Huinga Phraseological: Tauira

Tahuri o kīanga - ko te tūkinohia te o te tangata e Rangahau te reo ke, no te mea ka fehangahangai ki a ratou, iwi maha e taea e kore matau he aha te mea i tĭtĭ. E mea pinepine, ki matau i roto i te tikanga o te tauākī, he mea e tika ana ki te whakamahi i te papakupu o ngā phraseological, e kore e tonu nei i te ringa. Heoi, i reira te mea he otinga - ka taea e koe te whakawhanake i te kaha ki te mohio ki kīwaha, katahi ka waiho i te reira māmā ki te matau ratou auraa. Heoi, hoki tenei e hiahia ana koe ki te mohio he aha momo he ratou me pehea rerekē ratou. kia whai aro i roto i tenei whakaaro kia utua ki ngā phraseological rite he ratou (no o nga ara rerekē o whakarōpū ratou) hanga i te nuinga o ngā raruraru. Na, he aha te mea te reira, he aha e ratou āhuatanga motuhake, me te i roto i te mea papakupu taea kitea e koe tohutohu?

Faahitiraa parau, me te kaupapa o tona ako

faahitiraa parau Pūtaiao, e tohunga ana i roto i te ako o ngā ngā o kainga, ngā taitamariki. I roto i te mātauranga wetereo Russian, ka anga ia ki te tu i roto i rite te wāhanga motuhake anake i roto i te rau tau XVIII., A ka i te mutunga o tenei rau tau, whakawhetai Mihailu Lomonosovu.

Ko te rongonui tino o ona kairangahau - wetereo Viktor Vinogradov ko Nikolay Shan, a i roto i te reo Pākehā - A. te McKay, William Weinreich ko L. P. Smit. Ratau, he reira ia tapao e te wetereo English-korero, pērā tohunga Slavic, utua nui iti whakarongo te ki wae phraseological, a te kararehe ratou i roto i tenei reo e homai Russian, Ukrainian Polish ranei.

Ko te kaupapa matua i runga i te ako e arotahi nei tenei ako ko te kïwaha kōrero taukī ranei. He aha te mea te reira? Tenei huinga o nga kupu maha, i te mea kainga i roto i te hanganga me te hanganga (kore unu ake faahou i ia wa, me te whakamahia i roto i te puka kua oti). Hoki tenei take, ka pāhi kïwaha, ahakoa o tona momo me te roa o ona kupu Pākēha, puta tonu rite te rerenga kotahi.

Tautuhi ngā kīanga i roto i ia reo ko te mea ahurei, e pā ana ki tona hītori me te tikanga. taea e kore te tino whakawhiti te reira i waho ngaro tona tikanga. Na reira, kei te tino maha whiriwhiria te translation i kīwaha rite o uara, te tīariari i roto i tetahi atu reo.

Hei tauira, te rongonui huinga phraseological English: "Kia mau ki o koutou maihao i runga i te he pini", e mooni tikanga "ki te pupuri i to tatou maihao i runga i te he pini," engari hanga reira tikanga ki "pupuri te ritenga atu o ngā whanaketanga." Heoi, mai i reira he kahore tauira kotahi rau ōrau Russian, kua whakakapia reira ki tino rite "ite i te pini".

I te tahi taime, e tika ana ki te pātata o whenua, ratou reo i reira he taufetongi rite o kīanga, a ka raruraru ki te translation reira. Ko te kupu, ko te faaiteraa Russian "twiddle" (takirimatia tawhio) kua tona teina māhanga i roto i te reo Ukrainian - "baydyky byty".

E mea pinepine mai taua faaiteraa i te wa ano i roto i reo maha no o te tahi mau ohipa faufaa, pērā i pērā i Christianization. Ahakoa no ki hāhi Karaitiana rerekē, i Ukrainian, French, Pāniora, Tiamana, Slovak, Russian, me te kïwaha noa Polish tangohia "Arepa, te Omeka" te i te Bibilia, a te tikanga "i te timatanga ki te mutunga" (tino, ata).

