Whakarōpū me typology o te ao

Ko te tino nui, me te whānui te ao hou. Ki te titiro koe ki te mahere tōrangapū o to tatou paraneta, e nehenehe tatou e tatau 230 whenua e te hunga tino rerekē i ia atu. E te rohe rawa nui etahi o ratou, a ki te kahore koe e noho i te katoa, e pā ana ki te hawhe o te fenua, pea iti iho i te pa rahi i roto i te ao i te tahi atu wāhi. I roto i te tahi mau whenua, he rauiwi te taupori, i roto i ētahi atu katoa i pakiaka rohe. He taonga i roto i ngā rauemi ētahi wāhi, ētahi atu whai ki te mahi i waho o ngā rauemi māori. Ko Ia o ratou ahurei, me te he ona ake āhuatanga, engari kua taea ki te tāutu i ngā āhuatanga noa e e taea ki te whakakotahi i te āhua i roto i te rōpū pūtaiao. Heoi ka hanga te typology o nga whenua o te ao hou.

Ko te ariā o te momo o

Ka rite ki te mea i mohiotia he, te whanaketanga - ko reira tukanga rawa rangirua, e taea te tango i te wahi tino rerekē, i runga i nga tikanga e pa ana i te reira rānei. Ko e tika ana ki te typology me te ao tenei. Kua riro ia o ratou i roto i etahi ngā hītori e tika tākiekina tona kukuwhatanga. Otiia i te wa taua i reira ko te rōpū o tohu e taea maha puta i roto i te āhua i te huinga taua i roto i te tahi atu rōpū-rohe. I runga i te pūtake o enei ritenga, me te hanga i te typology o whenua o te ao hou.

Otiia e kore e taea te hāngai anake te whakarōpū taua i runga i ngā paearu kotahi e rua ranei, kia e te mahi pūtaiao he mahi nui o te kohikohinga raraunga. I runga i te pūtake o tenei tātaritanga ko reira he rōpū o ngā ōritenga e hono rite ki tetahi ki tetahi whenua.

He momo o typologies

Tohu e te hunga i te kairangahau, e kore e taea te ngā i roto i te rōpū kotahi, rite no ratou ki ao rerekē o te ora. Na reira, e hāngai ana te typology o whenua i runga i ngā paearu, i arahina ki te putanga o whakarōpūtanga maha, e whakawhirinaki i runga i te take i tīpakohia. Etahi o ratou arotake te whanaketanga ōhanga, ētahi i - āhuatanga tōrangapū, me te hītori. He hunga e kua hāngai i runga i te paerewa o te ora o tangata ki te wāhi matawhenua o te rohe ranei. Ka taea hoki te hanga Time whakarerekētanga, me typology taketake o te ao e taea te huri. E tawhitotia etahi o ratou, i etahi atu - anake ki te hiti mai.

Hei tauira, kua reira wehenga rawa wā o te hanganga ōhanga i runga i te capitalist ao (whanaunga mākete) me hapori (ōhanga whakaritea) whenua mo runga i te rau tau. He rōpū motuhake i te wa ano i riro koroni mua ratou mana motuhake, me te tu i te timatanga o te whanaketanga. Otiia kua riro ngā wahi i runga i te tekau tau torutoru mua, i whakakitea e riro te ōhanga-pāpori, kua tawhitotia, ahakoa reira tonu tonu te nui i roto i te maha o nga whenua. Na reira, kua tenei typology i peia ki te papamuri.

uara

Kei te matau te reira i te uara o te kāwanatanga wehewehe i te wāhi o te tirohanga o te pūtaiao. Mai āhei reira pūtaiao ki te hanga i to ratou rangahau, e taea te tohu i te hapa i roto i te whanaketanga o me huarahi ki te karo ia ratou ki etahi atu. Ko te typology o whenua i roto i te ao, me te he uara nui mahi. Hei tauira, te United Nations - tetahi o nga rōpū tino nui i roto i Europe a te ao - i runga i te pūtake o te whakarōpū o te whakawhanake i te rautaki mō te tautoko pūtea mo te whenua paruparu me tino whakaraerae.

Hoki, kua whakamana i te wehenga mo te whakaaro o te tātai i te tūponotanga e taea pā te whanaketanga o te ōhanga rite te katoa. E āwhina ana tēnei ki te atu tika te whakatau i te tupu pūtea me ngā taunekeneke o te rōpū katoa i roto i te mākete. Na reira, ko te reira e kore anake takahi nui, engari ano hoki i te mahi tono e tino tino mohio a ao.

