Dzhon Keyns. "Te General Theory o Mahi, Interest ko Money"

I whakaputaina Dzhona Keynsa 'General Theory o Mahi, Interest ko Money pukapuka "i roto i te tau 1936. whakamārama te kaituhi i roto i tona ara ake ka tuhinga rongonui e pā ana ki te whaiaro ture-o te ōhanga mākete.

he tika State ture

kī ariā o Keynes e te ōhanga mākete e kore tikanga tūturu ki te whakarite mahi tonu, me te ārai i te heke i roto i te whakaputa, me te mahi, me te ki te whakahaere i te takoto tono tōpū ki te kāwanatanga.

He āhuatanga o te ariā, ko te tātaritanga o te raruraru noa ki te ōhanga katoa - kohi tūmataiti, haumi, moni kāwanatanga, arā, te āhuatanga e whakatau i te tōtika o te tono tōpū ...

kua i roto i te waenganui o te XX rau huarahi Keynesian kua whakamahia i roto i nga whenua maha o Europe ki te whakatika ratou kaupapa here ōhanga. Ko te putanga, kua he whakatere o tupu o te öhanga. Ki te raruraru o 70-80. Kua ariā Keynesian kua whakahē, a ka hoatu hiahia ki te ariā neoliberal, mahia te parau tumu o te pokanoa-kore i roto i te ōhanga.

horopaki o ngā kōrero

pukapuka a Keynes tohua te timatanga o "Keynesianism" - te pūtaiao e kawea mai te ōhanga o te raruraru taimaha Western, whakamārama i te take mo te heke i roto i te hanga i roto i te 30raa o te rau tau 20 me te tikanga amuamu o mo tona ārai i roto i te heke mai.

Dzhon Keyns, he ohanga i te whakangungu, i kotahi te kaimahi o te Tari o Indian Affairs, Komiti i runga i Finance me moni, mahi i roto i te Tāhuhu o Finance. Tenei Ua tauturu ia ki te whakahou i te ariā neoclassical o te ōhanga me te takoto i te turanga o te tetahi hou.

Pāngia e te meka e Dzhon Keyns ko Alfred Marshall - whiti te kaiwhakarewa o te ariā neo-puāwaitanga, i roto i te College Cambridge kingi o. Keynes - rite te ākonga, a Marshall - i roto i te tūranga o te kaiako, mauruuru te kaha o tona tauira.

I roto i tona mahi, whakatika Keynes ture kāwanatanga o te ōhanga.

I mua ki tenei ariā ōhanga ki te whakaoti rapanga i te tikanga o te ōhanga microeconomic. I whāiti te tātari ki te hōkai o te hinonga, me te ona whāinga ki te whakaiti i ngā utu, me te whakapiki ake i hua. Keynes 'ariā o te whakahaere tangi o te ōhanga rite te katoa, e titau whai wāhitanga o te kāwanatanga i roto i te ōhanga motu.

He huarahi hou ki te whakahaere raruraru

I te timatanga o Hoani. Keynes faaino te whakatau me ngā tohenga o te ariā hou e hāngai ana i runga i te ture mākete o Mea. Ko te ture, ko te ki te hoko i to ratou ake kaihanga taonga mo te hoko o tetahi. Ko te kaihoko ki te kaihoko mai riro, te tono homai ara ki tono, me tenei hanga taea reira ki overproduction. Pea anake hohoro liquidated overproduction o etahi taonga i roto i te tahi mau rāngai. tohu J .. Keynes i e, i roto i te tua ki te utu o te taonga, i reira te mea he utu moni. Tiaki mahi mahi whakaeminga, whakaiti tono, me te arahi ki te overproduction o taonga.

Ka rite ki te ātete ki economists, nei whakaaro te pātai o te tono me te samorazreshayuschimsya iti, hanga Keynes reira hei pou pokapū o te tātari macroeconomic. ariā o Keynes ko: tei tika tono i runga i mahi.

mahi

whakaaro Dokeynsianskie ariā kore mahi i roto i ona putanga e rua: i te waku - he putanga o te kore o ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te aroaro o kaimahi o mahi, te kore o te hiahia ki te neke, me te tūao - he putanga o te kore o te hiahia ki te mahi mo te utu mahi rohe hua e hāngai ana, i roto i nei nui te "mamae" mahi te utu. Keynes whakamōhio te wā "kore mahi tumu".

E ai ki te ariā neoclassical, tei kore mahi i runga i te hua o te rohe, me te rohe o tona "fakamamahi", e hāngai ana ki te utu e whakatau he tuku mahi. Ki te whakaae nga kaitono ki raro utu, te hua mahi. Ko te pānga o tenei - ti'aturiraa o te mahi i runga i ngā kaimahi.

