Ara me te tikanga o te tuku

he maha nui o papapūata ora i roto i te ao, e kitea ki te kanohi tangata. Etahi o ratou e kore e tū tetahi ati, i ētahi atu e taea meinga tini o nga mate. He aha e nga ara me te tikanga o te tuku o te mate, i reira e - he pātai e tika whakarongo.

Mate: ko te huarahi me te aratau o tuku. ngā wetemunatanga

I roto i tenei pūtaiao, mātai tahumaero, whakamahia te wā "mate". tohu ana tēnei wāhanga i te ati o te mate i tipu, kararehe tinana tangata ranei e tukumate rerekē. Ēnei ngā pūtau-, huakita, wheori, a na i runga i. E tuku E. mahaki ko i runga i etahi tikanga. I raro i enei tikanga ki te huinga o ngā huarahi motuhake neke tukumate i te puna ki te rauropi i haria.

Tohunga tautuhi wha tikanga tuku :

• fecal-waha;
• aerosol-aerogenic;
• pērā;
• bloodborne.

Ia tikanga whakatinana i roto i ngā huarahi (huarahi). E pā ana tēnei wā ki ngā āhuatanga e whakarite kătahi o te mate i roto i te rauropi i haria i roto i etahi tikanga.

te āhuatanga ara tuku o te huarahi fecal-waha

Mate motuhake ki tenei tikanga tuku, ka karanga intestinal. Ko te māngai pūtake o te rangatira ora i roto i te pūnaha kūnatu. Ko te microorganisms taiao whiwhi tahi me tütae. ô i te tukumate kaiao hou te momo o huarahi. Here he ara ki te tuku mate intestinal:

• wai (poke te wai, ka whakamahia);
• kai (i roto i te hua, kai, ika, waiu, huawhenua poke, hua me hua);
• whakapā-whare (i roto i te momo o ngā tūemi whare).

I roto i te wai, e tika ana ki te hit tika i roto i ona feces oneone poke ranei nga kaiao. Kei te maha, no te huaketo tūemi kai me te whakapā-whare ara tuku kai, me te whare i muri i te tangata e mate ana te taviniraa i te puna o te mate, pa reira ratou. He wāhi nui i roto i te tuku o tukumate tākaro ngaro. microorganisms pathogenic whiwhi ki nga waewae o te ngārara ki feces.

TAUIRA mate ki tikanga tuku fecal-waha

Ko tētahi mate tangata mohiotia - koripi. Tenei mate, āhuatanga nei i te pāpaka syndromes gastrointestinal me haurangi hopuhopu whānui. Puta ana te mate e tika ana ki te koripi tokotoko no ki te puninga Shigella. Te ara o te tuku - wai, te kai, me te whakapā-whare.

I tēnei wā, pāngia te koripi i roto i te wā taratahi. puta mate:

• e tika ana ki te whakamahinga o te wai i ngā awa, puna, tīwae, kei roto i te parukore ta'efakafiemālie me ngā āhuatanga hangarau;
• te whakamahi o te kai iti rawa tukatuka (paru, masivesivá).

Ko reira ano hoki taea pakarutanga - mate rōpū. E meinga e disorders o te supply wehenga, me te centralized wai urutā Water. maha puta urutā Whakapā-whare i roto i te kōhungahunga e tika ana ki te takahi o anti-urutā tikanga (hei tauira, e tika ana ki mehua disinfection painga whakamana).

ara tuku ka te huarahi aerosol-aerogenic

He maha ngā ingoa tenei tikanga whakawhiti. I roto i te tuhinga motuhake i reira e taua tūemi rite wawata, rehu, maturuturu. I muri i te tātari a ratou, e nehenehe tatou e kite e te tuku tikanga aerosol-inhalatory āhuatanga e localization o te tukumate i roto i whekau romahā.

Ka taea te tuku microorganisms i roto i te ara (huarahi) e whai ake nei:

1. Mahino. tukua te kaihoko pūtake te i roto i te maremare, te tihe, korero. Rūrūtia o te hūpē i pangia ki te taiao, a ka ki tomo rangi te tinana hauora.
2. Na roto i te inhalation o puehu. Ki tenei tikanga tuku huaketo tangata hauora i muri i ingestion o matūriki puehu mahino kei roto i te mate.

Tauira o mate ki aerosol-tuku tikanga inhalatory

Rewharewha Ko te mate noa o te natura viral. Ko te aratau matua o te tuku - mahino. A, no te pānga o te mate te wahi romahā o runga. A, no te tomo i te huaketo te organizmzdorovogo tangata, tohu pērā i te rohirohi, pāhoahoa, uaua, me te mamae tahi. e whakatika pāmahana Tinana. I muri i te tahi mau wa, amuamu nga tūroro o popoketanga nasal, nui korokoro, mare maroke.

Mahino tikanga whakawhiti puehu he kirika ngangana i rawe ki - te mate streptococcal, punctate āhuatanga e hikaka, nui korokoro me tohu o te haurangi. E excreted I mate tukumate sputum manawanui tangata, pirau. He tino ātete ki ngā āhuatanga taiao ratou. whakamārama ana tēnei i te taea o te mate i roto i te rangi, me te puehu.

Ara tuku ka tikanga pērā

Hoki tikanga pērā o te tuku ko te tukumate nohoanga angamaheni ki te toto ope. I roto i te tinana hauora tomo te mate i roto i ngā angawaho (puruhi, te kutu, waeroa, te hi'opo'ai te, rere). E wehea Carriers ki motuhake, me te nonspecific. Ko te rōpū tuatahi ngā angawaho, i kawe etahi mate. Hei tauira, nga pere motuhake o te malaria i waeroa, te fiva rahi - kutu. Ko te rōpū tuarua ngā namu mau ana mate intestinal whakapeka, taipō, kakā A.

