Architecture me toi o Russia tahito. peita Religious o Russia tahito

Ko te whanaketanga o te toi me te kāhua hoahoanga o te temepara Russia ona takenga mai i roto i te kohu o te wā. I roto i te 988 Kievan Rus 'ki te whakatamarikitanga o Karaitiana i ahau ahurea tuku iho nui o te Byzantine Empire, e fakatahai nga āhuatanga o te kororia wheriko i o te Te Tai Rāwhiti me te tapatahi haapae hua Te Hau-ā-uru. I roto i te ariā o te kāhua maha-toi me te toi taketake i hanga te hoahoanga motuhake, me te toi o Russia tahito.

papamuri Historical o te kāhua taketake o te hoahoanga me te toi o Russia tahito

Toi o Russia tahito rite te pou ki te ahurea mua-Kalisitiané he mohiotia ki kaipūtaiao hou, a ka māngai te whakairo o tenei wā e te torutoru anake whakapakoko rakau o whakapakoko. Ko te taua āhuatanga ki te urupa hoahoanga o te mua-Christian Russia, te nuinga pea, e tika ana ki te meka i hanga e ratou o te rakau, me te kua kore i ora taua ki te rā.

anga Painting i roto i Russia ki te wheako i tona whanaketanga tere i roto i te rau tau 10, ka, i muri i te kupu whakataki o te whakamahi i runga i te rohe o Russia te tātai reta Slavic hanga taea te utu o te wheako i waenganui kaimahi Russian me Byzantine e fakaafe'i i muri i 988 nga tau i roto i te pa Russian o Prince Vladimir Cyril me Methodius.

I roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 11, kua whakawhanakehia te āhuatanga i roto i te ao tōrangapū, me te pāpori o te kāwanatanga Russian Old i roto i te taua ara e te etene putanga wāhanga fakalotu timata panaia te faatere piha i ao katoa o te ora tūmatanui. Ko te kupu, ka timata te hoahoanga me te toi o Russia tahito tona whanaketanga no o ka piri tenei Wenerei tupu Byzantine.

Ko čtahi mo te whanaketanga o ngā āhuatanga stylistic o hoahoanga

Architecture me toi o Russia tahito rite te ensemble kāhua katoa haere mai i raro i te mana tika o te hoahoanga Byzantine, i te mea te ahua synthesized o nga whare tawhito temepara, āta hanga i te momo rau 10 pai mohiotia o hahi ripeka-domed, he rawa rerekē i te basilicas Karaitiana wawe. Whakawhiti kikorangi ruawhetū i runga i nga taha pakeke o te turanga tapawha o te temepara, te whakamahi i te hou whakawhanakehia e "e rere" te kikorangi o te pūnaha tautoko me te whakahaere i tona pēhanga ki runga ki nga taiepa, kua tutuki kaihoahoa Byzantine te roha mōrahi o te wāhi ā-o te temepara, a hanga he momo hou o ngā whare hahi Karaitiana.

pā te āhuatanga hoahoa whakaahuatia ana i runga ki te mau hiero, te turanga o e ko te "he ripeka Kariki" pera-ka karanga, i te mea he rima tapawhā whakaritea equidistant i ia atu.

He nui i muri - i roto i te rau tau 19 - i roto i Russia i hanga te pera-ka karanga "tupurangi-Byzantine" kāhua o whare temepara, i reira e kei he puka kikorangi ãpoko i runga i nga pahu o raro, potaea ona whakamahau matapihi, me te ko te roto o te temepara, he wāhi noa, e kore e wehea e te pou me ruma ripeka.

Ko čtahi mo te whanaketanga o ngā āhuatanga stylistic o te peita

ka mau Toi o Russia tahito rite te momo motuhake o te whakapaipai toi o te mau hiero āhua i muri i taua rohe i muri i te iriiringa o Rus kawea mai ratou wheako rongonui karangatia rangatira Byzantine. Na reira, maha ngā pikitia me frescoes o hahi Karaitiana wawe mua-Mongol wā indistinguishable i roto i te take mai Russian, me te Byzantine.

