Haimona Ushakov: haurongo me te iconographer pai mahi (whakaahua)

Huihuinga, mirimiria ana e te marae o Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, e kua he taranata maha-faceted - anake tuhituhi ata frescoes, Miniatures, hua woodcuts - e ko Haimona Ushakov, nei haurongo mamae i te kore o te rā pū, me te marama o te whanau me te o te take unknown. Ko he ahunga whakamua tenei, kia rite ki kore e ana matua nui Andrei Rublev me Feofana Greka mohiotia ranei te maha ranei marama ranei ara tau o whanau, me te muri, me te rā o te mate tohua te ki te kuhimua "e pā ana ki".

Ehara i te mea he kaituhi ingoamuna

I te Ushakov mohio he rota, ara ki ta Haimona - te reira tona ingoa, a ka i huaina, ko te ingoa ia Pimen. I mohiotia tenei e no te mea ko te kaipeita icon Haimona Ushakov te tuatahi ki te hanga a ratou mahi pupuri. Na konei, i runga i tetahi o nga ata, oti i roto i 1677, tohu ia i roto i tuhituhi e ia ia Pimen Fedorov, ka karanga Haimona Ushakov. i whai rua ingoa i roto i aua ra i te whakarerenga iho - kotahi "e piri" riro i roto i te iriiringa, i whakatapua ki te atua. e kore e taea te korero te reira i roto i te noa. Tetahi, "te Piiraa", rā, i te auraa ki ora. Ka taea te hamu mōhiohio e pā ana ki te toi i te hainatanga i te tahi atu ata - puritia tetahi o ratou i roto i te Ekalesia Georgian i China-pa. Mau, hainatia te nuinga o ana mahi.

ngā hou

Ushakov Haimona Fedorovich, te kaipeita Moscow rongonui o te rau tau XVII whakaaro te ki te waiho i te māngai nui o te toi o te wā whakamutunga o Muscovite Russia, i timata ki te hanga o te Kremlin, kua meinga nei e te tohu o te whenua kotahi. He wā hou i roto i te hītori o te ahurea Russian āhuatanga e ngā tikanga hou, me te huarahi ki te ahanoa whakaaturia. Art me te hoahoanga o Russia tahito horomia nga pūkenga o ngā māngai o ngā kura, tae atu Italian. mahi katoa o ratou i runga i te hanga me te peita o te ruma Kremlin. kua hanga whanaketanga New hoahoanga, iconography me ētahi atu momo o te toi atu he anaanaraa me ngā whakaahua peita whakapaipai - plasticity.

Russian Renaissance

Ko te tikanga, ko kanapa, me te ki tonu o masterpieces o taranata (kaipeita Haimona - tino māngai) tenei wā o whakawhitinga i te tawhito ki te toi hou iwi. Na pera i roto i te aamu o te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau XVII te maha whakaritea ki te Renaissance Western Baroque ranei. Oia mau, te tōnuitanga ite momo katoa o te toi, me te hanganga. tupu Architecture - ki te hanga i te maha rawa nui o te mau hiero.

ngaro o te takenga

Haimona Ushakov - he pūmanawa kaipeita me te toi whakairoiro, kitea i te wawe tau ako ia pūkenga o te kaitoi, rite whakauaua hoki tetahi ia ia i mua i a muri tango i roto i te silvering i runga i te paroita tūranga mōhiohio Znamenshchikov i te kuao taua tau - 22 tau. E kore e mohiotia te rā tangohia o whanau, pera i te takenga. He he kotahi anake te tau o te whanau - 1626, me te whakaaro e taketake Haimona Ushakov o te pa, i te mea, ka haere mai ia i te whenua wharekarakia ōkawa iwi free. Ahakoa hainatia tetahi o ratou e nga ngā ata (rite tuhia i runga, te tuatahi ka tae ia ki te kōrero ki ta ratou mahi) e poka ki tenei - karanga iconographer reira ia "te rangatira nui Moscow." Te nuinga pea, e kore ia i teka, a muri riro te taitara rite te tohu o te wehewehe motuhake i runga i te wahi o te hunga i roto i te mana. Ko tētahi atu mataotao Ushakov - Boris Shevatov - tuhi e ko Haimona rangatira nui noa tuku, me te aha i te whai wāhi ki te rangatira te pūkenga, a ka whiwhi i te tūranga tūmatanui ki te utu.

