Te kopa Plant. Ngā momo o te tipu kiko

Nga mahi, whakaahua i te kararehe, me te whakato te kopa, kua puta i roto i te rau tau XVII. Ko te tuatahi huaota-anatomists - Grew me Malpighi - korenga i te nui tino o ratou, a whakaurua ngā ariā pērā i prosenchyma me parenchyma. I roto i te whānui, i te ako o te hanganga whai wāhi i roto i te koiora. Papanga, he rerekētanga i roto i te hanganga, ngā mahi, te takenga. Next, whakaaro nga āhuatanga atu taketake o enei hanganga. Ko te tuhinga he he tepu o te tipu te kopa. I roto i te reira e nehenehe e kite koe i nga kāwai matua o ngā hanganga, ratou wāhi me te mahi.

Koiora: papanga. whakarōpū

hanganga wehenga Aronui i runga ki te whāinga whaiaroaro kua whakawhanakehia, kua me Haimona Schwendener Gaberlandtom te tahuri XIX-XX senituli. te kopa Plant He rōpū o ngā pūtau he te taua take, hanganga ōrite, me te mahi i runga i te mahi kotahi. kawea Whakarōpū o hanganga i roto i rite ki paearu rerekē. Hei tauira, tirohia ki te kopa whakato:

• Key.
• Conductive.
• Meristem (mātauranga).
• Paninga.
• Puha.
• Aunoa.

Ki te te kiko tipu hanga ake o ngā pūtau he nui atu iti iho ranei te taua hanganga me ngā mahi, kua karangatia e ratou ohie. Ki te kore ko te taua nga tūemi, ka karangatia e te pūnaha katoa e te matatini uaua ranei. Ngā momo o te tipu kikokiko i roto i te kāwai wehea, i roto i te tahuri, ki te rōpū. Hei tauira, ngā te hanganga mātauranga:

• Apical.
• Te taha - Tuarua (phellogen, cambium) me te tuatahi (pericycle, procambium).
• Marutanga.
• Intercalary.

Momo momo tuatahi o te tipu kiko ngā te tōkena me te Kawanatanga parenchyma. hanganga conductive kōkai whakaaro (bast) me kōtai (rakau).

Coverslips te kopa (borderline) whakato:

• Waho: Tuarua (periderm), tuatahi (kiriwaho), wānanga (ritidom kiri ranei); VELAM, rizoderma.
• Ā-roto: exogenous me kiriroto, pūtau kōpako o nga paihere whakahaere o rau.

E wehea hanganga Mechanical (kōhiwi, tohutoro) ki sclerenchyma (muka sklereidy), collenchyma. Na te rōpū whakamutunga ko te puha (secretory) o te tipu te kopa.

hanganga Educational: te taketake

Ēnei kiko tipu (meristem) ko te rōpū o taitamariki tonu, kaha wehewehe pūtau. E tū ana ratou i roto i ngā wāhanga o te tipu o ngā whēkau. Hei tauira, kia waiho ratou i runga i nga tihi o te kakau, tohutohu pakiaka, me ētahi atu wāhi. Nā ki te aroaro i roto i te ahurea kiko whakato pūtau ko te tupu tonu, me te hanganga huānga tamau, i nga okana.

āhuatanga meristem

Tei runga i te wāhi o te mātauranga kiko tipu pūtau te kimi kia ai taua mea apical (apical), taha (lateral) gusset (intercalary) marutanga. Kei te wehea hoki hanganga ki tuarua, me te tuatahi. Ko te whakamutunga ngā momo apical o te tipu kiko. Ēnei ngā hanganga i whakaritea e te tupu o te ahurea i roto i te roa. I roto i te teitei tipu raro whakaritenga rerekē (kaponga, horsetails) meristem apical ngonge faaite. E te aroaro ratou ki tetahi anake tuatahi, pūtau tuatahi ranei. I roto i te angiosperms me gymnosperms faaite tino pai meristem apical. E māngai ratou e te maha o ngā pūtau tuatahi, e hanga i nga mahuetanga tupu. Ko te nuinga o tuarua hanganga lateral. kawea mihi ki a ratou te pakiaka tini, kakau (tinana axial i roto i whānui) i roto i te matotoru. whakaaro te taha o te kiko tipu - reira phellogen me cambium. Na roto i te mahi o te tuatahi ko te hanganga o nga pakiaka, me te kakau o te puru. Ki tenei rōpū no papanga aureretanga - lenticels. meristem lateral rite cambium, kua hanga e āhuatanga kōkai me rakau hanganga. I roto i te wā o kino tipu ora te tērā ki raro oti paipa o mahi o te cambium ranei. meristems intercalary, rite ki te tikanga, he tuatahi. E rongoa ratou rite wahi motuhake i roto i te wāhi o te tipu kaha: i te turanga o te tātārau me internode tarutaru rau, hei tauira.

tectum

Taumahi tipu kiko o tenei rōpū ko ki te tiaki i te ahurea i te pānga kino o ngā āhuatanga taiao. te mau mana ino, i roto i ngā, kia whakaaro whakaetonga nui, pukā solar, whakamaroke hau, kino aunoa, tomo ki o huakita me te harore pathogenic. He tuatahi, me te tuarua kiko haumi. Ko te kāwai tuatahi ngā rhizodermis me kiri (kiriwaho). Ko te papanga paninga Tuarua whakapono phelloderm, puru cambium, puru.

