Ka rite ki nga pūtau proliferating. Ko te tupu me te tini o ngā pūtau

Pea e kore ake pinepine ako i roto i te kura o ngā ariā koiora o te hōtaka atu te pūtau. Mai reira e whakaurua 5 i runga i te piha haapiiraa hītori taiao, a ka tukinotia i roto i te 6 tukurua rite nga momo me wehenga pūtau ona tikanga. I roto i te māka 7, me te 8 ako ia i te wāhi o te tirohanga o te tipu, kararehe, me te take mai tangata. Grade 9 ngā whakaaro o ngā tukanga ā-tupu i roto i reira, e ko, te hanganga rāpoi. I 10 me 11 Ko te ariā pūtau, te kitenga, me te kukuwhatanga.

hanga ana te hōtaka kei te taua ara no te mea ko reira enei hanganga iti, "nga poraka hanga o te ora," Ko nga āhuatanga tino nui o tetahi rauropi. kawea katoa hono ki te ora, i roto i na ratou a roto ia ratou - katoa faufaa mahi, tukanga, tupu me te whanaketanga, te hanganga. Na reira, i roto i tenei tuhinga ka titiro tatou ki nga ngā matua o te uri, te whanaketanga pūtau me te hītori o ratou kitea.

te whakatuwhera pūtau

He tino iti i roto i te rahi ēnei matūriki hanganga. Na reira, hoki ratou kitea ka mau te reira i te wa roa, me te hanga o te hangarau motuhake. Hoki te wā tuatahi i te hanganga pūtau o te ora tipu kikokiko i kite Robert Guk. Ko roto i te 1665. I roto i te tikanga hoki ratou ki te whakaaro, whakaaro ia te karu tuatahi. faaite tēnei pūrere iti ahua ki hou whakaaro whārahi. Engari, ko reira rite he torutoru whakaritea i waenganui i te koropiko, hoatu te hua.

Mā te tenei pūrere, whakaaro te pūtaiao te wāhanga o te rakau puru. Aha kite ia i ko te timatanga o te whanaketanga o te maha o sciences hāngai ana, me te koiora i roto i te whānui. He plurality o piri piri ana pūtau o te rahi āhua rite, me te āhua. ka karanga a Hooke ratou pūtau, e te tikanga "pūtau".

Muri hanga he maha o ngā āhuatanga e whakaaetia te mohio ki te tupu, whakaemi me te hua i roto i te maha ihi whai wāhi i roto i to ratou ako.

1. 1675 - pūtaiao ako Malpighi he momo o te āhua pūtau, ka haere mai ki te mutunga e ko te reira tino maha tawhio mirumiru porotītaha ki tonu te ora wai ranei.
2. Grew N. whakapumautia Malpighi nga kitenga, a ka ako ano te hanganga o te membrane pūtau - 1682.
3. 1674 - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek oroko te pūtau o te huakita, me te hanganga toto, me te parāoa.
4. 1802-1809 gg. -. Sh-Brissot me te Mirbeau zh B. Lamark whakaaro te oraraa o te rite i waenganui i te kopa, me te kararehe, me te whakato ngā pūtau.
5. 1825 - ka tuwhera te karihi pūtau manu fakasekisualé Purkinje.
6. 1831-1833 gg. - heheu Robert Brown te aroaro o te karihi i roto i te tipu ngā pūtau me whakamōhio te ariā o te faufaa o te hanganga kāinga, hei utu o te membrane pūtau, rite whakaaro i mua.
7. 1839 - mutunga Theodor Schwann e tito kaiao ora katoa o ngā pūtau, me te te ōrite o te mua ki ia atu (ariā pūtau heke mai).
8. O 1874-1875. - Chistyakov ko Strasburger tikanga whakareatanga tuwhera pūtau - whāū, whāiti pūira.

kawea atu ngā āhuatanga katoa i roto i te parae o ngā hanganga pūtau, ratou mahi, me te wāhi o te kanorau i roto i te ora o kaiao i roto i hohoro tika ki te whanaketanga kaha o te taputapu whārahi, me te rama motuhake.

wehewehenga pūtau

Ia pūtau i roto i te oraraa taatoa e te huringa pūtau - te wa o tona ora i te kau o te whanau ki te mate (wehenga ranei). Ano, e kore e mea faufaa te reira, he reira kararehe huawhenua ranei. Ko te huringa ora te taua mo te katoa o ratou, a maha, i te mutunga o ona pūtau tini e wehewehe.

O te akoranga, e kore rauropi katoa, he ōrite tenei tukanga. Hoki eukaryotic a prokaryotic ko reira faufaa rerekē, i reira e ano etahi rerekētanga i roto i te whakatö o te tipu, me te kararehe pūtau.

Ka rite ki proliferating pūtau? He maha ngā huarahi taketake.

