Byukenen Dzheyms: haurongo me te whakaahua

Kēhi i roto i e taea e koe te whakatau i te porohita o angitu, rongonui, me te pai-mohiotia iwi namesakes tonu, he onge. Otiia i raro i te ingoa o Byukenen Dzheyms mohiotia e rave rahi iwi rongonui, hanga tetahi o nei kua he takoha nui ki te whanaketanga o te ōhanga hou. Ko hoki te rangatira o te taua ingoa he kaipakihi momoho American, te tangata nona te mahi tupeka nui, me te peresideni US. I roto i tenei tuhinga titiro tatou ki nga haurongo o te tino James Buchanan katoa, me te ako e pā ana ki te hua i riro tika ki ai e ratou pera pai mohiotia.

Mai i Nobel Laureate me peresideni o te XV US ki te paki hero pukapuka kōmeke

Ki te rā, i reira e rave rahi Ameliká, i te huinga taua nei ingoa - Dzheyms Byukenen. He iwi kore e nei hono ki ia atu mahi ngaio enei. Ko tētahi o ratou - te kaipakihi ao kaha me te industrialist o te rau tau XIX, i amenea pirioni i roto i te ahumahi tupeka. Tuarua - ohanga Nobel-toa Dzheyms Byukenen, ariā pai rawa tūmatanui nei whakamahia inaianei e economists me pūtaiao tōrangapū huri noa te ao.

Ko te taua ingoa rite te hero e rua o to tatou tuhinga o mua, kakahu XV o te United States Peresideni. Aue, e kore e taea e matou te mea e haere ana ia ki raro, i roto i te aamu no te mea o etahi kaiaka motuhake, engari ko tenei ano hoki Buchanan te tahi mea o te pororaru - te whakaaro o kōrero Amerika huaina ia te peresideni kino rawa i roto i te aamu roa katoa o te USA.

Ka taea te pēnei te rārangi o ngā rangatira rongonui o tenei ingoa i tetahi atu hero, ahakoa, tenei paki kotahi. riro ratou tetahi o te pūāhua pukapuka kōmeke kinovselennoy miharo - hoia ko Dzheyms Byukenen (Bucky Barnes). e mea he e i roto i te rau tau XXI, te pūtirotiro taea kite na maha whetu kiriata e kua reira tetahi mea e taea maere. Otiia ki Bucky Barnes tahuri katoa i roto i rerekē. "E mohiotia pā miharo 'mo ratou lī'oa ki kōmeke, me te aroha pūkeke te kamupene o o ona pūāhua paki. Here a Byukenen Dzheyms, kotahi ra hoko wahi o te kōrero o kōmeke, rite te ora, ka meinga te tangata tūturu. haere te huru na tūturu e runga i te pā ipurangi whakatapua te kamupene kiriata whakaritea tona koioranga, rotarota whakatapua ki a ia, ka kōrero i runga i te i runga i-mata mahi katoa o tenei hero.

I roto i tēnei tuhinga ka titiro tatou ki nga haurongo poto o te rongonui James Buchanan katoa, ka tohu atu ki te whakatutuki, e tika ana ki nei kua riro ratou hītori. Whakaaro "miharo," he haurongo o te ora o Bucky Barnes, matou, mo te whakaaro ki o te tika, me te mo ana kaiwhaiwhai mateaki, rite te titiro poto i te mutunga o tenei tuhinga.

Te ohanga nui, me te Nobel toa

Ko te tuatahi o Buchanan haurongo e whakaaro tatou e waiho i te tangata tona ingoa tonu - Dzheyms Makgill Byukenen Jr ..

I whanau ia i roto i 1919, i roto i tetahi o nga āhua American, ka karanga Tennessee. Tona hanganga tuatahi o te toa Nobel heke mai ko te kāreti whakangungu kaiako rohe. mātauranga teitei (tohu o ariki), he tangata taitamariki i te University o Tennessee, pai whiwhi te Faculty o Economics. I muri i te tuku o tona tata tuhia tonu ki te ope. I muri haere nga taketake o te whakangungu hōia i roto i te kura moana, mahi ia i roto i Guam, me te i te tari matua o te kaipuke i Pearl Harbor.

Tona tohu kairangi i roto i te ohaoha Dzheyms Makgill Byukenen riro i muri i te whawhai, i te tau 1948, i runga i te pūtake o te University o Chicago. Hoki te wa roa i whai wāhi ia i roto i te umanga whakaako angitu, pānui ana kauwhau i te University o Virginia, me te te whare wānanga tino whaimana o Tennessee me Florida.