Āhuatanga o ngā hanganga

Kiri hipoki ki te okana katoa o-ä-tau, hua te rakau te koiora i roto i te wa e tipu nāianei - wana matomato, i roto i te whānui, otaota - herbaceous wahi irirangi. Te whakamutunga, i roto i ngā, ko nga rau, puawai, kakau.

Ko te hanganga o te kopa tipu: kiriwaho

te tikanga ngā Ko tōna hanganga kotahi paparanga o katia huānga hanganga. I roto i tenei take, kei te ngaro te wāhi intercellular. Kei te nekehia atu te kiriwaho rawa ngāwari me ko he kiriata angiangi mārama. Tenei kiko ora, kei roto i te apa protoplast i äta ki te matua, me leucoplasts, he miru nui. Ko te whakamutunga e ake tata te pūtau katoa. Ko te taiepa i waho o te āhuatanga hanganga o te kiriwaho thickened me te taha roto, me te - kikokore. whai kōputaputa te whakamutunga. Ko te whāinga matua o te kiriwaho ko te ture o te utu tukuwai me hau. Kei te kawea te reira i roto i te nuinga i roto i te stomata. pūhui me te wai pararopi ô nga kōputaputa. Rerekē ngā pūtau tipu o te kiriwaho he rerekē te rahi me te āhua. He maha monocots he āhuatanga hanganga, elongated i roto i te roa. Te nuinga o ngā tipu dicotyledonous i taha hoki sinuous. faarahi tenei te kiato o ratou hononga ki ia atu. He rerekē Hanganga o te kiriwaho i te tihi me te raro o te pepa. Hinga atu stomata atu te tihi. I roto i te tipu moana ki rau tere i runga i te mata (rengarenga wai, capsules hua manu), he ona ake peculiarities. E ratou e hakari anake i runga i te wahi o runga o te pereti stomata. Otiia i roto i te tipu, tino rumakina i roto i te wai, hanga kore e wātea raraunga.

stomata

Tenei hanganga tino motuhake i roto i te kiriwaho. Stomata ngā o 2 i'ai me ngā pūtau kaitiaki - hanganga therebetween. āhuatanga hanganga i te āhua pewa. whakahaere i ratou i te rahi o te hanganga mokamoka-rite. Te reira i, i roto i te tahuri, kia tutakina, ka whakatuwheratia i roto i runga i te pēhanga turgor i roto i nga mea timatanga maukati i runga i te kukū o te hauhā i roto i te huru, me ētahi atu āhuatanga rānei. I roto i te ra e whai wāhi te pūtau stomatal i roto i te ahotakakame. I roto i tenei wā, he nui te pēhanga turgor, me te hanganga o te tuwhera wāwāhi. I te po ko reira, i runga i te anga ke, kua katia. Kei te kitea tēnei āhuatanga hoki i roto i te wa maroke, me te tauaki ai o rau. Ko reira e tika ana ki te āheinga ki te rokiroki i roto i te makuku stomata.

hanganga matua

Parenchyma ni'ai te nuinga o te wāhi i waenganui i te tahi atu te kopa tūturu i roto i te kakau, pakiaka, me te tahi atu okana whakato. hanganga Basic te nuinga tito o ngā pūtau ora ia i te momo o ngā āhua. kia puta nga pūtau, kikokore-taiepa, engari i ētahi wā i kitea, ka thickened, lignified, me kōputaputa ohie postennoy cytoplasm. O parenchyma tito o rau me te penupenu hua, te matua o nga rhizomes me kakau, ratou kiri. He maha ngā subgroups o tenei kiko. Ko te kupu, i roto i te hanganga matua whakanuia: whāhauhau, aquifer, toa me te whakawhenumi. Ko te mahi o te tipu te kopa i roto i tēnei kāwai ngā o rokiroki o pūhui kai.

parenchyma chlorophyll

Hlorenhima - whakawhenumi kiko - te hanganga i roto i nei ahotakakame e wahi. E kitea e taiepa kikokore ona āhuatanga. I roto i a ratou i reira ko te karihi me te chloroplasts. Ko te whakamutunga, rite te cytoplasm, Kei postenno. Kei Hlorenhima te tika i raro i te kiri. Nuinga e hāngai reira i roto i te kuao wana matomato me rau.