1. Whāū.
2. Te whāiti pūira.
3. Amitosis.

Ia o ratou tohu i te maha o ngā tukanga wāhanga. A e motuhake ki katoa o enei tukanga kaiao multicellular, e rua tipu me te kararehe takenga. I roto i te uri rauropi pūtau puta na roto i te wehewehe i noa i roto i te rua. Ie, e kore e te taua tikanga reproduction pūtau. He ara he mea pēnei i whakamomori pūtau. Tenei whaiaro whakangaromanga-o ngā pūtau hei utu o ngā tukanga wehewehe.

Ka rite ki proliferating pūtau, pērā i te huakita, pükohu puru-matomato, etahi o te māmā? Asexually, te tikanga māmā: rererua te ihirangi o ngā pūtau kei roto i te taiepa pūtau i hanga e te hake toia wä roa ranei me te wehea kotahi pūtau ki e rua tino hou, rauropi whaea ōrite.

huaina ana tēnei tukanga ko wehewehenga pūtau tika. Tini ratou, me huakita rauropi pūtau, engari te mea kahore e pā ana ki te mitotic ranei tukanga meiotic ki. puta ratou anake i roto i te tinana o te kaiao multicellular.

whāū

I roto i te taata multicellular kei pirioni o ngā pūtau. Na rapu ia o ratou ki te whakaoti i tona huringa ora, kei te mahue i te reira uri, a e kore e mate. Pūtau uri i wehewehe, engari e kore te mea tenei tukanga ko te taua katoa o ratou.

hanganga Somatic (tirohia ki ngā pūtau katoa taua anake iroriki) ratou tikanga tīpakohia mō te uri amitosis whāū ranei. Ko reira rawa ngā, te horo, me te matatini tukanga, i hua mai i te matua kotahi pūtau diploid (i.e., he huinga rua o pūira) e rua ōrite tana tamahine ki taua hanganga diploid.

Kei te tukanga katoa o rua ngā matua:

1. Whāū - whakangotangota me ona tirotiro katoa.
2. Cytokinesis - te wehenga o te protoplasm (cytoplasm me organelles pūkoro katoa).

Ēnei tukanga puta wā kotahi, ārahi ki te hanganga o kape matua nui-kōeke iti i roto i te rahi.

Kei whāū o ngā wāhanga e wha (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) me tona ahua i mua ki te wehenga - interphase. Fakakaukau ki nga taipitopito.

interphase

kawea te tupu me te tini o ngā pūtau kei te roto puta noa i te ora o te rauropi. Heoi, e kore ngā pūtau katoa i te wā kotahi o te oraraa. mate etahi o ratou i roto i rua, e toru nga ra (ngā pūtau toto), noho etahi ora whakahaere (io).

Ko te nuinga o te ora o ia pūtau penapena te he huru i huaina interphase. Ko te wā o te faaineineraa no te wehenga o ngā pūtau i hanga te paari, e tango ake 90% o te wā i te tukanga katoa tenei.

Ko te hiranga koiora o tenei taahiraa ko te haaputuputuraa o ngā matūkai, RNA me te kōtuitanga pūmua o ngā rāpoi ngota DNA. I muri i te katoa, i muri i wehewehe ki ia pūtau tamahine me whiwhi rite te maha o organelles, matū me te rauemi ira, te nui i roto i te whaea. Hoki tenei ki te tupu he tuaruatia ai o nga hanganga ngā, tae atu ki ngā whenu DNA.

I roto i te whānui, puta te interphase i roto i toru ngā wāhanga:

• presynthetic;
• waihanga;
• postsynthetic.

Hua: te haaputuputuraa o ngā matūkai, pūngao me ngā rāpoi ngota DNA mō te wehewehe atu ngā tukanga. Ko te kupu, tenei taahiraa - ko anake te timatanga o te pehea whakanuia pūtau atu.

prophase

I tenei wā, te tukanga nui e whai ake nei ko:

• tareka te membrane karihi;
• ngaro (E rewa) nucleoli;
• riro kitea i raro i te karu pūira e tika ana ki te kopikopiko tonu (helix) o te hanganga;
• centriole titaria te amo pūtau, toia muka, me te hanga wehenga.

I tenei wā ko kahore rerekē i taua o ētahi atu katoa te reproduction pūtau kararehe.

metaphase

Ko te pai poto tenei wā, anake e pā ana ki te 10 meneti. Ko tōna pūtake ko e e whakaritea nga chromatids i runga i te ao pūtau. Strings muka kotahi pito centriole piri i te amo pūtau, me ētahi atu centromere mo ia chromatids. I waenganui i te tata i te hanganga ira kore e pā ana a reira ngāwari rite mō te momotunga.

anaphase

Ko te atamira poto o te huringa mitotic katoa. Ko te roanga o e pā ana ki 3 meneti. I roto i tenei wā, haere ia chromatid ki ana pūtau pou, me te whakaoti i te hawhe ngaro o ia, tahuri ki te hanganga noa o te pūira.