Ko te kanorau o te taranata

I te wahi o te mahi tuatahi i roto i ona mau ohipa ngā te hanga o huahua o ngā momo: hoki te koura, te hiriwa, i tohu o oko hahi. kara pania hei wāhanga o ana kawenga kia rite ki tauira whanaketanga me tohu mō te ngira. he nui Tau hiahiatia ki te mahi i ngā mahi, engari a Haimona Ushakov wa ki te tuhituhi i te whakapakoko wa katoa mo te Ekalesia, a mo te iwi, kei te āta hoko i te kaipeita icon tino rongonui. kāri ahumahi mohio, taiepa hahi peita, kāniwha ataahua i runga i te pu - enei katoa me maha atu pūmanawa tenei tangata rongonui.

itoito pūkeke

Pūkenga, mahi pakeke, ka whakatata mahi mīharo te whakarongo o nga mana, a i roto i 1664 i whakawhitia e ia ki te koki, takoto nei i runga i te tūranga pai-utua, "amuamu kaipeita." taranata Nēpia, kei te tipu haere rongo, a inaianei i te matenga o nga kaipeita katoa o Moscow riro Haimona Ushakov. Haurongo o tona ora i muri fokotu'u e kore i ia maheni ki maha toi te tikanga e pā ana te rawakore me te kore o te āhukahuka. Ko te whakamutunga o nga kaipeita ngingila o era i mua i-Petrine kua mate i roto i Moscow i 1686, e karapotia ana e rongo, taonga me te āhukahuka.

ngā Kōruru haurongo

Ahakoa reira kua etahi taime kino - i roto i te 1665, hinga te toi i roto i te whakama. I tae noa tonoa e ia ki te ohu whakapono, te āhua i roto i Ugreshsky. Ko te tau tangohia he unknown, rite te take o te ritenga o te kingi - rānei tahanga i runga i tetahi o nga pikitia, ranei parau kaungāongo'i e pā ana ki te whakapono Old. Heoi, i roto i te 1666 whakahuatia kotahi ano te kaitoi rite te pononga kingi.

Ko te icon tuatahi

whakaaro te mahi o te ariki mohiotia tuatahi te ki hei te whakapakoko o to tatou Lady o Vladimir, teiti hoki ki 1652. Ko reira faahiahia anake i te meka e, e rima nga tau i muri i ia te tuatahi ka kite te marama o Kanohi Tapu Simona Ushakova. Mō tautohe a ia, ka taea e rite ia te reira ranei e kore e, engari ka mohiotia i roto i te ofatiraa o te kēnana o tuhituhi te whakapakoko. āhuatanga puta reira tūturu, ia āta, me te rōrahi tukua. He eyelashes Ihu, kanohi e tiaho rite te mea i roimata. Na, ahakoa tenei, kua tangohia te Ekalesia i te icon. O te akoranga, e kore i te reira i te kupu hou i roto i te iconography, engari kahore hou, o te akoranga, ko.

papatono

i tuhituhia enei whakaahua katoa te torutoru - etahi tohunga whakapono e kua riro te reira i te hōtaka i roto i te toi. Ngana nui taea ofi ki ubrus, e, haurangi mata, mahue te Karaiti ia tona whakapakoko semeio Ushakov wa katoa, ka whakapai ake i ona ata - te huri etahi āhuatanga, tāpiri ranei tango tapanga. Kei te whakapono te reira e riro i te toi ia me ana akonga hanga i raro i tona studio te toi Western tuatahi ki te waiho. ka anga ratou ki te kawe mai 'ulungaanga tangata tuhituhi i roto i nga mata o nga hunga tapu, kahore i nei i roto i te peita icon Russian tawhito. māngai kura Ushakov, i roto i ana kupu ake, tamata "ki te tuhituhi mahino koe," Kei te tata e i roto i tona mahi ki te parau mau o taua i tino whakahē ratou i te whakapono Old (ka mea a Hapakuke whānui Ushakov, tuhi o te Karaiti, kohukohu). Kanohi Tapu Simona Ushakova, tuhia 1670 tau, i tuhituhia mo te Trinity Cathedral o te whakataunga Alexander. Na kei te rongoa reira i roto i te koki.