I roto i te 1969, ka e ia te tuatahi tonu Kaiwhakahaere o te Center mo te Ako o Public Choice. I hoki ia peresideni o te Western me Southern Economic Association, puritia ia he hōnore tumuaki tuarua-peresideni o te American Economic Association. Pūtaiao pepa i tuhituhia e Buchanan, kei nga rauemi i runga i te kaupapa o te nama tūmatanui, te ariā o ngā ratonga tahi, ariā libertarian, te tukanga o te pōti, me macroeconomics.

Ko te mahi, i kawea mai āhukahuka i roto i te ōhanga tōrangapū ao

Dzheyms Byukenen - te ohanga, nei mahi whakamahia rite te pūtake o te pūtaiao tōrangapū hou, me te ohaoha. Ko ia te kaiwhakarewa o Virginia School o ōhanga tōrangapū. ka tona mahi he whakakōkī mō te rangahau anō te whakau e te ngā ope kore-ōhanga, me ngā ngākau nuitanga whaiaro o kaitōrangapū takitahi i te mana tika i runga i nga kaupapa here ōhanga o ia whenua.

Ko te ariā o te whiriwhiri tūmatanui e James Buchanan tukua tona kaituhi ki te riro i te Laureate Nobel. noho tenei tangata i te ora tika roa, ka mate ia i roto i Hānuere 2013. I teie mahana, he mōhio ki nga kaipūtaiao tōrangapū me te ohanga tona ingoa, a ka e whānui pinepine o ana mahi pūtaiao whakamahia i roto i te ako o te ariā me te mahi o te hanga whakatau tōrangapū, me te ōhanga.

tycoon Tobacco me papa o hikareti hou

ingoa tonu o te tangata titiro tatou atu nei bio poto - Dzheyms Byukenen Duke. I whanau ia i roto i Te Tai Tokerau Carolina i Hakihea 1856. Kei te karangatia e ia te papa o hikareti hou, a mo te take pai.

I roto i te 1880 ka e ia me tona teina he pakanga mana tupeka, whakaturia e ratou papa - Washington Duke. I te tīmatanga, ko ratou wheketere anake te kokoru iti i roto i te mahi tupeka. Ko e rua nga tau i muri mai, ka kitea Hemi te tirohanga hou. Ki te aroaro o manehau ā hikareti katoa kaimahi, engari inaianei, ki te haerenga mai o te mīhini mo te hanga aunoa o avaava, te tukanga e taea te whakatere maha nga wa. Na i te taitamariki Duke mea katoa ki te hanga i tenei mīhini whakawhanakehia ia.

whiwhi ia i te raihana mō te mihini tuatahi o te ao, aunoa tukanga ahumahi hikareti whakaaro e James Bonsakom mīhini. Kua tae wheketere production he taumata hou. Ko te mīhini ata riporipo kotahi hikareti mutunga me maripi e huri i tawhiti rite, tapahia ana e ia ki maha hunga iti. Ko te pito o e kua manehau e te ringa i te aroaro o nga kaimahi ki te tupeka i maroke atu, i teie nei ki te whakaaro ano i moe ki te matū motuhake. Hoki, ki te whakapai ake i te reka o te waiwai avaava hou i roto i molasses, nonireka huka ranei.

hangaia nui haere Tau o hikareti ki tere maere. Ki te aroaro o kaimahi Hemi wheketere ia neke taea te whakaputa i te mōrahi o 200 hikareti, inaianei, te mīhini mo te huringa ngāwari i hoatu i roto i 120 mano. Units! I mua James Buchanan Duke, he raruraru hou - te hoko. Pukapuka, e hua tona wheketere hou, ko te 1/5 o te mea Amerika he paowa kau te wa katoa. Na whai wāhi Duke i te riri hokohoko. Ko ia he kaitautoko i ngā ngā, hoatu i roto i hikareti noa i ona whakataetae ngā, me te haere mai ki ki te haumi i roto i mōkihi kāri collectible ake. kapa ia ki runga ki tona whakataetae matua US me hanga he heriheri - American Tupeka Company.

kotahi anake i roto i te 1889 pau ia i runga i pānuitanga 800 mano. Tara. pai ana hikareti iwi e mea ana e ko ia te reira te tangata i whakaako Amerika ki te paowa Camel. Otiia tonu nga pukapuka production nui ki te tono hou, hokohoko nui.

Wehewehe i te mākete mō ngā hua tupeka

I roto i te tīmatanga o nga 1890 i tino mate e ngana ana ia ki te wahi i ki te mākete UK, engari i tatari ratou mo industrialists mātanga ia, e kore e haere nei i i ki tukua. I raro i te riri o te whakaekenga e te Duke i to ratou wāhi, i whakatōpū ratou ki te kaporeihana kotahi, e etahi wa i muri ia tamata ki te whakaekea i te mākete American Hemi. Na roto i ngā whiriwhiringa tutuki pai ana i e hoatu rōpū katoa.