Heoi, titau tenei mātauranga he paru motuhake - telomerase. haere te reira i ona haaputuraa i roto i te interphase.

telophase

puta whakaoti ona rauemi ira, mau nei i roto i te membrane karihi, hanga i te karihi ia pou pūtau. Nucleoli puta. Ko te tukanga katoa e pā ana ki te 30 meneti. Ko te roa rawa te wā. Tenei Ko te mea titau te hanganga o te membrane nucleolar me karihi he utu nui pūngao me te wāteatanga o te rauemi whare - ngā matūkai (pūmua, te warowaihā, whākōkī, te ngako, waikawa amino).

cytokinesis

whakaoti tenei tukanga te huringa mitotic katoa. wehea Protoplasm te ki organelles tino i roto i te hawhe, ka e tango rite te taua rite tona tuahine ia takitahi tamahine. Na ka puta noa i te pūtau i hanga toia pūmua (actin āhua) e kokopi hanganga puta noa ka tuwhatuwhaia reira ki rua rite, engari iti i roto i te rahi whakaritea ki te pūtau matua.

I tenei wā, i reira e te tahi mau rerekētanga o ngā pūtau kararehe i te whakatipuria tipu pūtau. Ko te take i kore te pūmua i roto i te tipu hanganga iti me actin e tīariari. Na reira, i hanga kahore constriction e i roto i te waenganui, me te patu e arai ana, i runga i ngā taha e rua o nei whakatakotoria te penupenu te. homai tenei te rigidity te tipu pūtau, te anga hanga he taiepa pūtau.

Ko te tupu me te whakarea o ngā pūtau i runga i te ara aru e te huringa ora mua: whāiti, te hanganga o te kopa, me te ka okana, mahi mātātoa me te wehenga, ranei te mate.

pūtau iroriki me ratou uri

I runga i te pātai o te pehea whakamahi te pūtau, e taea te hoatu te whakahoki ki te whakamahine o te mea te mea te reira. I muri i te katoa, kua whakaaro matou nga tukanga o te whāū āhuatanga anake o ngā hanganga somatic. Ahakoa tā te pūtau iroriki i roto i te ara ahua rerekē, kaua ranei, whāiti pūira.

Tenei tukanga Ko te pūtake mo te taua mahi faufaa i roto i nga kararehe rite gametogenesis, ie uri tōkai. Ko te whanaketanga o ngā pūtau iroriki puta i roto i te maha o ngā wāhanga. Na reira, whāiti pūira - noa atu wehenga matatini, me te horo atu i whāū pūira.

Hoki te tipu pūira pūtau - sporogenesis pūtake, e ko, te hanganga o ngā pūtau sex. Ko te tūranga koiora matua o te whāiti pūira mō rauropi katoa ko e rite ki te hua hanga reira wha haploid (ki te hawhe te huinga kotahi o pūira ranei) pūtau iroriki. Te aha? Ki i te kikiritanga (hononga o tohuhema tane, he wahine) puta whakaora kākano diploid i roto i te hou (kukune heke mai). E whakarato ana tēnei i te kanorau ira o kaiao, ārahi ki ngā ira, te ahua, me te whakatōpū o te āhuatanga hou.

Ko te hanganga o te tukanga o te whāiti pūira

E rua wehenga matua i roto i te whāiti pūira: Te whakaiti me equational. Ia tetahi ngā katoa o te wāhanga kotahi rite taua o whāū: prophase, metaphase, anaphase me telophase. A feruri i te iti ake ia o ratou.

wehenga whakaiti

Ko te rārangi raro: he pūtau diploid kotahi hanga rua haploid, ki te hawhe huinga o pūira. wāhanga:

• prophase ahau;
• metaphase ahau;
• anaphase ahau;
• I. telophase

I runga i ia o nga wāhanga e toutou te faafariuraa taua katoa rite i roto i te kaupae mahi i roto i te whāū pūira. Heoi, he tonu i reira kotahi rerekētanga: i roto i te interphase he kahore tuaruatia ai te DNA, te anake wehea reira i roto i te hawhe, me katoa. Na reira, anake te hawhe o te mōhiohio iranga taka ki ia pūtau tamahine. Tenei whakatö tuatahi o ngā pūtau kararehe me te tipu e pā ana ki fakasekisualé.

wehenga equational

Ko te wehenga meiotic tuarua, hua i roto i te hanganga o ara e rua ngā pūtau i ia o te tetahi o mua. Na i reira e wha tauira haploid ōrite, e riro te kararehe te tipu ranei pūtau fakasekisualé. Hipanga wehenga equational: prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II.

Ko te kupu, ko te pātai o te pehea tukurua te pūtau, he whakahoki kaua uaua, me te horo. I muri i enei tukanga, pera me era atu katoa e tupu i roto i mea ora, he mea tino kikokore, me te hanga ki runga o te plurality o ngā wāhanga.