Aerenchyma

papanga whāhauhau ko te hanganga ki makona whakawhanakehia ngā wāhi intercellular i roto i ngā whēkau. Te nuinga o te katoa ko reira huru o te repo, te wai me te ahurea wai takutai kei roto i te paru hāora-rawakore nei pakiaka. tae te rangi nga tinana o raro i te tikanga o tinana whakawhiti. I tua atu, kōrero i waenganui i te wāhi intercellular me te huru kawea e te pnevmatod i rawe ki. Aerenchyma tika ki te rahi o te tipu iti te. Tenei, āhua, whakamārama te kaha o te ahumoana ki te mau tonu i te tūranga tika, me te rau - ki te hei i runga i te mata.

aquifers

pupuri ana tēnei papanga makuku i roto i te kakau me rau o ngā tipu whakaminamina me hua i roto i ngā wāhi saline. Ko te mua, mo te tauira, ngā cacti, Jade, agave me aroe atu. Ki te tuarua - he tamarihi,, strobilaceum, hodgepodge, me ētahi atu. Well whakawhanakehia tenei kikokiko i roto i te sphagnum pūkohu.

ki te hanganga kararehe

I roto i enei kopa, i etahi wāhi i roto i te whanaketanga o te ahurea tīmata ki te takoto i te utu o ngā hua. Tenei, i roto i ngā, te ngako, te warowaihā, me ētahi atu. Pūtau i roto i te kopa rokiroki, te tikanga-taiepa kikokore. Hanganga whānui kanohi i roto i nga pakiaka thickened, topuku, kōpura, kakau matua, iroriki uri, endosperm, me ētahi atu wāhi.

pukupuku machine

Ko te kopa tautoko mahi rite te ahua o te ngā "stereoma" ranei (i te Kariki. "Mārō", "roa"). Ko te whāinga matua, ko te ki te whakarite i te ātete o ngā hanganga hihiri me kawenga pateko. Nä, i te papanga i te hanganga tino. I roto i te kai whenua e nui ake matatau i roto i te wāhanga axial o te manga ratou - kakau. kia whakarite ai te pūtau wāhi peripherally motuhake puoto mārō ranei.

collenchyma

Ko te papanga tautoko tuatahi ohie ki te ihirangi pūtau ora: cytoplasm, karihi, i ētahi wā chloroplasts. E toru ngā wāhanga collenchyma: wewete, pereti, me te koki. kawea ana tēnei whakarōpūtanga i roto i roto i runga i te āhua o te pūtau thickening. Ki te te reira i runga i nga koki, te hanganga koki, ki te whakarara ki te mata i te kakau me te kākahu nui, collenchyma reira pereti. hanga e te reira i te papanga taketake o te meristem me te kei i raro i te kiriwaho i te tawhiti o tetahi atu ranei papa o reira.

sclerenchyma

whakaaro tenei kikokiko aunoa te ki kia tika noa. Kei a ia ko ngā āhuatanga hanganga ki taiepa lignified me thickened kaupae kōrā me kōputaputa i roto i te nui iti. pūtau Sclerenchyma i roto i te roa unu ki waho, kei te āhuatanga ratou i te āhua prozenhimnaya ki pito koikoi.

Ko te hanganga conductive

Ēnei papanga whakarato pūhui transportation matūkai. Kei te kawea te reira i roto i roto i rua tohutohu. Tukuwai (raro) nāianei me wairewa waiwai o tai he tracheids me oko i te pakiaka ki te rau i te kakau. mai whakawhenumi (whakararo) nekehanga i te wahi o runga ki te raro i te tikanga o motuhake korere tatari kōkai. papanga conductive taea i roto i te tahi mau ara kia whakaritea ki te pūnaha circulatory o iwi, no te mea e he whatunga toropā me axial. ô ngā matūkai ki nga pūtau o te tinana.

muka secretory

kiko Secretory - mātauranga motuhake, whai i te kaha ki te whakanui i tutakina ranei te taiao droplet wai, me ngā hua o te pākia e. ngaro te ingoa whakamutunga. Ki te haere mai ratou i te tipu, ka whai wāhi te secretion waho kiko, me te ki te mahue i roto - aua wāhi te hanganga ā-. Hanganga o ngā hua wai e tika ana ki te mahi membrane me Golgi matatini. E hangaia Secrets o tenei momo ki te tiaki i nga otaota i te whakangaromanga e kararehe, pakaru e tukumate ngārara ranei. He hanganga endocrine i te puka o nekehanga teriuma idioblast, kakara takere mlechnikov, kuhunga mo rere, me ētahi atu repe.

tipu Ripanga te kopa