I roto i te ariā, i te ata whakaahua nehenehe, peita o Russia tahito te whakaaro Cathedral o te Kiev-Pechersk pakiki, te mahi i roto i i pania e rangatira Byzantine. E kore kua te temepara iho i tiaki, engari mohiotia te tona whakapaipai roto i te whakaahuatanga i kua tutuki, kua i roto i te rau tau 17. noho kaipeita karangatia i roto i te ohu whakapono, a whakatakotoria te turanga mo te ako tona mahi. Ven Alypius ko Gregory ko nga toi Russian tuatahi nei i mahue tenei kura o peita icon.

Ko te kupu, toi, ngā ata, peita o Russia tahito tataki te tonu ariā, me te huarahi i te matauranga tawhito o rangatira-rāwhiti.

Pū hoahoanga me te hanganga momo o whare noho, me te mau hiero o Ancient Russia

Culture o Ancient Rus, peita, iconography me te hoahoanga i te mea he ensemble kotahi, iti pāngia e te hoahoanga o whare tūmatanui, me te noho, e tonu ki te mahi i tetahi whare Terem angamaheni pa ranei. e kore e paerewa hoahoanga Byzantine riro tetahi tiaki mahi o whare, ia o ratou motuhake i te whakaeke hoariri ranei. Art o Ancient Rus, toi me te hoahoanga, e taea te whakaaturia e te tauira o te whare ohu Pskov ko Tver, e arotahi ana ki to ratou haumaru hanganga, te whakahaere i te kikorangi o te whare ki te hanganga maksimalnnym thickening amo.

Rongonui peita Russian Old

ka whenumi Culture o Ancient Rus, nei koe, kua ahu whakamua i raro i te mana whānui o toi Byzantine, kua tangohia āhua i te mutunga o te rau tau 15, ana huru maitatai tino oraora me motuhake katoa whakaritea ki tikanga toi Russian Old taketake. A ahakoa etahi puka toi, pērā i toi whakairo, me te rakau whakairo mohiotia i Masters Old, te tino whānui whakamahia me whakawhanakehia i roto i te uma o te toi fakalotu riro ratou i muri noa i te taenga o Karaitiana ki Russia.

Kua mahue Siu ahurea o Russia tahito, te peita māngai nei te pikitia kore anake temepara, me te iconography, engari ano kanohi, me te tuitui miro, whakaata mau ti'aturiraa, a whakamahia i roto i te ora ia rā o te iwi te ao tona tohu i runga i te whakapaipai roto o whare, me te whakapaipai o te mua.

Variety o ngā tae, me te hanganga

Monasteries me awheawhe icon-peita o Russia tahito ko tetahi wahi o te kukū o whakatutukitanga pūtaiao me ngā i roto i te matū, rite ratou ringa i roto i ngā kai hua peita.

Ko te peita iti o ngā ata i runga i pukapuka, me te ariki whakamahia pai io te taua waituhi. ko ratou cinnabar, hapira, kōkōwai, mata ma, me etahi atu. Ko te kupu, pono ki ona pūkenga mahi noho peita o Russia i tahito: te onamata kore koe o Byzantium taea tino whakakapi tikanga rohe o te whakaputa tae.

Heoi, i roto i ia tikanga ngā o te peita i a ko ona tikanga, me ngā tikanga tino - me pehea ki te hamaniraa i te peita iho me ngā tikanga o tona tono ki te mata.

E ai novogorodskomu hōtuhi icon-peita o te rau tau 16, te nuinga meinga e nga rangatira whakamahia cinnabar, Lazor, ma, prazelen. I roto i te hōtuhi mo te wa tuatahi ka puta reira nga ingoa o enei tae - kōwhai, whero, pango, matomato.