Typology o whenua i roto i ngā o te whanaketanga ohaoha o te ao. momo ahau

Ko te tino noa, me te pinepine whakamahia ko te whakarōpū o whenua rite ki te taumata pāpori-ōhanga o te whanaketanga. I runga i te pūtake o tenei paearu e rua momo. Ko te tuatahi o ratou - ko te whenua whakawhanakehia. Tenei 60 ngā wāhi motuhake e whai he taumata tiketike o te ora o tangata, whai wāhitanga nui pūtea, me te nui mana puta noa i te ao ritenga. Otira kei te wehewehea ano hoki tenei momo o te tino heterogeneous me ki te maha subgroups:

• Ko te pera-ka karanga "Group o whitu" (France, USA, Japan, UK, Canada, Italy me Germany). Ko te whakakorekore te kaiārahi o enei whenua. He roroa i roto i te ōhanga o te ao ratou, i te hua nui rawa matotoru kāinga mō ia (10-20 mano tāra). Ko te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao me te hangarau i roto i enei whenua kī tiketike. whakaatu History e He mea paihere te mua o te "whitu Big" ki te koroni, i kawea mai nei e ratou haumi pūtea nui. Ko tētahi atu huru noa - te heriheri o corporations i te hokohoko o te ao.
• whenua iti e kore e e whai taua mana, kia rite ki te runga ake, ko ratou tūranga i roto i te ao ao ko te whakakorekore, me te tipu haere nga tau. GDP mō ia e kore e rere ke i te whika homai i runga ake. Here e taea te pēnei tata katoa whenua Pākehā Western, kihai nei i i huaina mua. Ratou maha pāhono te "nui e whitu" me te hanga i ona hononga.
• whakaruru States 'o te moni, "kei te puta e i te mahi taiwhenua o te Ingarihi (Ahitereiria, Awherika ki te Tonga, Aotearoa). Ēnei kawanatanga tata tuki ki feudalism, na he tino ahurei ratou pūnaha tōrangapū, me te ōhanga. E mea pinepine ngā ano tenei a Iharaira. he tiketike nui taumata whanaketanga.
• whenua Kihi - ko te rōpū motuhake i hanga i muri hinga te Soviet Union i 1991 tenei. Ko te nuinga o te tahi atu āhua o Eastern Europe tomo te reira i konei.

Ko te kupu, ko te typology o whenua i roto i ngā o te whanaketanga o te ao, ko te tika i te taua rōpū tuatahi. Ko rite ki te toenga o te ao enei kau taki, a ka tautuhi ratou te tukanga i roto i te ao te ao.

momo tuarua

Ko te typology o whenua rite ki te taumata o te whanaketanga ōhanga o te ao, me te kua he Huingaiti tuarua - te whakawhanake States. noho te nuinga o te whenua i runga i to tatou paraneta e taua rōpū rohe, a i te iti rawa hawhe o te taupori ora konei. E wehea ano enei whenua ki te maha o ngā momo:

• whenua matua (Mexico, Argentina, India, Brazil). whakawhanakehia ahumahi rängai konei te i te taumata tiketike, e kore te mea hoki ki tāwāhi te whakamutunga. whanaunga Market i te tohu nui o te paari. Ko he āhua iti GDP, e ārai te whenua ki te neke ki te momo rerekē.
• whenua hou ahumahi (South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, me ētahi atu). E whakaatu ana te hītori o enei whenua e ki runga ki te 80-doma o te rau tau whakamutunga, i ngoikore ratou ohanga, e te nuinga mahi te iwi i roto i te ahuwhenua ahumahi extractive ranei. arahina tenei ki te pūnaha taramore o whanaunga mākete me ngā take moni. Ko te whakaaturanga tekau tau whakamutunga e kua tīmata enei whenua ki te haere ki te mata i roto i te ao te ao, kua tino nui haere te GDP, a kua oho hokohoko ke i runga i whakangao hua Inarā i.
• Kaweake whenua hinu (Hauti Arapia, UAE, Kuwait me ētahi atu). E rave rahi o teie mau āhua i piri i roto i te whakahaere te ao o OPEC. Gross Hua Domestic mō ia he tiketike rawa, engari noho te taumata o whanaunga pāpori i te taumata tika iti. Kei te tipu haere te ōhanga i te utu o tāwāhi o te hinu faufau me hua i takea mai i reira.
• O Amerika ki te takaroa whanaketanga. Ko ētahi o ēnei te nuinga o whenua whakawhanake.
• Iti whakawhanakehia - ko reira Ahia (Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Nepal, Yemen), Africa (Somalia, Nikera, Mali ko Chad), Latin America (Haiti). Kei roto i tēnei āhua katoa 42.

