Huarahi Humanistic: āhuatanga matua

Kei te piki Society kukume te aro o te iwi auaha, taea ki te tu i te whakataetae, me te whai i te nekeneke, te ite, me te kaha ki te whaiaro wawata-a kunenga auaha tonu.

Interest i roto i te mau faaiteraa ngā o te ora tangata, me te hanganga o te tuakiri, ko te tino kitea i roto i te ahunga humanistic o hinengaro me te ako. Ngā mihi ki a ia, whakaaro te tangata e i te wāhi o te tirohanga o tona mana āhua, tapatahi, me te ngākau nui ki te whakapai ake whaiaro tonu. I te turanga o te aronga mea o te whakakitenga o te utu tangata o takitahi katoa me te faatura obligatory mō te mana motuhake takitahi.

ariā General o te humanism

"Humanism" i roto i te reo Roma tikanga "tangata". A, ka rite ki te aronga huarahi humanistic i roto i te rapunga whakaaro ahu i roto i te Renaissance. I tūnga ia i raro i te ingoa "Renaissance humanism." Tenei ao, ko te whakaaro matua o e ko te whakapae e te tangata - uara runga ake taonga te fenua katoa, me te puta i tenei postulate, he mea e tika ana ki te hanga i te pā ana ki reira.

I roto i te whānui, i te humanism - he tirohanga e uhinga a te uara o te tangata te tangata, tona matau ki te tikanga herekore, te ora oaoa, te whanaketanga tonu me te whai wāhi ki te whakaatu i to ratou aravihi. Ka rite ki te pūnaha o orientations uara i tenei ra ka mau te reira āhua rite te huinga o ngā whakaaro, me ngā uara e whakaū te uara ao o te ora te tangata i roto i te whānui me te i roto i ngā (mo te takitahi).

I mua i te taeraa mai o te ariā o "Huarahi Humanistic mo te takitahi "puta te ariā o" tangata ", e whakaatu ana he taua huru nui tuakiri ko te hinaaro me hiahia ki te āwhina i ētahi atu, faaite i te faatura, te tiaki me te whai wāhitanga. kore tangata, i roto i te parau tumu, e kore e taea e te oraraa o te tangata.

Tenei kounga o te tangata, i te mea te kaha ki te hanga i te aroha matau ki tetahi atu tangata. I roto i te hapori hou, humanism - he pai pāpori, engari te tangata - te whāinga teitei o te whanaketanga pāpori, i roto i nei me hanga tikanga iteraa tonu o tona pūmanawa ki te whakatutuki i te au maitai i roto i te, ao ōhanga me te wairua pāpori, me te whanaketanga rawa o te takitahi.

Ko te turanga matua o te huarahi humanistic ki te tangata

arotahi teie mahana te tangata tikanga i runga i te whanaketanga tahi o ngā kaha hinengaro o te takitahi, me te tona wähanga fakalaumālie, me te morare, me te rerehua. Hoki tenei e mea faufaa kia kite i roto i te tangata o ona raraunga pea.

Ko te whāinga o te humanism - he kaupapa tonu-parirau o mahi, hinengaro, me te kōrero, i te mea he noa, whaiaro-ranea me te kawenga hoki te mea kei te tupu i roto i te hapori. Mehua, e te kupu riro huarahi ngākau tautuhi te reira i hiahiatanga mō te whaiaro iteraa-a ngā āheinga ki te rave i te reira. Ko te mea matua - ki te whakaatu i te tuakiri, me te āwhina i ki reira hei noa, me te kawenga i roto i te mahi.

Tauira o hanganga o te tangata taua, i roto i ngā o te hinengaro humanistic, ka anga ona whanaketanga i roto i te United States (1950-1960 gg.). I whakaahuatia te reira i roto i te mahi o A. Maslow, Frank S., K. Rogers, Kelly J., A. Heru, a te tahi atu pūtaiao.

tuakiri

Whakaahuatia i roto i tenei ariā huarahi humanistic ki te tangata, ki te hinengaro o te tuakiri i kua hohonu tātarihia ia e pūtaiao pūtaiao kaimātai hinengaro. O te akoranga, e kore e taea e tatou e te mea e te tino whakawakia tenei rohe, engari i hanga reira rangahau ariā nui.

puta tenei aronga o te hinengaro rite te ahua o te ariā o te rere kē, tino wāhanga ranei tāutuhia whanonga hinengaro me te kararehe tangata. Theory o tuakiri, tirohia i te tirohanga o ngā kōrero tuku iho humanistic, no ki te psychodynamic (i te wa ano, interactionist). e kore te mea he whakamātautau tenei peka o hinengaro, he whakahaere hanganga, me te hihiri me te uhi i te wā katoa o te ora tangata. whakaahua ana ia ia kia rite ki te tangata, mā te whakamahi i te ngā o ngā āhuatanga ā-me ngā āhuatanga, me ngā whanonga.