White Ko te tae tino rongonui, tino maha whakamahia i roto i Ranu o te tae, i whakamahia hoki te tono o nga āputa me "razbelivaniya" tahi atu tae. whakaputaina White i roto i Kashin, Vologda, Yaroslavl. Tikanga o te whakanao ngā o piti hāora o takai mata ki te waikawa ahetiki atu na roto i te horoi i te Karamere ma hua.

Ko te wāhanga matua o "reta whaiaro" ki te iconography o tenei ra, ko te kōkōwai.

Toi o Russia tahito, me te tā tona paerewa Byzantine te whakamahi o ngā papatā tae o te rauemi i roto i te tuhituhi o te whakapakoko tapu.

Ko tētahi o nga tae taketake whakamahia whānuitia ko cinnabar - mēkuri sulfide whanariki. keri Cinnabar i roto i te rongonui i roto i Europe Russian Nikitinsky mara. Production o waituhi puta i roto i cinnabar trituration ki te wai, aru e tātau i te reira i roto i te pyrite ore te rere, me te pyrite. Cinnabar taea te whakakapi i te minium iti whiwhi e calcination o waikura mata.

Lazor rite ma, hangaia hoki āputa tuhituhi me te whakaputa i pepe o te tahi atu tae. I roto i te mua, te puna matua o te hapaira i tāpui Afghanistan. Heoi, mai i te rautau 16, he maha nui o ngā huarahi ki te whakaputa i te ngarahu puru o te hapaira.

I tua atu ki enei waikano taketake, kua whakamahia i roto i te iconography bakan Russian, pouri whero, prazelen, matomato, verdigris, kāpeti Krutik ( "Sinilo") puru, sankir (āhua hāurakaho) gaff, Reft, kēmu. kupu o te kaipeita tawhito mo nga tae katoa o te kupu rerekē.

kāhua Art o ngā ata Russian tawhito

puta rōpū kāwanatanga territorially wāhi ia te tetahi whakatōpū o paerewa toi, me te rerehua, e ngaro atu etahi hononga ki te tauira tohutoro. he mara taratahi me te whaiaro-whakawhanake pērā o faaiteraa motu, me te ahurea ko te toi o Russia tahito. peita tawhito ake atu i tetahi atu rohe o te toi, ko te kaupapa ki huringa hangarau, me te ataata, pera kia hoki kia mea e pā ana ki ona āhuatanga e pā ana tata ki nga tikanga hoahoanga me te tuhituhi.

nui o te iconography fresco me urupa o Russia tahito huna Mongol whakaekenga, kähaki me te whakatārewatia te tukanga o te tuhi mahi hou. Heoi, he taea te tetahi pikitia o te mua ki whakahoki te tuhinga tiaki me iti wāhi whaipara tangata.

O enei, e mohiotia ai e i roto i te wā o mua-Mongol whakaekenga o peita rahi o Russia tahito i te pānga nui i runga i tou iconography o ngā tūāhua - nounou o te hanganga hiato, me te tae whakamutua pouri - engari e te rau tau 13, ka tīmata te tae ki te hoatu ara ki te tae kanapa mahana. Ko te kupu, ko te tikanga ata Byzantine ki te rau tau 13, me te kei i roto i te tukanga o te whakawhenumi o te hakoko ki taua koroheke tikanga toi motu Russian rite hou me te wherikotanga o ngā tae, hanganga hiato naki me te rû o kīanga tae.

I roto i tenei era, te mahi ariki tino rongonui, donosshie ki toi o ēnei rā o Ancient Russia - poto e taea te māngai tenei rārangi i te Moscow Metropolitan Pita, Archbishop Theodore o Rostov, St. Andrei Rublev me Daniil Black.

Āhuatanga o te fresco Russian Old

peita whakaāhua i roto i Russia kihai i te tīariari i mua i te taenga mai o te whakapono Karaitiana, a, i tino tono i te ahurea Byzantine i roto i te tukanga o te whakawhenumi me te whanaketanga o te maha whakarerekē ngā tikanga Byzantine me te taputapu.