Ngā momo o huinga kīanga

I runga i te take o te whakarōpū o faahitiraa parau tonu-wetereo kihai i haere mai ki te whakaaro kotahi. Ētahi tāupe atu whakatauki ratou ( "te kore te ra e kore koutou e taea e noho, e kore e taea e ora i waho te reka") me kupu ( "kore e hoatu e te Atua - te poaka e kore e kai") me clichés wetereo ( "tautoko tākare", "mahi taiao"). Ko ia ko e ratou i roto i te tokoiti.

I te kau, te rongonui tino i roto i te reo Te Tai Rāwhiti Slavic pai whakarōpū kaiwetereo Viktor Vinogradov, e kua tohaina kīanga whakaritea katoa i runga i toru ngā kāwai matua:

• tui Phraseological.
• kotahitanga Phraseological.
• ngā Phraseological ona.

He rota o wetereo pā fusion me kotahitanga ki te wā "kïwaha" (i te ara, he te hļtori ki te kupu ingoa "pōrangi" te kupu), i te mea mau he uhinga tatau ia mo te kupu ingoa "kïwaha". Ko e tika ana ki te meka e te tahi mau taime te utu i te wehewehe ko ratou tino uaua tenei. Ko tenei ingoa utu te haamana'oraa, pera i roto i te reo Ingarihi tui phraseological, kotahitanga, te whakakotahi whakawhitia ki tona awhina - kīwaha.

Ko te pātai o kīanga rerenga

tohe hoa Vinogradova Nikolay Shan i te oraraa o te wha o momo - kīanga. I roto i te meka, ngā ia ngā phraseological Vinogradov ki e rua ngā kāwai: te ngā tūturu me whakapuaki.

Ahakoa te whakarōpū o te Shan me arata'i ki te whakama i roto i te mahi o te tohatoha o huinga kīanga, engari taea te reira ki a koutou te whakaaro atu hohonu tenei āhuatanga reo.

He aha te mea te rerekētanga phraseological tui, kotahitanga phraseological, ngā phraseological

Tuatahi o te katoa, ko reira matauranga utu e wehea enei wae pakari ki enei momo o te taumata wetereo o motuhake o ratou wae.

He tino hia pōro, tona tikanga e kore e hono ki te uara o ratou wāhanga, kua karangatia e ratou tui phraseological. Hei tauira: "whakakoi mātotoru" (arahi kōrero heahea), ki te kakahu ngakau kotahi o runga tetahi o ringaringa (ki te kia hāngai, 'oku' uhinga "ki kakahu te ngakau i runga i tona ringaringa"). E te ara, hoki nga adhesions whakaahua āhuatanga, maha whakatika ratou i te kupu rongonui, rawa tawhito kīanga o ngā pukapuka tawhito ranei.

kotahitanga Phraseological he tirohanga atu motuhake, i roto i te pā ana ki ona wāhanga. Rerekē adhesions, ratou semantics he tika ki te uara o ratou kaipōti. Hoki tenei take, tenei ngā puns. Hei tauira: kïwaha "iti, engari maitai i hanga" (he tangata e te tahi mea pai, ahakoa ona raraunga kore faahiahia waho) me Ukrainian: "katyuzі i runga i zasluzі" (riro te hara te whiu e tika ana o tona ake he). E te ara, nga tauira e rua faahoho'ai te āhuatanga ahurei o unities: consonance rhymed. Mahalo ko tenei he aha kiia Viktor Vinogradov whakatauki me kupu ratou, ahakoa no ratou ki te faahitiraa parau tautohetia ano e wetereo maha.