He aha e nga whakaaro i runga i tenei John Maynard Keynes? whakakahore tona ariā te. He motuhake Mahi o te kaimahi, he reira e tika ana ki te huringa i roto i te tono whai hua, rite ki te kohi i mua nei tapeke me te haumi. pānga tono hoki tūmanakohia. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, te raruraru o te kore mahi, ko te hāngai ana ki te mahi, me ona whāinga.

Kore mahi me te tono

I te timatanga o te rau tau whakamutunga i roto i te US auau kore mahi tae 25%. E whakamārama ana tēnei i te meka e te ariā ōhanga o Dzhona Keynsa homai reira he wahi pokapū. Keynes kumea te whakarara i waenganui i te raruraru o te mahi me te whakahiatotanga hiahiatanga.

Ko te taumata o te moni whakatau kohi. arata'i te horomanga takarepa ki te whakaiti i roto i te mahi. faataa Dzhon Keyns tenei "ture hinengaro": tupu moni arata'i ki nui haere kohi i te hautanga o tona tupu. Kei te rongoa tētahi atu wahi. te whakaiti te whakanui ake moni te keno ki pau, a ki te haaputuputuraa - piki.

Ko te ōwehenga o te tupu i roto i te kohi, me te penapena DC DS ki te hua i roto i te moni dy Keynes ka karanga hiahia rohe mō te kohi me te haaputuputuraa:

• MPC = DC / dy;
• MPS = DS / dy.

Ko te hekenga i roto i te kiritaki inoi wāhikē e nui haere haumi. Te kore, heke mahi me te tere o te tupu o te moni motu.

haumi

Growth whakapaipai haumi - he take nui o te tono whai hua, whakaiti kore mahi, me te whakapiki ake i moni tūmatanui. Na reira, te whakanui ake i te rahi o penapena e Paraire te ara i roto i te tono mō te whakapaipai haumi.

Ki te whakarite e hiahia haumi ki kia whakamāoritia ki o ratou penapena. No reira Keynesian tātai: haumi initareti e ōrite (ahau = S). Otiia i roto i te hono mo'oní, e kore e tutaki i te reira. . Mea J. Keynes e kore ai penapena hāngai ki haumi, mai whakawhirinaki ratou ki runga ki te moni, haumi - ko te auau o te moni, moni, tāke, āhuatanga mōrea.

auau huamoni

tuhi te kaituhi e pā ana ki te moni pea i te haumi o te whakapaipai, whāiti tona kakama (DP / di, te wahi P - te pai, ahau - haumi tika), me te auau huamoni. Pūtea haumi moni i whāiti te whai huatanga o haumi whakapaipai nui te auau huamoni. taurite moni me te auau huamoni ka faaere pūtea o moni, me te whakaiti i te tono mō te haumi.

hāngai te auau huamoni ki te rohe o te moni o te whakapaipai haumi. Ko te raro te auau, te nui te haumi.

E ai ki a Keynes, whakamana te haaputuputuraa e i muri i utu o nga hiahia, na e kore e te tupu ōrau arahi ki to ratou hua. Ko te ōrau ko te utu o te tere-kore. mai ana tēnei mutunga Dzhon Keyns i runga i te pūtake o tona ture tuarua: te keno ki tere meinga e te hiahia ki te tango i te kaha ki te huringa o te moni ki te whakapaipai.

faarahi mākete moni pähekeheke te hiahia mo te tere, e taea hinga i te ōrau nui. moni mākete pūmautanga, i runga i te anga ke, te whakaiti i te reira i te hiahia me te auau o te moni.

kite te auau o te huamoni ko Keynes takawaenga te mana o te moni i runga i te moni tūmatanui.

Ko te hua i roto i te nui o te moni faarahi te supply o tere, hinga o ratou kaha hoko, riro hiamoe te haaputuputuraa. auau iti o te moni, tupu haumi.

taunaki Dzhon Keyns he whakaiti i roto i te ōrau o penapena mo whaowhia ki nga hiahia o te hanga, me te whakanui ake i te supply moni i roto i te tohanga. No reira te whakaaro o te takarepa pūtea, e whai wāhi te whakamahi o te pikinga rite te tikanga o te pupuri i mahi pakihi.

Ko te hekenga i roto i te auau o te huamoni

opua nei te kaituhi ki te whakapiki ake i haumi i te kaupapa here moni, me te moni.

kaupapa here moni, ko te ki te whakaiti i te auau huamoni. Tenei ka whakaiti i te tōtika haumi rohe, hanga ratou ake ātaahua. kia tukua e te Kawanatanga ki te tohanga rite te moni nui i te mea he tika ki te whakaiti i te auau huamoni.