riro Images atu tangata

Kanohi o strikingly rerekē i te whakapakoko i roto i nei te ingoa ko te whakamārama o tenei nga ata Ushakova Tuí. Old, karakia piri rongoa mo tenetere mangai te tikanga o te tuhi ata, tawhiti rawa i te mooni. Pouri e te wa e ratou strikingly rerekē i te marama, no te "he marama te Atua", he whakapakoko ātaahua, me te reka o te hunga tapu ki ata Ushakov. I roto i tona mahi mo te wa tuatahi ki te hono i te tawhito toi Russian tawhito me te aronga atu tūturu.

I roto i ana mahi mo te wa tuatahi i reira he āhuatanga o "fryazheskogo" ranei toi uru. tikina e ia o ratou tirohanga, a ētahi wā te wahi - "whitu hara whakamate". He pinepine o peita Western me tā i runga i te tumu parau.

Credo toi

Te whakaoti i te raupapa o kaipeita icon Russian nui - Feofana Greka, Andrei Rublev, Rionaihia - riro Haimona Ushakov te piriti ki te wāhanga i muri o te whanaketanga o te peita Russian. Ana whakaaro i runga i toi, i runga i te kawenga o nga kaituhi mō rātou mahi i runga i te mooni o te kaiako o te ahanoa e whakaaturia whakaaturia i roto i tona pukapuka "He kupu ki te lyubotschatelnomu tohi rongonui", tukua i roto i te 1666, i tuhituhia pea i roto i te hononga. Ko te tirohanga faaite e te kaituhi i roto i a ia, kia ahu whakamua, kia kua whakahuatia etahi fakaanga te whakaaro e kore e pera maia i roto i tona mahi ataahua. I roto i te pukapuka waiata ia "parau tumu whakaata", korero e pā ana ki te imiraa i te te tika o te whakapakoko. I roto i tenei whakaaro, kua whakawhanakehia tētahi tikanga hou kua i te pukapuka artist -, pa iti mohio e hanga te whakawhitinga tae e kitea, i huaina ratou "manu" ka i papanga. Tenei hanga reira taea ki te utu i roto i te mata porotītaha, i te mea piri ki te tae tūturu, mahi he kauae porotaka me kaki, haapapu te puku o nga ngutu, āta kukume i te kanohi. Katoa o enei tikanga Nēpia Ushakov i runga i o ratou whakapakoko tino - te Faaora e, me te wahine.

Ko te whakawhiti ki te whakaahua

ka karanga Nā ki tenei i te reira i roto i tona ra i te "Russian Raphael". A e kore i roto i te noa. No te mea te whakaahua tuatahi o Haimona Ushakov, ranei, kaua tona ringa, ranei parsuna (reira ko te kupu i te persona wā Latin - tuakiri) - ano he kupu hou i roto i te toi. pania e ia he tohu portrait Skopin-Shumsky, he maha o te tahi atu parsuna Moscow hanahana. Hoki poutū taea te pēnei te mahi ki tona icon tino rongonui, whakaaro nei ki te hei i te mahi nui o te rau tau XVII, te toi, me te hōtaka tōrangapū o te wā - "Te Tree State Moscow", mohiotia ano i raro i te ingoa o "Whakamoemititia o to tatou Lady o Vladimir" ranei noa "" tatou Lady o Vladimir ", i reira me ingoa atu.

ruānuku Kāinga

I runga i tenei icon rerekē, ki te kahore te taiepa Kremlin, pania te pono tino me kei i te raro o te pikitia, whakaatu te whakaaro Cathedral. Kei te whakaaturia hoki tenei whare matua o te kāwanatanga Russian ki pū whakaahua. Tona waewae e rua iwi whakatokia he rakau "o te kāwanatanga Russian - he kaikohi o whenua Russian Ivan Kalita me Moscow Metropolitan Pita, he meka pai-mohiotia e Nōna te tohu o te mana i te pae varua i roto i te tari tāone o Moscow, Vladimir, e hūanga te kupu te mana poutū.