Ko te momo tuatoru: te wātea o collocations kīanga. He tino tino rerekē i te runga ake e rua ratou. Ko te take i te uara o ratou wāhanga tika pānga te tikanga o te rerekē haere katoa. Hei tauira: "inu inuinu", "whakaarahia te take".

ngā Phraseological i roto i te reo Russian (rite i roto i te Ukrainian me Ingarihi) he āhuatanga motuhake: ka taea te whakakapi o ratou wāhanga kahore mate o tikanga faaauhia te "te he i te honore" - "kino ia whakapehapeha", "pere whero" - "jingle". Ka rite ki te tauira o te reo o te hunga whakakake Ingarangi - kïwaha ki te whakaatu (e whakaatu ana niho) tetahi o niho, e taea te takatūria mō tetahi tangata: ki te whakaatu i toku (koutou, tana, ia, to tatou) niho.

kīanga Phraseological me ngā: te āhuatanga motuhake

Classification Victor Vinogradova, tohaina ai te te hanganga kotahi anake puka tātari (ngā o kīanga) i āta kō Nikolaem Shanskim. Wehe i kīwaha a ko rawa ohie te huinga (e tika ana ki o ratou rerekētanga i roto i te hanganga). Ko te kōwae hou o te Petehana - faaiteraa ( "te wehi o wuruhi - i roto i te ngahere e kore e ki te haere"), ko reira uaua ki te wehewehe i te huinga.

Otiia ki te ki matau i te pātai, ka taea e kite koe i te rereketanga mārama, hāngai nei i runga i te uara o ngā phraseological. Ko te kupu, ngā te faaiteraa o te korero rawa free, tino matou semantics motuhake ( "kore he koura katoa - e glitters"). Heoi, i te kīanga mua me ngā rerenga kōrero, rerekē ratou i roto i taua he ratou kīanga eu kore e e komponiruyutsya mo te hou, me te whakamahia i roto i te puka oti rite te tātauira, "horseradish rarihi ko kore reka" (putanga Iukereiniana o "e kore te mea solodshy rarihi hrіn").

ngā Phraseological ( "Kia upoko o ki hatepea atu" - "ki te hoatu i te ringa ki te hatepea atu") Kei te tonu i roto i te hanganga i te torutoru nga kupu ki uara roa ho'i i, i ngā wāhanga katoa o kīanga semantically rawa motuhake ( "te tangata - tangi te reira pai"). Ratau, tenei āhuatanga o ratou hanga etahi wetereo ruarua nga kīanga no ki te kīanga i whakaritea.

E kore he huinga o nga kupu te whakapuaki rerenga

Kïwaha, he wāhi wetereo o te tirohanga, ko te āhuatanga ahurei: i runga i te ringa kotahi, i ratou nga tohu katoa o ngā kīanga, engari ngā āhuatanga atu rite ki te kupu. E matau ana enei āhuatanga, ka taea e koe ngāwari te ako ki te wehewehe eu phraseological ngā, kotahitanga, hononga kīanga ranei i te kīanga mua.

• Kïwaha, me te kīanga ngā o te maha tohu hono, engari te nuinga o ratou tikanga he taea ki te haere ki tua atu i te moni o ratou uara wae. Hei tauira :. "Lose tou matenga" (mutu ki te whakaaro whaitake te) me "ngaro te putea" Kupu e hanga ake te kïwaha, maha whakamahia i roto i te tikanga taipe.
• A, no te whakamahia i roto i ngā kīanga kupu me te hanganga tuhituhi i hanga ia wa hou. Ko te kotahitanga me te hononga e tonu tāruatia i roto i te puka whakamutunga (e tahoê ratou ki clichés kupu). huinga Phraseological o kupu me ngā kīanga phraseological ētahi wā puputu'u i roto i tenei whakaaro. Hei tauira: ". Raro tona matenga" "whakairi iho" (faaoto ai) ahakoa he reira faahitiraa parau, engari ia o ona wāhanga he taea ki te puta noa i roto i ngā kīanga tikanga "whakairi koti" me
• Rerenga (e tika ana ki te tapatahi o nga uara o ona wāhanga) i roto i te nuinga o te wā e taea te ngāwari whakakapi e taurite, e kore e taea e koe ki te kupu. Hei tauira: te faaiteraa "pononga o Melpomene," Ka taea te ngāwari ke ki te kupu ohie "Artist" ranei "kaiwhakaari".
• kore kïwaha hei ingoa. Hei tauira, hydronym "Moana Tote" me te huinga phraseological "atu te wa" (wa ta'emanakoa), "e takoto ana taimaha mate" (takoto taonga kāore).