Kaiwhakahau o te ariā e whakaaro te tuakiri i roto i te huarahi humanistic, matua hiahia i roto i te perception, māramatanga me te whakamārama o te tangata o ngā tūturu o tona ora. Ko te tino hiahia ki te phenomenology o te takitahi, kaua ki te te rapu mō whakamārama. Na reira, kei te maha i huaina phenomenological tenei momo o te ariā. Ko te whakamārama rawa o te tangata, me te mau ohipa i roto i tona ora, hāngai matua i runga i te hakari, me te e whakaahuatia i roto i enei ngā: "whāinga ora", "tikanga o te ora", "uara", etc ...

Humanism i roto i te hinengaro Rogers me Maslow

I roto i tona ariā o Rogers i okioki ki te meka e te tangata kua te hiahia me te kaha ki te whaiaro whaiaro whakapai ake-, kia rite ki te farii i te reira i te mahara. E ai ki a Rogers, i te tangata - he mea hanga e kia he mea mo ia te kaiwhakawa nui rawa.

huarahi humanistic ariā i roto i te tuakiri hinengaro hopoi mai Rogers ki te meka e te ariā pokapū o te tangata - ko "ahau," ki nga ariā, whakaaro, whāinga katoa me ngā uara. I roto i ngā o, e taea te hoatu koe e ia he whakautu, me te ki ngā te opuaraa no te tupu whaiaro me te whanaketanga. kia whakaturia te tangata tatou te pātai, "Ko wai ahau? He aha ahau e hiahia ana a taea ahau riro? "A he pono whakaoti reira.

Ko te whakapakoko o "ahau" rite ki te hua o te wheako ora whaiaro pānga te kiritau-me te tirohanga o te ao, me te taiao. pea te reira i te aromātai kino, pai taupatupatu ranei. Takitahi ki rerekē "ahau" -Concept kite i te ao rerekē. kia mio'i ai te ariā taua, engari e kore e taua uru ia, ngā mahara. Ko te taumata o te utu ki te ora - he mehua o te tini o te oaoa. Ko ia tika ti'aturi i runga i te ōritetanga i waenganui i mau, me te pai "e ahau".

I roto i nga whakaritenga o te huarahi humanistic ki hinengaro o ngā tuakiri:

• wawata-whaiaro;
• te hiahia mō te whaiaro kīanga-;
• te hiahia mō te whaiaro whakapai ake-.

Ko te ārahi i roto ia ratou - he mea whaiaro wawata-. tahoê te reira i ki ia atu nga pūkenga katoa i roto i tenei mara, ara ki ngā rerekētanga nui o te whakaaro. Ko te noa tino ko te ariā o te whakaaro mo te whakaaro o Maslow A.

tuhia e ia e whai wāhi te iwi whaiaro-actualizing katoa i roto i tetahi mahi. He pono ki a ia ratou, me te take he te tahi mea rawa faufaa ki te tangata (te ahua o te karangatia). Iwi o tenei momo ahu ki tikanga rangatira, ataahua, te tika, te pai me te tino. He hiahia faufaa me tikanga o te whaiaro wawata-enei uara me. Hoki te tangata i taua puta ki te tīariari he tukanga o te whiriwhiri tonu: ki te haere i mua ranei hoki ki raro, me te kore e whawhai. Whaiaro-wawata - ko te ara o te whanaketanga tonu me te makanga o te tokonga o te pae whakakahoretia o pōhēhētanga.

He aha te mea te mauri o te huarahi humanistic ki hinengaro

I ngā wā, huarahi humanistic ngā G. Allport ariā o pükenga, whaiaro-wawata o Maslow A., K. Rogers indirektivnoy e pā ana ki hinengaro, e pā ana ki te ora o te tangata S. Buhler me whakaaro Meyya R. nga tikanga matua o te ariā o te humanism i hinengaro te whai ake:

• tuatahi he tangata kua he kaha mārohirohi tūturu;
• hanganga o ope kino puta rite whanaketanga;
• he tangata kua he taumu'a o whaiaro wawata-;
• i runga i te ara o te whaiaro wawata-reira e ngaahi fakafaingata'a'ia'anga ki te mahi whai hua o te takitahi.

ngā matua o te ariā:

• congruence;
• whakaaetanga pai, me te herekore o te whaiaro me etahi atu;
• whakarongo empathic me te matauranga.