I roto i tenei wā uaua mo te James Buchanan o ona hoa mahi i mahi i runga i whakawa mutunga ia. Nāwai, i roto i te 1911, mutu te heriheri o American Tobacco Company ki te tīariari. E ai ki te marae, i wehea te kamupene ki te maha kamupene iti, me i raro i te mātakitaki o Hemi, ko anake tetahi o ratou.

whakatutukitanga James i roto i te mara o te pūngao

I roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau rua tekau i whakaturia Buchanan Duke he maha o kamupene pūngao iti, i meinga te pūtake mo te hanganga o Duke Energy Corporation i te heke mai. I tua atu, whakarato reira hiko mo te mira pueru Duke (nei hoki mahi tino pai ia), kua whakaratohia te kaporeihana marama hiko pa maha i roto i Te Tai Tokerau, me te South Carolina. I runga i te rohe o te muri i roto i te tau 1928 i hanga ai te awa e whakarato hiko ki te takiwa katoa. Neke atu i te wa, i te ingoa i te reira i roto i te honore o Hemi Buchanan Duke.

E kore noa te hanga o te kingitanga tupeka, engari ano hoki he kaiwhakaruruhau o te University

mahara History tenei tangata kia rite ki te papa o hikareti hou e kore anake. Ki te pirioni o tara i roto i te pane, kua whakaritea e Hemi ki te whakatū i tona pūtea whakawhirinaki ki te whakapaipai o $ 40 miriona i roto i 1924.

Te nuinga o enei philanthropist moni hoatu e Durham University, e te mohiotia inaianei rite University Duke.

Dzheyms Byukenen: biography, hoki nei kahore whakama

e kore e wareware hohoro te ingoa o Buchanan, no te mea kua mahi ia i te rota ki te mahara kanapa o ia ora mō ngā rau tau i muri i tona matenga. Te nuinga o tona kainga tupu Duke horo'ahia ki te aroha: tautoko me te whanaketanga o University Duke, me te whare mātauranga pērā i University D. Smith, Davidson College ko University Furman. I roto i te tua, etahi o te moni Kohaina ia he maha o ngā hōhipera pai-kore, me te kāinga o ngā tamariki kei roto i Te Tai Tokerau, me te South Carolina.

Tana tamahine te ao rongonui - Doris Duke - riro kua katoa o te taonga e toe, a te moni tona papa o. I roto i tona mahara, i roto i te rohe o Duke Farmes hanga ia he kari hotoke faahiahia, kua wahi kua whakairi kohinga huatau o whakairo. ka karanga a Doris tenei kari katoa ataahua Duke.

Ko tētahi o te kino kau palesiteni i roto i te hītori US

Ko tētahi atu tangata, ko James Buchanan mahue tona tohu i runga i hītori US - peresideni XV o Amerika. Ko tōna uara i te matenga o te kāwanatanga kei te whakaaro tonu tino tautohetia. karanga humarie ētahi kōrero reira te kino o nga peresideni US katoa whakawakia o passivity me rangirua. Ko te tautohe matua ki Buchanan ko e i mua i tona kāwanatanga i te wehenga o Amerika i roto i te Te Tai Tokerau, me te tonga, me te tīmatanga o muri o nui te whawhai ture.

Etahi whakapono e te whakaaro o te poari kia kaua e waiho kia categorical te peresideni. Kaua e wareware i a ia ki te whakahaere i te whenua ki tetahi o ona wā uaua tino. I roto i te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau XIX, ko tino nui te raruraru o te whare pononga i roto i Amerika. e kore i taea te mutu te tautohetohe o te tonga, me te Te Tai Tokerau, a kua kahore i puta ke te akoranga o te hītori o ngā, na koutou i taea mea e Buchanan noa ei peresideni, i me te nui, i kaha.

Matamua XV peresideni heke mai o Amerika i roto i April 1791 i roto i te Pennsylvania i roto i te utuafare tika rawakore ki ngā tamariki maha. Ahakoa tenei, whakahaere te tangata taitamariki ki te tiki i te tohu ture. Tona wheako ngaio tuatahi ka ia i te mahi rōia i roto i te pakanga Anglo-American.

I roto i te 1814-1816 gg. i roto i tona whare āhua o Pennsylvania , ka ia he mema o te paremata. I te 1831 ka whakaritea ia karere i roto i te whare St Petersburg. A ia hainatia tino pai i reira te whakaaetanga hokohoko tuatahi i waenganui i Amerika me Russia. I tua atu, puritia e ia te tūranga o toofa me Minita o Aorere.