Ka taea te tuku tikanga pērā:

• anthroponoses (awa me te puna o te mate, ko te anake he tangata);
• Zoonoses (awa me te puna o te mate ko te kararehe);
• anthropozoonosis (te puna o te mate e taea e rua kararehe me te tangata).

Tauira o mate pērā ki te huarahi tuku

Ko tētahi o mate pere-whanau - malaria. Te reira i anroponoznoe mate meinga e hātare o te puninga ko Plasmodium. E tuku tukumate i mate ki te iwi hauora e te waeroa no ki te puninga Anopheles. riro hopuhopu te rangatira hou anake, no te puta te toto ngā fakasekisualé o te tukumate - gametocytes. Hei tauira, i roto i te malaria pārūrū puta reira e pā ana ki te wiki i muri i te tīmatanga o te parasitaemia me tonu puta noa i te tau.

Ko tētahi atu tauira o te mate tikanga pērā o tuku - te whiu. Ko te kaihoko pūtake ko Yersinia pestis (whakaritea huakita rakau āhua). Ko te puna o te mate i roto i te natura e te kiore, me te kawe - he puruhi. Ēnei pepeke toto-ngote i muri i te kai toto poke i roto i te pūnaha kūnatu tīmata ki te tini microbe whiu. Tukumate kohikohi ka whakakiia te lumen o te ngongo kūnatu. I roto i te ngau o muri o tukumate ruaki kararehe tangata ranei puruhi, me te whakarato te kupu contamination.

transduction ara tūturu tikanga bloodborne

He āhuatanga o te maha mate tikanga tuku Bloodborne: kitakita, fungal, viral, kararehe pūtautahi, pirinoa. Tukumate tomo te tinana i roto i ngā huarahi rerekē. Hoki tenei take, i reira ko nga ara e whai ake nei o te tuku:

• poutū;
• parenteral;
• transplantation;
• fakasekisualé.

aratau poutū o te tuku ko e tika ana ki te kătahi o te tukumate i te tinana o te kukune i te tinana o te wahine hapu i roto i te ewe. Hoki te ara parenteral āhuatanga e mau ana i roto i ngā tukanga hauora. Hei tauira, i roto i ētahi wā, hei pangia i roto i te tari niho, te wahi whakamahi i te tākuta he mea kore-horomata iwi. whakatinana tikanga tuku transplant te ka te huaranga whekau. ara whakamutunga mate tūturu tuku i roto i takoto.

I tua atu, ka taea ki te tohatoha tikanga whakapā tuku. A, no te reira mate puta i roto i whakapā tika ki te tukumate me te whakauru i te puna i runga i te mata o te kiri, me kiriuhi mucous (hei tauira, scabies)

mate TAUIRA ki tikanga tuku bloodborne

raruraru hauora me te pāpori o nāianei ko e kore e mohio nga iwi maha tukunoa'i nga ara o te tuku o mate paipai ranei kahore e, tiakina i te wa o hononga tupurangi. Ko te aha te tino maha Paerewa pāngia e te rata.

He tauira o te mate ki te bloodborne tuku tikanga ko HIV. A, no te pānga o te mate te pūnaha ārai mate. Te reira i āta wawahi iho tae noa te hanganga o AIDS (riro syndrome ārai). Tukumate - he huaketo o te whānau retrovirus. Ko te puna o te mate mahi tangata mate.

He taketake (tūturu) i roto i tenei mate tikanga tuku Fakasekisualé, me te poutū. Kei te whakatinana hoki ara horihori (parenteral me transplant) mātātoa. A, no te tomo i te huaketo ki reira i roto i te kiri whati ranei kiriuhi mucous ki ngā tukanga whakaora, me te tātaritanga, whakahaere tarukino, moko mahi i roto i ngā āhuatanga nonsterile.

mate nosocomial

Ngā taa'eraa He mate hōhipera-riro (HAI). Ko te raruraru rawa nui tenei. A, no te hopu iwi mate nosocomial i runga i whakauru ki te hōhipera rapu tiaki hauora ranei. mate Nosocomial meinga nui kino ki te hauora. I tua atu, hua ana o ratou te roanga o te maimoatanga me te noho i roto i te whare hauora, pōauautanga take, a ētahi wā noa arahi ki te mate.

Methods o te tuku i roto i te whare rere rata. Tukumate tomo te tinana o te tangata rite te taiao (tiko-waha, aerosol me inhalatory) horihori ranei (i roto i ngā tukanga haumanu, me te tātaritanga urutomo) te tikanga. mate Nosocomial puta kore anake e tika ana ki te haapa'oraa-kore o parukore-mā, me te anti-urutā tikanga, engari ano hoki i te mea o te putanga o microorganisms ātete ki raau taero chemotherapeutic, paturopi, me ngā āhuatanga taiao kino.

I roto i te mutunga, ko reira ia tapao e mo nga mate moku, ki etahi huarahi (tikanga) o te tuku o mate. E mohio ana e pā ana ki te āhua o puta te mate, he mea ka taea ki te ārai i te takanga i etahi mate (hei tauira, e kore te whakamahi i ngā hua paru, te tupato sex tüao, arahina te āhua noho hauora me te ki mutu te tarukino).