Ko te whāinga matua o te huarahi:

• provisioning kakató o mahi o te takitahi;
• hanga o ngā āhuatanga mō te whaiaro wawata-;
• whakangungu māhorahora, maia, motuhēhē, fakakaume'a, me te whakaaetanga;
• mātauranga o te aumauiui (aumauiui me Tuhinga);
• whanaketanga o te kaha ki te aro mātai ā-;
• mākohakoha ki te hou.

He whāititanga i roto i te tono tenei huarahi. psychotics reira me ngā tamariki. Chance o te hua kino i therapy puaretanga tika i roto i te taiao pāpori pukuriri.

I runga i te mau parau tumu o te huarahi humanistic

Ka taea te whakarāpopoto poto nga mau parau tumu o te huarahi humanistic:

• ki nga whāititanga katoa o te te tangata kua te haere noa, me te mana motuhake ki te whakatinana i te reira;
• puna nui o ngā mōhiohio - wheako existential me tuakiri o te takitahi;
• feinga tonu te natura taata mō te whanaketanga tonu;
• tangata kotahi, me te katoa;
• he ahurei tuakiri, me te reira whaiaro wawata-;
• Iwi titiro ki te heke mai, me te ko te oranga auaha kaha.

Kei a ia ko te mau parau tumu te kawenga mō te mahi. Te tangata - taputapu e kore mauri, me te kore te pononga ki peu i hanga. I te tīmatanga, he pai, me te pai ona āhua. whakapono Maslow ko Rogers e te maha raruraru tupu whaiaro e tikanga ārai me wehi. I muri i te katoa, he kiritau-maha i whawhai ki taua homai e te tangata a tawhio noa. Na reira, kei te fehangahangai ia ki te matawaenga - he kōwhiringa i waenganui i te whakaaetanga me te aro mātai i te hiahia ki te noho i tona.

Existentialism me humanism

Ngā kaimātai hinengaro e tohu ana huarahi ngākau existential- ko Binswanger L., Frankl V., R. Mei, Bugental, Yalom. whakawhanakehia te huarahi whakaahuatia i roto i te hawhe tuarua o te rautau rua tekau. whakarārangi tatou i nga tikanga matua o tenei ariā:

• whakaaro he tangata e i te tirohanga o te oraraa tūturu;
• Me feinga ia mo whaiaro wawata-me whaiaro iteraa-;
• te tangata he kawenga mo tona whiriwhiri, te oraraa, me te whakatinanatanga o to ratou ake pūmanawa;
• He utu te tangata, me te he rota o kōwhiringa. Ko te raruraru ngā i roto i te kaha ki te karo i te reira;
• Whakaoho - Ko te putanga o ratou kore o āheinga whakatinanatanga tenei;
• maha e kore e te tangata ite e ko ia he pononga o tauira me peu te kore te tangata tūturu, me te ora teka. Hei huri i tēnei āhua me hei mōhiotanga o ratou tūranga pono;
• Iwi e mate ana i te mo'emo'e, ahakoa ia anake te tīmatanga, rite mai ana ki te ao, me te rau reira anake.

Ko te whāinga matua whaia e te huarahi existential-humanistic ko:

• mātauranga o fatongia, te kaha ki te tautapa mahi me ki te whakaoti ia ratou;
• Ako ki te kia kaha, me te ki te hinga fifi;
• mahi rapu, te wahi e taea noa koe te whakapuaki ia ratou;
• te upooti'araa o te mauiui, ite "tihi" taime;
• tīpako kukū whakangungu;
• rapu mō tikanga pono.

whiriwhiri Free, mākohakoha ki ngā whanaketanga hou e haere mai - he tohutoro ki te takitahi. he ariā taua whakakahore conformism. Enei mau huru tūturu i roto i te koiora tangata.

Humanism i roto i te Mātauranga

Tikanga me te mau parau tumu e whakatairanga huarahi humanistic i roto i te mātauranga, arotahi te reira i runga i te meka e, e hāngai ana te pūnaha o ngā hononga "te kaiako / akonga o" i runga i te whakaute me te tika.

