Cross Marshall: ira o taurite, supply me te tono

I roto i te hapori hou e kore e taea te mahi i waho te matauranga o nga tumu o te ōhanga. A he aha e ratou? Ko te pūtake o te ōhanga o te supply me te tono - te ripeka Marshall pera-ka karanga. A ko reira te ahua o te tohu o tenei pūtaiao. Na noho i runga taua mea i roto i te taipitopito.

Alfred Marshall: he haurongo poto me mau haapiiraa

Future ohanga pai-mohiotia i whanau nei i roto i te hapu o te tuaana i London. ako ia i Oxford, a ka i Cambridge. I muri i tu'ite, mahi Marshall rite te kaiako. I te 1885 ka e ia tumuaki o te Tari o Tōrangapū Economy i Cambridge. Alfred Marshall kua tonu kua he kaitautoko o te whakataetae kore utu i roto i te mākete. Kua tākiekina ana whakaaro te aronga o ngā māngai o te puāwaitanga me te marginalist.

Ko te kaiaka matua o Marshall ko e i taea e ki te whakawhanake i tētahi ariā ohaoha hei pūtaiao integrated pāpori ia. I roto i te ora o te kaipūtaiao whakaputaina he "Ngaahi Tefito'i Mo'oni o Economics"-rōrahi ono, e te whakaaro tonu he mahi matarohia i roto i te mara. kihai i whai wāhi i roto i te tautohe i waenganui i kaitautoko o te tono o tikanga pāngarau i roto i te ohaoha me te kau muimui o pūtaiao "parakore" Marshall. Heoi, kia tuhia te reira e i roto i te "Ngaahi Tefito'i Mo'oni o ohaoha" homai te tautohe katoa te waha anake, me ngā tauira katoa me whārite i roto i te āpitihanga. He wahi motuhake i roto i te economists mātauranga ka mau te ariā o te supply, tono, me tauriterite o te mākete. Ko te hou ko te Cross huaina Marshall.

Ko te mata o te taurite

I teie mahana, ara he ākonga, e papaki ana timata ako economics, he reira mārama e whakaturia te utu e hāngai ana i runga i supply me te tono. Cross Marshall - he hōtaka e he tata e taea e kore ki te mahara. He māmā, me te schematic reira, nga hononga e rua te whakatau i te wāhi. Huri i te reira i roto i te "ripeka" ranei "kutikuti", te whakamahi i nei e mea ohie ki te whakamārama i te tukanga o te haamauraa i taurite i roto i te mākete.

Heoi, ko reira iti ake atu i te kotahi rau tau ki muri e kore i te mea he na kitea. Ko te tauriterite o te mākete tuatahi i waenganui i te putanga me te hiahiatanga kei te tika tuhituhi Marshall. Ia faataa tika te taha o te kōpiko me pehea taunekeneke ratou. Cross Marshall i roto i te ōhanga i hanga he revolution tūturu. Ko te utu mākete me te rōrahi tauritenga ki te rā kei roto i te papakupu, ara tangata noa. A ko ratou i te ngakau o tetahi ariā. nui i te pūtaiao mō te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao ōhanga. Heoi, e taea te wehea tona tukufakaholo ki wha wāhi: tono, supply, tauriterite o te mākete me te tohatoha moni. tīmata tatou ki te tetahi tuatahi.

Ko te ariā o te tono

Marshall te hanga i te reira i runga i rua huarahi. Tenei tupu utu me te waiwai o te kiritaki tono. tukua ratou hoki kite whanonga tuakiri o kiritaki he arorau whāinga, me te mārohirohi. wehea ano Marshall te tapeke tono i runga i te takitahi. I tua atu, whakawhanakehia e ia te ariā o "elasticity utu". Na ka hoatu e Marshall rawa he tikanga hou o tenei ariā. hoatu ana e ia he tika pāngarau o te ti'araa hei tono rapa.

I tua atu, kua whakarongo utua te pūtaiao ki te tūranga o te pūwāhi taurite i roto i Marshall Cross i te roa o te wā wā whakaaro rānei. mea economists e atu ko reira poto, te whakaawe atu te tono, me te roa, te nui te pānga te tono, e ko, te utu o te production. Marshall whakaurua te ariā o "tuwhene kiritaki", e muri mai i whakawhanakehia i roto i te ariā toko i te ora. tohu te reira i te rerekētanga i waenganui i te utu e pai ki te utu mo te hua kiritaki, me tona uara tūturu.

Mō te tuku

E whakaatu ana Cross Marshall te whanonga o kiritaki kore anake kaihanga engari ano hoki. I roto i te ariā tuku wehea Marshall te utu moni o te hanga o te tūturu. Ko te tuatahi - he utu mō ngā rauemi. Ko te tuarua - te utu o te katoa e whakamahia e te i roto i te tukanga whakaputa, ahakoa o ahakoa i hokona ai mo te moni te taonga o te kamupene ranei.

kumea ana Marshall whakarongo i runga i te whakanui ake me te whakaiti i te pānga o te āhuatanga i roto i te tauine. faaite e ia te ariā o ngā utu tūturu, haurokuroku, me te katoa o te hanga. I roto i te ariā tuku whakaurua hoki Marshall te tauwehe wā. I roto i ngā, tohe ia e i roto i te oma roa utu i whakaritea hei tāupe.

I runga i te tauritenga mākete

I roto i te pokapū o te ariā o te kaiputaiao - Cross Marshall. whakatikaia e ia te utu rite te regulator mākete. kite Marshall ia i runga i te par ki taua ope rite supply me te tono. Rāwaho te ariā o te pūtaiao, me te rōrahi taurite, e te mea, he rahinga o te hua e makona e rua kiritaki me kaihanga. Tohe Marshall e i roto i ngā āhuatanga o te whakataetae free, ki te nui te utu mākete te taurite, taka tono, a ka arata'i tenei ki te utu ki raro. Reira arotakehia hoki te pānga o ngā āhuatanga mokowā, me te pae tino. fakamamafa'i Marshall te hiahia ki te wehe ngā āhuatanga o te wā poto me te wā roa-. haapapu ia e i roto i te pūmana tuatahi mahi tono i roto i te tuarua - tuku.