Hoki te momo tuarua o ngā āhuatanga e rawakore, mua koroni, pakanga tōrangapū auau, te whanaketanga rawakore o te pūtaiao, rongoā me te ahumahi.

typology pāpori me te ōhanga o te whenua whakaatu pēhea te rerekē ngā āhuatanga ora o te iwi e noho ana i roto i te rohe ngā. Ko tētahi o nga āhuatanga whakatakotoria i roto i te whanaketanga o ngā kaupapa o mua, kua meinga, kia rite ki tetahi taea whai pai i te koroni, a ka oti rawa te tahi atu i tenei wa ratou rauemi katoa ki te wikitoria. E rite nui ko te mentality o te iwi ratou, no te mea i roto i te tahi mau whenua, ka tae ki te mana e whai ana ki te whakapai ake i to ratou ahua, i roto i etahi atu - anake tiaki e pā ana ki to ratou oranga.

Ko te whakarōpū o te taupori

Tetahi o nga tauira tino a Tūrongo, o te wehenga ko te typology o whenua i roto i te ao i roto i ngā o te taupori. Ko te tino nui tenei paearu no te mea te reira whakaaro ki te hei i te rauemi tino nui nga iwi, e taea anake i te whenua. Oia mau, ki te heke te taupori i te tau ki te tau e, i taea e arahi reira ki te ngaro o te iwi. Na reira, ko te tino rongonui hoki te typology o whenua rite ki te maha o te ao. Whakatauranga i runga i tenei kaupapa, ko te rite whai:

• Ko te wahi tuatahi no ki te rangatira motuhake - Republic o nga tangata o Haina ki 1,357 piriona iwi .. Mai i 1960 ki te 2015, kua nui haere te tokomaha o te iwi Hainamana e tata he piriona, i arahina ki te kaupapa here motu kaha e pā ana ki te whanautanga tamariki. I roto i nga whenua maha, e kore ratou e manako ki anake maha tamariki, engari ano hoki tautoko moni, i roto i China kore reira e whakaaetia ki te whai ake i te kotahi te tamaiti i roto i te utuafare. Anake i roto i te 2014 i whanau ai konei neke atu i 16 miriona ngā pēpi. Na reira, i roto i te tekau tau e haere mai ana, Haina kua tino kore e ngaro tona tuatahi.
• wahi Tuarua i roto i te India (1.301 piriona. tangata). Mai i 1960 ki te 2015, kua hoki nui haere te taupori o te whenua e tata kotahi piriona. Neke atu i te te tau kua hipa e i whanau 26.6 miriona ngā pēpi, na i whanau i roto i tenei kāwanatanga me katoa pai rawa.
• Ko te wahi tuatoru i roto i te US, ko te rerekētanga i roto i te taupori i waenganui i te whenua tuatahi e rua, ka ko te tino nui tenei - i tenei ra ora 325 miriona iwi i roto i te United States, e kua whakakiia e kore anake e tika ana ki te auau whanau tiketike (i roto i te 2014 - 4.4 miriona) engari ano na te tikanga o te hekenga (i roto i te taua tau ka haere mai ki te 1.4 miriona i konei).
• Indonesia kore ano e manukanuka ki to koutou poka ira, e ora 257 miriona iwi konei. tupu Natural taupori teitei - 2.9 miriona (2014), engari he tokomaha tamata ki te haere atu i te whare i roto i te rapu o te ora pai (heke 254,7 mano i roto i te 2014).
• Ko te runga e rima kau taki i roto i Brazil. Ko te taupori - 207,4 miriona. hua Natural - 2.3 miriona.