Na ka haere mai Dzhon Keyns ki te mutunga e pā ana ki te memeha noa o te ture i te hanga o te raruraru - e kore e haumi huru ki te hinga o te auau o te moni.

Analysis o te tōtika o te whakapaipai i roto i te koropiko rohe e hono reira ki te whakatau tata o te hua o te whakapaipai me te whakawhirinaki i roto i te kaipakihi heke mai. e kore e taea te whakaora whakawhirinaki e tukupu ana ngä päpätanga huamoni. Ka rite ki whakapono Dzhon Keyns, kia waiho te ōhanga i roto i te "mahanga tere", ka kore e tupu supply moni whakaiti i te auau o te moni.

kaupapa here pūtea

Ko tētahi atu tikanga o te whakanui ake i haumi ko te kaupapa here moni, e ngā i roto i te tupu o te mahi pūtea i te utu o moni pūtea, ie. A. haumi Tūmataiti i roto i te raruraru tino heke e tika ana ki te aau taia o pūtea.

Ko te angitu o te kaupapa here moni o te kāwanatanga, ko te tupu o te tono whai hua, ara, no te ururua ngali maumau o te moni. moni Kāwanatanga, e kore e nei arahi ki te hua i roto i te supply koloa, ki overproduction raruraru, whakapono pai Keynes.

Hei whakanui i te rōrahi o ngā rauemi i raro i te haumi tūmataiti Me te whakahaere o te ähua tūmatanui o taonga, ahakoa i roto i te whānui, tohe Keynes i kore te whakanui ake i te haumi o te kāwanatanga me te kāwanatanga ki te haumi i roto i te haere tonu haumi whakapaipai.

Ko te hoki te reira i te take nui i roto i te stabilization o te raruraru o te overproduction ko te hua i roto i te kohi i pononga tivira, mahi pāpori, tohatoha o moni i roto i te rōpū ki te kohi teitei: kaimahi utu, te rawakore, kia rite ki te "ture hinengaro" ki te whakapiki ake i te kohi i te moni iti.

pānga whakarea

Kei te whanaketia e te vahe 10 o te ariā o te Canna whakanui rite tono ki te keno haurokuroku ki pau.

moni National Ko tika ti'aturi i runga i haumi, me i rōrahi, rawa ratou tino rite te putanga o te pānga whakarea. Investments i roto i te hanga toronga o tetahi rängai i te pānga rite ki te pānga i runga i ngā ahumahi e pā ana, rite ki te āhua o te kohatu ai ngā kare. Haumi ōhanga whakanuia ana hua, me te whakaiti kore mahi.

Ko te āhua i roto i te raruraru e moni i te hanga o pāpuni me rori, e ka whakarite te whanaketanga o ngā wāhi e pā ana o te hanga, me te whakapiki ake i tono kiritaki me te haumi tono. E whakanui i mahi, me te moni whiwhi.

Mai wāhanga piki moni, kua he rohe tona hākoritanga. Tērā kohi whakaiti te haumi whakapaipai - te take matua o te hākoritanga. Nō reira, ko te inversely hautanga ki te keno rohe ki te whakaora MPS te whakanui:

• M = 1 / MPS.

Huringa i roto i te hua haumi moni dy di nui ratou M wa:

• dy = M Di;
• M = dy / di.

Ko te hua i roto i te moni tūmatanui tei runga i te nui o te tupu kohi - whāiti te keno ki pau.

whakatinanatanga

i te pukapuka, he pānga pai i runga i te hanganga o te huarahi o te ture o te ōhanga ki te ārai i mōrearea.

ka te reira kitea e kore e taea e te mākete whakarato te mahi mōrahi, me tupu ōhanga ko te whakawhetai taea ki te whai wāhitanga i roto i reira o te kāwanatanga.

He te mau parau tumu huarahi e whai ake nei Dzhona Keynsa ariā:

• huarahi macroeconomic;
• ako i te pānga o te tono mo te kore mahi me te moni;
• tātaritanga o te pānga o ngā kaupapa here moni, me te moni ki te whakapiki ake i haumi;
• whakanui o te tupu moni.

whakaaro a Keynes i tuatahi whakatinana e US Peresideni Roosevelt i roto i te biennium 1933-1941. pūnaha kirimana Federal ki 70 tukuna ia tau he toru o pūtea te whenua o.

whakamahi hoki te nuinga o nga whenua moni, mea pūtea mō te whakahaere tono ki faaiti i te rerekē huritaiāwhio o ratou öhanga. kua horahia e Keynesianism ki hauora, te mātauranga, ture.

Decentralization o te Te Hau-ā-uru o te hanganga whakahaere whenua whakakaha ruruku me te whakakotahitanga o ngā nga tinana whakahaere, hua he hua i roto i te maha o ngā kaimahi e hānga ana, me te kāwanatanga.