I roto i 1856, te Democratic Party tohua hoki peresideni ko tona candidature. I taua wa i roto i te āhua o Kansas , he āhuatanga uaua - i reira ngāue rua kino kāwanatanga (kaitautoko me hoariri o pononga). I tatari te tokotoko mo te peresideni hou me ana whakatau i runga i te heke mai o Kansas. Kaua e hiahia ki te whakahōhā i tētahi āhuatanga kua uaua, faaoti Dzheyms Byukenen ki ngā Kansas he āhua pononga. Muri, i reira ko te whakatikanga ake o pononga, i te mea tino uaua ki te hoatu ki raro te kāwanatanga US. Na kua meinga te pehanga o te tutu wehenga noa rahi me te riri i waenganui i Te Tai Tokerau me Tonga.

Kua tuhia kaipūtaiao tōrangapū me hītori e tona mono, Aperahama Lincoln, te peresideni Buchanan mahue te whenua i roto i te āhua e wehingia ana, i runga i te mimiha o pakanga kaiākiri i waenganui rua puni tūturu. mate Buchanan i 1868, he i te aroaro o tona mate, ki te tuhituhi i tētahi tuhinga roa e whakatika ona kaupapa here. Otiia rawa e kore te reira e mahi i te reira, no te mea i roto i te hītori o taua mea, ka noho te peresideni kino rawa o te USA.

Ko te pūāhua muri "miharo" i te ingoa o Hemi

Na te whakamutunga mōhiotia Byukenen Dzheyms, tona haurongo ka e lāulea i roto i tenei tuhinga, i mawhiti tuatahi, e kore e uru toa o mua te kamupene o. Ko ia tika he pūāhua paki nei haurongo i kua pai te whakaaro kaituhi "miharo". Ko te mea ia tapao i e kua whakaaro reira na angitu e kōmeke pā katoa i runga i te ao rapu mo te haurongo, me te tino hiahia i roto i te kōrero o te ora o tenei pūāhua paki. Tenei pūāhua kite tuatahi te whakarongo i te tau 2010, ka haere mai te mata nui "Ko te kaitakitaki Tuatahi."

Ko te kupu, kia rite ki te kōrero "miharo", Dzheyms Byukenen Barnes (kaiwhakaari, kia ite tona whakapakoko i runga i te mata - Sebastian Stan) i whanau i roto i tawhiti i te 1917. whakakitea e ia hua pai i roto i mara ngā hākinakina, kua kua reira i te rangatira i roto i tona piha haapiiraa. Kia kite James pehea kaikopere whiua te tamaiti ngoikore, a tu ake hoki ia. Ko tenei tamaiti Stiv Rodzhers, e riro i muri mai i te rongonui Kāpene Amerika. I muri i te raruraru, ka nga tamariki hoa pai. Ki te tīmatanga o te Pakanga II Dzheyms Byukenen i tuhia (Bucky) Barnes ki te ope, ko te puni whakangungu hotoke McCoy, a ka tonoa ki te mua Italian.

Winter Soldier i runga i te ingoa whānau Buchanan

I tua atu, i riro ia i te wehe o "Hydra" ka i riro, i tukua e te rota o te tūkino, fakamamahi'i, a mo te wa roa i noho ia i roto i te noho taratahi. kua kite tenei whakarau tona hoa tamarikitanga nei i riro kē i roto i te whawhai, Captain Amerika. te wiwi ia ki te whakaora a Hemi, a tonu te tuku ia ia i te whakarau. Dzheyms Byukenen (Bucky) hono tukua te kapa ia atu, me te riro ratou whāinga noa te hiahia ki te ūkui i te "Hydra" i te mata o te whenua. I roto i tetahi o nga whawhai i maturuturu iho Dzheyms Byukenen Barnes i o te tereina, e kore i kitea tona tinana, a ka whakaae katoa kua mate ia.

I roto i te meka, kitea te tinana o Buchanan i roto i tetahi o nga wae o te "Hydra". Ia tino murua te mahara, a mo te wa roa i runga i te tinana o Hemi whakahaere ngā ngā. No te maha o nga tau, i rumakina reira i roto i te moe tāwhaiwhai, i ētahi wā hoatu ara i te mea ka tika ki te ū ki te tikanga o te kohuru o te rangatira kaha.

E ai ki tetahi o nga tikanga o te "Hydra", a Buchanan kia whakamatea Kāpene Amerika, a kihai i reira tino kore raruraru hoki a ia, no te mea i tona mahara, mau haamana'oraa faufaa rahi o te auhoaraa tamarikitanga, kua roa kua murua. I roto i te whakahaere i tenei mahi, i roto i te taime o te aroraa tika i waenganui Kāpene Amerika me tona hoa, ka anga ki Hemi hiko ki te hoki tona mahara, a ora ratou e rua. Ko Dzheyms Byukenen, e kua inaianei huaina katoa Winter Soldier, ka ngaro ano.