Mod Q tei anake i runga i te hanganga o te kawehiko, mai Ko reira he huru o te pūtau -hiko ki kawehiko e mangere, a n he ti'aturi anake i runga i te rauemi kawehiko. Whārite (1) E whakaatu ana e te wera o te Peltier P me Peltier wera Q mod, ko te hanga o te mahi whai hua. ie wera Peltier tangohia atu i te reo te whakaiti i te utu o te pūtake mana waho hiahiatia mō te iahiko. He āhuatanga i reira te reo wera ko te puna o te pūngao mo te hanga o te mahi whai hua, he huru o te tūringiringi, me rite mo te maha pūtau iahiko, kua whakaaturia tauira o taua āhuatanga i roto i [3, p. 248 - 249]. Tohutoro
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