Whakarōpū o ngā waeine phraseological i roto i te takenga

Whakaaro i te pātai o te takenga o ngā phraseological, Ka taea e kīanga o kotahitanga me splices kia wehea ratou ki te maha ngā rōpū.

• Ngā i haere mai nei i te reo o te iwi, "te tiki i runga i ona waewae", "kahore he kingi i roto i tona matenga" (poauau), "e kore, te wiki" (wā poto rawa).
• papa ngaio, e āta tahuri ki phraseologisms :. "Black, me te ma", "ringihia te wai ki te mira", "i te tere wāhi"
• E kua waiho kupu rongonui o tau rongonui hītori pūāhua tuhituhi ranei, pūāhua kiriata: "ki te mea matua hāngai reparacion" ( "Wizards"), "āta, ko eé" (M. Zhvanetskiy), E ahau he moe (Martin Luther King).
• tono eu ngā phraseological i ētahi atu reo, i ētahi wā, kahore translation. Hei tauira: o tempora, o ähuareka (i runga i te wā, i runga i tikanga), Carpe diem (Hopukia te ra), wā tūturu vulnera sanat (whakaora nei wā patunga katoa).
• Quotes i te Bibilia: "pirepire ki te maka" (korerotanga / e whakaatu ana te tahi mea kahore he kau fanongo / kaimätakitaki), "tatari noa te piti-raa mai" (tatari hoki te tahi mea mo te wa roa, a pea horihori), "Puhura Tama", "mana i te rangi".
• Tauākī i tuhinga puāwaitanga: "Apple o faaararaa i" (te kaupapa i tautohetia), "homai Kariki" (whakapangia i te ahua o te pai te kino), "titiro te Medusa" (te mea piri hanga rite te kohatu).

Ētahi atu whakarōpūtanga: te putanga Petra Dudika

• I tua atu Vinogradov ko Petehana, a te tahi atu wetereo kua tamata ki wehe i te kīwaha, arata'ihia e ratou te mau parau tumu ake. Ko te kupu, tāutuhia he kaiwetereo kore Dudik wha, engari e rima ngā momo o wae phraseological:
• Semantically kïwaha wehewehe "ki te hei i runga i te waewae poto" (tata ki te tangata ki te mohio).
• kotahitanga faahitiraa parau ki semantics looser o nga āhuatanga wāhanga o "kaki hopi" (whiua te tangata).
• kīanga Phraseological, tito katoa o kupu motuhake, ki te uara tapeke o te mea e taea ki te whiriwhiri i he uhinga tatau. Enei Dudik te nuinga pā ana kupu, me te whakatauki: "E kore te mea he hoa Gus poaka."
• ngā Phraseological - ngā hāngai i runga i te tikanga, mō te "toto puru", "Hawkeye".
• kīanga Phraseological. Āhuatanga e te kore o te kotahitanga o ngā wāhanga te kupu whakarite, me te syntactic: ". He pupuhi nui"

Classification Igorya Melchuka

I tua atu i te katoa kia Mel'chukov te whakarōpū i runga wae phraseological. E ai ki reira tohaina te nui atu momo, e kua wehea i roto i wha kāwai.