I roto i tenei rārangi, ko Russia i te wahi 9 ki te taupori - 146,3 miriona. Natural tipu taupori i roto i te Russian Federation moni ki 25 mano tangata i roto i te 2014. Ko te tokomaha iti rawa o te iwi e noho ana i roto i te Vatican - 836, a ngāwari taea te faataa i te reira e te tikanga rohe.

Whakarōpū i te rohe

Ko te tino ngā ano te typology o te ao i te rohe. tuwhaina e te reira i te āhua ki 7 ngā rōpū:

• Roroa, ko tona rohe nui 3 Mill. Kiromita Square. Ko Canada, China, USA, Brazil, Ahitereiria, India ko Russia, e ko te nui rawa i roto i te rohe ki te wāhi katoa o te 17.1 miriona. Km ^{2 tenei.}
• Nui - i tetahi ki te e toru miriona km ^{2 ..} Tenei whenua 21, tae atu Mexico, Awherika ki te Tonga, Chad, Iran, Etiopia, Argentina me etahi atu.
• Nui - i 500 mano ki te 1 miriona km ^{2 ..} Ko reira ano hoki 21 whenua: Pakistan, Chile, Turkey, Yemen, Ihipa, Afghanistan, Mozambique, Ukraine me etahi atu.
• Toharite - i 100 ki te 500 000 km ^2. āhua 56: Peraruhia, Morocco, Japan, Aotearoa, Paraguay, Cameroon, UK, Spain, Uruguay me etahi atu.
• Iti - i te 10 ki te 100 mano ^km2. Tenei whenua 56: South Korea, Czech Republic, Serbia, Georgia, te Netherlands, Costa Rica, Latvia, Togo, Qatar, Azerbaijan me etahi atu.
• Iti - i te 1 ki te 10 000 km ^2. Tenei whenua 8: Trinidad and Tobago, Hāmoa, Kaiperu, Brunei, Luxembourg, Comoros, Mauritius ko Cape Verde.
• Moroiti - ki runga ki te 1 000 km ^2. 24 na ô te reira i: Singapore, Liechtenstein, Malta, Nauru, Tonga, Barbados, Andorra, Kiribati, Dominica me etahi atu. Ko hoki tenei te whenua iti i roto i te ao - te Vatican. hipokina te reira i te wāhi o 44 heketea, kei roto i te pane o Itari - Roma.

Ko te kupu, ko te pūtake o te typology o whenua rite ki te rahi o te ao - he wāhi e taea ngā i 17 miriona kiromita tapawha (Russia) ki 44 heketea (Vatican). E ngohengohe ana ki te huri i tika ki pakanga hōia hiahia noa o te whenua ki te momotu me te hanga i to ratou ake āhua ranei enei whika. Na reira, e whakahoutia enei tūranga tonu.

Whakarōpū i te wāhi matawhenua

He nui i roto i te whanaketanga o te kāwanatanga solves tona wāhi. Ki te kei reira i te pūtahitanga o ngā ara moana, ka ara ake tino te taumata ōhanga tika ki kapewhiti huri noa te arawai. Ki te kahore he wāhi ki te moana, e kore e taea e taua hua e rohe kite. Na reira, kia rite ki te tūranga matawhenua o te whenua e wehea ki:

• Archipelagos - kāwanatanga, e kua whakanohoia ki runga ki te rōpū o motu, kei te tawhiti poto i ia atu (te Bahamas, Japan, Tonga, Palau, te Philippines me ētahi atu).
• Island - kei roto i nga rohe o tetahi atu ranei o nga motu e kore e i hono ki te tuawhenua (Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Whītī, United Kingdom, me ētahi atu).
• Peninsular - te hunga e kua kei i runga i te Peninsulas (Italy, Norway, India, Laos, Turkey, UAE, Oman me ētahi atu).
• Maritimes - aua whenua e whai wāhi ki te moana (Ukraine, te USA, Brazil, Germany, China, Russia, Ihipa, me ētahi atu).
• Tari - e kore e landlocked (Armenia, Nepal, Zambia, Austria, Moldova, Czech Republic, Paraguay, me ētahi atu).

Ko hoki Typology o geography whenua o te ao rawa ngā, me te kanorau. Ko te mea he okotahi, i te mea Ahitereiria, no te mea ko reira anake te whenua i roto i te ao, noho i te rohe o te fenua katoa. Te reira i reira fakatahai maha ngā momo.