Mahi - te hautoa hītori

I runga i nga peka o te rakau, whakaritea Haimona Ushakov ngaahi mētali, i nga whakaahua o nga iwi - kingi (Fedor, Mikhail Fedorovich, Tsarevich Dmitry) me te fare pureraa tapu ki pukapuka i roto i o ratou ringa, ki te mahi i nga mea katoa ki te whakapakari i te āhua Moscow me tona whakapaipai Moscow - te pokapū tōrangapū, me te wairua. Matau - te pēteliake Hopa, me te Filaret. Metropolitan Hona, Alexis, Kaiperu, ko Piripi Photios. Mahue - Herekiu ko Nikon Radonezh me ētahi atu pou o 'Ofotokisií. Portraits Alexei Mikhailovich, i whakahau ai ia Ushakov i nui rahinga, kihai i ora. Na te parsuna ngā me nui i runga i te icon, rite te kaituhi tamata ki hoatu ia he faitatau oti ki te taketake. tana wahine, me rua o Tsarevich Alexei me Fyodor te kingi ia,, e whakaatu ana i te rōpū e tu i roto i te Kremlin. Nga kapua o anahera riro i te ringa o huanga te Kaiwhakaora o te kaha mo Alexei Mikhailovich. tohu tenei katoa te tukanga marena ki te kingitanga o nga rangatira te fenua kingi te rangi. I roto i te pokapū o te icon ko te mata o te Vladimir Mother o te Atua ki te tamaiti a Ihu i roto i ona ringa. Kei te hainatia te kānawehi, rite te toenga o Haimona Ushakov.

Ētahi atu mahi o te poto

Ki ana mahi ngā nga frescoes i runga i nga taiepa o te Palace o tafa'aki me te whare emepaea o nga taiepa Kremlin me te Anahera Cathedral o te whakaaro. Hoatu te whīwhiwhi me te kanorau o te mahi (e hāngai ana i runga i huahua Ushakov minted moni), i reira i tokomaha nga mahi.

tika kupu Motuhake icon Haimona Ushakov. Haunga te runga ake Vernicle ngā whakarerekētanga, me te maha o ngā ata Kahurangi Vladimir, mata mohiotia Christos Emanuera, tatou Lady o Kazan, Faaiteraa Angaanga ripeka.

atamira whakawhiti ki te peita

I tčnei wā i reira e 50 ata, i hainatia e Haimona Ushakov. "Tokotoru" he utu he whakamārama motuhake. Hanga ai ki te pakeketanga - i roto i te 1671. tohua Rā te me i Arama, a te Karaiti. Kei te maha hanga tapanga whakawhānui i te taha ki mua o te tukutuku. Penapena icon mai 1925, te Russian Museum, i haere mai i te Gatchina Palace. Ko te hanganga o ngā ata tono i Andrei Rublev, nei mahi, kia rite ki kei te whakapono, he mea hoki iho ki te mana o te varua, me te tangi taumauri. Ko te tika tenei ki te Tuhinga o te kakahu āta tuhituhia i roto i ngā tūemi whare. Ēnei kōrero fakamāmaní etahi o nga ata atu rite te peita. Haimona Ushakov ia hiahia tonu. I whai wāhi ia ki te whakahou i te reira, e ko te faaho'iraa mai o peita. Mau, "Tokotoru" Ko te whakawhitinga taahiraa i ata ki toi i roto i te puka parakore. Ua matau maitai ia ki nga rangatira o ngā kura Western me ētahi wā tono te papamuri mo koutou ata i roto i taua toi nui rite Veronese. Na reira Ushakov Ko e kore noa he kaipeita nui, engari ano hoki i te kaipeita pūmanawa, me te toi whakairoiro.

Ngā ākonga me hoa

Ki tona maha taranata ngā te mea homai noa o te whakaako. ara mahi a Haimona Ushakov i runga i te pukapuka mo ana ngā ākonga, ka karanga te pukapuka ko "Alphabet Art". I muri i tona matenga, i puta Pipiri 25, 1686, i reira ko he kura toi nui o kau muimui, i roto i nei i te ākonga pērā i toi matua me kaipeita rite Tikhon Filatov, Kirill Ulanov, George Zinoviev, Ivan Maximov Mikhail Milutin.