• Waeine wā tonu, polufrazema, kvazifrazema.
• Te Mahi o te āhuatanga te kaipaanui i roto i te phraseologism hanganga: pū, me te pragmatemy.
• E kōwae reo ngā: he tohu, te parau, wetereo frazema.
• mau frazeologizatsiyu wae tohu reo: syntactics haina, signifier me whakaaturia.

Classification Boris Larin

Tenei kaiwetereo tohaina ngā pūmau o kupu i runga i te atamira o ratou te kukuwhatanga, i te noa ki te kīanga o te faahitiraa parau:

• ngā tāupe (ngā o orotahi me ngā kīanga rerenga): "wa wereweti".
• Ko te hunga e ngaro etahi o ona tikanga tuatahi, engari i taea ki te kitea whakarite me te stereotype: ". Pupuri i tona uma i te kohatu"
• Kīwaha, tino kowaiwai o motuhake pū o ratou wāhanga, ka kua ngaro pa ki o ratou tikanga wetereo taketake, me te tūranga wetereo (adhesions phraseological tairitenga me kotahitanga), "i roto i o ringa" (kino).

tauira noa o ngā phraseological

Kei raro ko te torutoru ngā kainga he āhua pai-mohiotia.

• "Kia noho humarie ana," (fiemālie).
• "Kanohi whakapoururu" (whakama).
• "Patua" (whiua te tangata).
• "Take aihere taratara" (i te raruraru e titau whakaaro maite).

Ahakoa kīwaha English Vinogradov whakarōpū me te kore e Shan tono, Heoi, ka taea e koe te whiriwhiri i te kīanga i whakaritea e taea kia kōmakatia hei te huinga o te kīanga.
tauira:

• Uma hoa - hoa uma (uma hoa - he hoa uma).
• He mahi Sisyfean (Sisyphean).
• He whawhai noho - he pakanga e mura (whawhai e mura - he pakanga e mura).

pukapuka kupu tūruhi

Ko te tokomaha nui o ngā waeine phraseological whakarōpūtanga e tika ana ki te meka e kore e hoatu tetahi o ratou te taurangi pūmau kahore he hape. Na reira, te reira utu ki te mohio he aha te papakupu taea kitea e koe i te tīwhiri, ki te kore e taea e koe tika te whakatau i te momo phraseologism. Kua wehea papakupu katoa o tenei momo ki papakupu, me te reomaha. Kei raro whakawhitia ake tatou te pukapuka tino rongonui o tenei ahua, i roto i nei e taea e kitea e koe mau hi'oraa o kīanga whakaritea, te tino noa i roto i te reo Rusia.

• Anake: "Training pukapuka kupu tūruhi" E. Bystrova; "He wera i te kupumahi - faahitiraa parau iwi Dictionary" V. Kuzmich; "Papakupu Phraseological o Reo Russian" Fedoseev; "Papakupu Phraseological o te reo tuhituhi Russian" I. Fedoseyev me "Big kia whai-pukapuka kupu tūruhi" M. Michelson.
• Reomaha: "pukapuka kupu tūruhi English-Russian" (e rua tekau mano kīanga huinga) A. Kunin, "nui Polish-Russian, pukapuka kupu tūruhi Russian-Polish" Yu Lukshina me Random House Russian-English Dictionary o Kīwaha Sofia Lubensk.

te mōhio pea e ko te reira te tahi mau taime fifi ki te wehewehe tonu te mea momo no te kïwaha ngā, kia titiro uaua mīharo tenei kaupapa. Heoi, e kore e pera rewera rite te peita ia. Ko te ara matua ki te whakawhanake i te kaha ki te kitea te huinga matau o kupu phraseological wae phraseological i roto i ētahi atu - ki te faaohipa wā. A i roto i te take o ngā reo ke - ki te ako i te takenga mai o enei kīanga, me te tamau aau ratou. Tenei e kore anake āwhina ki kore te tiki i roto i ngā āhuatanga rorirori i roto i te heke mai, engari ka meinga te reira tino ataahua, me te pohewa.