Whakarōpū o GDP

hua motu matotoru - taonga katoa e taea e hua i te āhua kotahi mo te tau i roto i tona rohe. Kua tēnei paearu kua whakamahia i runga, engari kia tuhia te reira motuhake, pera i nga kaipūtaiao mea e te typology ōhanga o te GDP ao ko te wahi ki te kia kotahi. Ka rite ki matau koutou, i runga i Pipiri 1 o ia tau, ko te ra o te whakahou i te rārangi World Bank o whenua i runga i te taumata tata o GDP. E wehea kāwai Revenue ki 4 momo:

• auau moni iti (ki 1035 US tara mō ia);
• moni i raro toharite (ki runga, ki te 4085 tara ia tangata);
• moni i runga toharite (ki runga, ki te 12615 US tāra);
• taumata tiketike (12616 tāra).

I te 2013, te Russian Federation, tahi ki Chile, Uruguay ko Lithuania i whakawhitia ki te rōpū o te whenua e whai he taumata tiketike o te moni. Ko, kāore, i reira te mea he au whakamuri i roto i te tahi mau whenua, pērā i Hungary. hoki ano ia ki te toru te atamira whakarōpū. Na reira, kia tuhia te reira e te typology ōhanga o whenua rite ki te hua motu matotoru ko te tino iu me te whakahoutia nga tau.

Ko te tohu wehenga o tāone

I to tatou paraneta iti me iti tonu te rohe e kore e kua nohoia e te pa. Ko te tukanga o te whanaketanga o te whenua wahine toe me te huaina tāone. Kua whakahaere te UN rangahau i roto i tenei rohe, hua i roto i i unu ake he whakarōpū me te typology o whenua te wahi o te taupori tāone i roto i te tapeke taupori o te kāwanatanga motuhake. hangaia te ao hou te kia e riro te pa tetahi wahi o nga nohanga nui o te iwi. Ahakoa te tipu tere o enei kainga, tāone i roto i whenua rerekē he taumata rerekē. Hei tauira, Kei te tino Inia mararatia Latin America ko Europe ki enei whakataunga, engari te tonga me Te Tai Rāwhiti Ahia he taupori nui tuawhenua. whakahoutia ana tēnei taupū te kotahi nga 3 tau. I te 2013, i whakaputaina i te rangatira tino o nāianei:

• Whenua ki te 100% tāone - Hong Kong, Nauru, Singapore me Monaco.
• States e whai ake atu i te 90% - o San Marino, Uruguay, Venezuela, Tiorangi, Argentina, Malta, Qatar, Belgium, me Kuwait.
• Neke atu i te 50% e 107 nga iwi (Japan, Greece, Hiria, Gambia, Poland, Ireland, Morocco, me ētahi atu).
• Mai i 18 ki te 50% o te tāone kite i roto i te 65 whenua (Bangladesh, India, Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania, Afghanistan, Tonga me ētahi atu).
• Kei raro 18% i roto i te 10 whenua - Etiopia, Trinidad and Tobago, Malawi, Nepal, Uganda, Liechtenstein, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, St. Lucia, ko Burundi, e kua he 11.5% tāone.

Federation Russian i roto i tenei rārangi ko 51 tūru ki 74,2% o te noho tāone. Ko te tino nui tenei ahua te mea te mea he wāhanga o te whanaketanga ōhanga o te whenua. Kei te hāngai te reira i roto i nga pa o te nuinga o te hanga. Ki te te te nuinga mahi te taupori i roto i te ahuwhenua, kōrero reira e pā ana ki tangata iti-moni. Ki te titiro koe ki te tatauranga, ngāwari e taea tatou kite e whenua tino taonga i te rahi tiketike rawa o te tāone, engari ahumahi hoki ratou.

Ko te kupu, ki tonu to matou ao te ki te momo o whenua. Ko ratou he tau nui, a kahore katoa e rite tahi ratou. Ia he ona ake tikanga me te tuku iho, to ratou reo, me te mentality. Ko reira he āhuatanga e whakakotahi maha āhua. Na reira, hoki haratau nui e whakarōpūtia ratou. pea te paearu mo te typology o te ao te tino rerekē (te whanaketanga ōhanga, tupu GDP, te kounga o te ora, rohe, taupori, wāhi matawhenua, tāone). Ko e ratou āhua amui katoa, hanga ratou maheni ake me marama ki tahi i te tahi.