Na, i roto i te ako kia whakaarahia taku Rogers kaiako ratou ake akonga kaha ki te whakaoti i ana raruraru, kaua ki te ki te whakatau hoki a ia. E kore e taea ki te tangohia he otinga taka-hanga. Ko te whakaaro - whakaongaonga o te mahi whaiaro ki te huri i me te tupu, a he mure ore ratou. Ko te mea matua e kore ko te huinga o ngā meka me ngā ariā, me te huringa o te ākonga takitahi rite ki te hua o te whaiaro ako-. Ko te mahi o te mātauranga - ki te whakawhanake i te kaha o te whanaketanga whaiaro-me whaiaro wawata-, te rapu hoki tona tuakiri. tāutuhia e Rogers nga tikanga e whai ake nei i raro i nei te whakatinana i tenei raruraru:

• whakaoti ngā ākonga i roto i te tukanga akoranga raruraru e te hunga nui ki a ratou;
• kaiako i roto i te pā ana ki te tamariki ite rite pū;
• E pā ana te reira ki tino i te akonga;
• kaiako e whakaatu ana te aumihi ki te akonga (kătahi ki te ao i roto rawa o te ākonga, he titiro i te taiao o ona kanohi, i toe ia;
• kaiako - kaiāwhina stimulator (hanga tikanga pai mo te ākonga);
• akiaki ia ākonga ki te whiriwhiri i te pae morare, te whakarato rauemi mō te tātari.

Tangata, i kawea ki runga, ko te uara teitei, e whai te tika ki te ora tika, me te oaoa. Na reira, huarahi humanistic i te mātauranga, Koia nga tika me nga rangatiratanga o te tamaiti, whai wāhi ki tona whanaketanga auaha me te whanaketanga-whaiaro - he matua i roto i te ako.

Me whiwhi tēnei huarahi te tātari. I tua atu, me whakaoti koe i te māramatanga hohonu o te ariā o (te ritenga): te ora me te mate, te teka me te faitotonú, aroha me te fakaaoao, mauahara, me te aroha ...

mātauranga hākinakina me te humanism

I tēnei wā, huarahi humanistic ki whakangungu kaipara faaore te tukanga o te whakarite me te whakangungu, mahi te kaipara rite te hinonga aunoa, ki te whakatutuki i ngā hua, tukua i roto i te mua o ia ia.

Kua whakaaturia Studies e ki kaitäkaro maha whakatutuki tino tinana, meinga kino nui ki te konä me te hauora. tupu te reira i e te kawenga tono takarepa. mahi tenei hoki e rua kaitäkaro taitamariki me te paari. Ka rite ki te hua, arata'i tenei huarahi ki breakdowns hinengaro. Ko whakaatu tenei rangahau e te tūponotanga o te riroraa te tuakiri maona, ona pūnaha morare, me te wairua, te hanganga o te hihiri - he kore e mutu. Ka taea te kawea huarahi e hāngai ana tona whanaketanga i roto i roto i tonu, ki te huri koe i te tautuhinga uara hei kaitäkaro me te kaiako. kia atu ngākau atawhai tenei tatūnga.

Hoko ko ha tokotaha 'atelita' ulungaanga humanistic - he kaua uaua, me te wa e kai ana i tenei tukanga. Me waiho te reira nahanaha, me te titau i te kaiako (kaiako, kaiako) hangarau aravihi i te ture o te pānga tiketike. arotahi ana tēnei huarahi i runga i te tautuhinga humanistic - whanaketanga whaiaro, ona hinengaro, hauora tinana i te tikanga o te hākinakina me te ahurea tinana.

Whakahaere me te Humanism

I teie mahana, e te tutava ngā whakahaere ki te whakapai ake tonu i te taumata ahurea o tona tokotoko. I roto i te Hapani, mo te tauira, i tetahi hinonga (kamupene) he hoki ona kaimahi e kore te mea tika i te wahi ki te whiwhi moni mo te ora, engari ano hoki he wahi e hopoi mai tahi hoa takitahi i roto i te kapa. Hoki ia, nui reira he wāhi nui te wairua o te mahi ngātahi me te taupuhipuhinga.

Organization - he hoko atu o te whānau. Ko te humanistic huarahi ki te whakahaere i kite te rite te tukanga e hanga he mo'oni e taea iwi ki te kite i ngā, mahino ratou, ka mahi kia rite ki te āhuatanga, hoatu tikanga me te hiranga o ratou ake whanonga. I roto i te meka i te ture - te auraa, me te mahi matua e wahi i roto i te kau o te whiriwhiri.

utaina āhuatanga katoa o te whakahaere i te tikanga fakataipe, me te āwhina ki te hanga i tētahi mooni. hāngai ana huarahi Humanistic i runga i te tangata, e kore te whakahaere. No te faatupu i tenei, he mea nui ki te kaha ki te whakauru i ki te pūnaha ngā o ngā uara me te huringa i roto i te tikanga hou o te mahi.