Tuatahi, kia mea a e te ahurea o Russia tahito, te peita i te aroaro o vai i roto i te puka o mosaic, te huri i te whakamahi o te raima o ngā rauemi faaineineraa, tono podmozaichnoe pākeho whenua i raro i te pikitia, me te mutunga o te rau tau 14 i reira ko tetahi whakawhitinga i te tikanga tawhito Byzantine o tuhituhi me te hanga o ngā rauemi - hou primordially fresco pōhiri ki Russian.

I roto i taea te tukanga whakanao turanga radically ke me peita hei pani ahua taiea whakapumautia anake i runga i te pūtake o te pākeho parakore, tuatahi diluted ki te kaha o te kiripaka onepu me te mapere maramara. I roto i te take o te turanga te raima Russian peita fresco - gesso - Kei te hanga i te reira e te kotakota heki roa i roto i te hawhekaihe me ngā hinu huawhenua me te kāpia.

Old ngira pikitia Russian

I muri 988 tau, ki te haerenga mai o ngā kōrero tuku iho vizantiyskiyh i te toi o Russia tahito, he whānui i roto i te rohe o te rohe fifi karakia te toi tawhito, rawa i roto i te tuitui whaiaro.

whakatairangatia ana te rota o reira i whakahaere awheawhe Tsaritsyno raro i te maru o te duchesses rahi Sofi Paleologa Horomona Aloetic, Kuini Anastasia Romanova me Irina Godunov.

tuitui waho rite te toi fakalotu o Russia tahito he rota o te hiato noa me ngā āhuatanga whakairoiro ki te icon. Heoi, te ngira kanohi - ko te mahi ngātahi, ki te mārama tohatoha o tūranga kaihanga. Ko te peita icon whakaaturia i runga i te koaka mata, inscriptions me whatiwhatinga o te kakahu, herbalist - otaota. Ko te papamuri whakairo i tae kūpapa; pepe kiri miro hiraka, tae whakanohoia i runga i ngā rārangi i te takiwa o te mata hononga - mata me ringa; Clothing me ahanoa a tawhio noa ranei whakairo ki te koura, me te hiriwa aho, hiraka maha-tae ranei.

Hoki te kaha nui o te underlay papanga mumu kānawehi kakahu ranei, titia nei te raro te ararewa tuarua o te kiko ngohengohe.

Rawa uaua ko te ngira ahungarua i runga i kara me kara. I roto i tenei take, hiraka me te miro koura e werohia ana i roto i.

te ngira mua he tono whānui - nui, me te rangi pelona temepara whakapaipai, whakanohoia raro i te ata, i hipokina te aata, tono i runga i nga kara. I roto i te nuinga o te wā, i papanga ki whakapakoko o hunga tapu piri ki nga kuwaha o te temepara ranei whare, me te roto i te whare fariiraa.

rerekētanga-rohe o te toi tawhito

Culture o Ancient Rus - peita, iconography, hoahoanga - kua etahi variantivnost rohe e pa i te whakapaipai e rua o te mau hiero, a hoahoanga me te hanganga āhuatanga o ngā whare.

Hei tauira, te toi o Russia tawhito, e whai wāhi te whakamahi o te toi rite te roto whakapaipai o te hahi ranei mosaic, frescoes ranei, maitai whakakitea e te hi'oraa o te Cathedral o St. Sophia. Here i reira ko te huinga noa me te mosaic, me te pikitia peita, whakakitea apa tämata e rua i raro i te whakamātautau te hiero. Te Ekalesia o te Faahuru o te kainga nui Vyazemy turanga te raima katoa i hanga o te kotakota parakore kahore taima noa. A i roto i Spassky whare karakia Spaso-Andronievskogo ohu rite te gesso piriti raima whakakitea albumin toto.

Ko te kupu, e nehenehe tatou e faaoti e te singularity me ahurei o te toi tawhito takoto i roto i tona takotoranga, me te takitahi manakohanga whaiaro rohe me ngā pūkenga o toi Russian ki te whakaora tae me te āhua o te whakaaro kia rite ki ona tikanga motu.