Kaituhi tuhi me te publicist A. I. Gertsen: haurongo me mahi

whanau te heke mai kaituhi me te whakaaro nui A. I. Gertsen i roto i te raruraru 1812. ara ka ono-marama pēpi ki te ringa o te French, ka rapu ratou te Nest o te utuafare o Gentry i Moscow. Kōrero e pā ana ki te whawhai, me te wā whaiāipo katoa o te kingitanga o Alexander hanga i tamaiti tākare moemoea, nei anake whakaaro ko ki te whawhai hoki pai te Russia. Whakatipu ake, kihai i puta ke ia ona mana'o.

Kōhungahunga me Mātauranga

whanau A. I. Gertsen i roto i te hapu o te rangatira nui rawa Ivana Alekseevicha Yakovleva. Ko reira ngā e whakapumautia tona taonga i te taha o te takenga pai-mohiotia. Ko tētahi o nga tupuna o te whānau ko Anaru Mare, i tangohia e hoki wahi o te whare Romanov.

Ko te whaea, ko te take Tiamana ware, haunga ko ia tau 16 anake tau. Hoki enei take, e kore te papa i te rēhita i te marena ki te kotiro, a ka whanau te tama a te ingoa tāwhaiwhai, mea whakaaro na nga Ivanom Alekseevichem. Herzen i German tikanga te tama a te ngakau.

Kei te te tikanga tenei reo takaro he wāhi nui i roto i a te tangata taitama ora. Tona kaituhi tino ko te Schiller. Hei tauira, e hiahiatia ana te tākaro "te kaipahua" i pānui Herzen, me tona huru matua Karl Moor - he pai, me te tauira mo te tangata taitamariki. Ko reira ano hoki te wheako tuatahi nui tuhituhi o te kaituhi i mua nei e taea te whakaaro rite te arotake-whakaaro o "Wallenstein", i ko ano hoki te kaituhi o Schiller.

Ahakoa i rite te tamaiti Herzen Alexander tutaki Ivanovich ki tona hoa Nikolai Ogarev. A pouri noa nga tamariki i te rongo o te maunu o te Decembrists i 1825, a ka tahi i te tahi i hoatu he kupu whakaari ki te whawhai mo te revolution.

hono

tomo utopian tangata taitama whakaaro te University Moscow, te wahi i ia i roto i maha porowhita o te taitamarikitanga tuwhena. I roto i ngā, tautoko ratou nga ngā i roto i France i roto i 1830, ka rite ki te hua o te Hōngongoi Revolution i hurihia e Charles X.

I te 1833 ka awhina ia tona ākonga tuhinga o Nīkara, a ka riro te Ph.D. me te mētara hiriwa. E au ra e tona mua whai tavini te taupori o te ora kahurangi. Heoi, i muri mai ka hinga te tau A. I. Gertsen ki whakama, a ka whakahekea ki te porowini Vyatka ki te kupu "mo te waiata o irava te faaino no." I roto i te pa Krutitsa ohu te wahi i puritia e ia i roto i te tūhuratanga, i oti te kaituhi "te haere German."

I Vyatka ka haere a Herzen ki te mahi i roto i te tari o te rohe hei kaiwhakamaori. Life o te pa iti o mano kotahi tekau te titiro ki a ia kaha hōhā i muri ongo Moscow. E puta ke katoa ka i roto i 1837 mau te kanohi o te kainga whakahekea ki te torona, te heke mai Alexander II. i pa ia mo tikanga manawa me Herzen translation ki Vladimir. Na ka ka mohio te kaituhi ki te rohi pehe Vasiliem Zhukovskim, nei i ite noa i te mate Aleksandra Pushkina.

"Notes o te fatherland" me Westerners

I te pae hopea, i roto i te 1838, ka tahuri Herzen i Vladimir, te wahi e marenatia ki Nataley Aleksandrovnoy Zaharinoy, a hohoro riro te matamua-whanau Alexander. Na, i taea ki te neke ki te whakapaipai i te kaituhi, engari i whakahekea ano ia ki a Novgorod mo freethinking. Otiia ara reira kihai ia i noho roa, ka hoki ia ki a Moscow. mahi ia i roto i "Notes o te fatherland" moheni i taua wa. Ka rite ki A. I. Gertsen ko tetahi o nga kau taki o nga Westerners, tāwharau i mo te kaupapa o Russia i te ara Pākehā o te whanaketanga.

I roto i te 1845, whakaputaina te kaituhi nga vahe tuatahi o ana mahi tino rongonui, "Ko wai te mea hara?". Na ka whakaritea e Herzen ki te heke tika ki te meka e kihai i rite ki te mana ana whakaaro, ngā i runga i te pātai kaiahuwhenua. A, i te kahore i te hamani-, ka haere ia ki Europe, e kore ia hoki i nei.

Europe

Tino hohoro, i roto i 1848, ka anga Europe he revolution whānui ki te tikanga tawhito. ka mau Gertsen Aleksandr Ivanovich wahi i roto i tenei kaupapa, i roto i ngā i roto i te haerenga Roma. A, no te whawhati te revolution i roto i France, oho hapu o te kaituhituhi ki Paris. I muri ka mau a Herzen wahi i roto i te whakaaturanga ki te mana ā-rohe, whakahau hoki te hoki o te tikanga ture, ka anga te whakatoi o ona ngā mema. rere Publicist ki Switzerland. A, no te mate ki raro i te tutu, ka hoki ia ki a Nice.

I roto i te 1850, tukua he ture i roto i Russia e taka Herzen i raro i te "whakarau mau tonu." Ko te take ana mahi kairīpoata i roto i makasini maha, te wahi whakahē ia i te mana Nikolaev. Ahakoa te kanga ki runga ki tā i roto i Russia, ngā pukapuka, me ngā tuhinga o Herzen whakaputaina i roto i ngā reo Pākehā ki waho.

I roto i te tau 1851, i roto i te kaipuke pakaru, ka mate te whaea fakamamahi kaituhi me tana tama Kolya. Ko te whai ake Mei, ka mate tana wahine e whanau ana, me te tamaiti hou. ue'i nga ngā fakamamahi ia ki te tīmata ana tohinoa i whakaputaina anake i roto i te tau 1868 i raro i te taitara "toku Past me Thoughts". I te wa ano kua meinga London he wahi pumau o te noho, i whiriwhiria Aleksandr Gertsen. faifai ka "toku Past me Thoughts" he aronui o tona momo.

"Ko e Bell"

I te tau 1853 i roto i London, i reira ko tetahi whare tā Russian free, tona kaiwhakarewa ko Aleksandr Ivanovich Gertsen. hiahia te whakaaro nui ki te hanga i tētahi tānga kairīpoata, te arotahi o e pai hei nga ngā tōrangapū me te pāpori i roto i tona whenua kāinga.

i muri Nicholas ahau mate hohoro ia, ka ngaro Russia te Crimean War, a ka i te kāinga i reira ko he tono mo te huringa. Na roto i tenei wa, e toru tekau nga tau i roto i te whenua i reira kahore ripeneta, ka kingi te tauhohenga i roto i te whakautu ki te whakatikanga ake o nga Decembrists. A, no te oho he hoa me te hoa Ogarev ki Rānana, Herzen i 1857 i hanga e ia te niupepa "te Bell", kua meinga nei e te tohu pono o te wā.

puta te tānga hou rauemi kaituhi, me te tānga iti tuhituhi. ko tau matotoru 8-10 pepa. Ko te wā tuatahi i roto i Russian whakaputaina putanga o te tu re niupepa. tai'o ahau reira ia, Alexander II. Heoi, i muri i tetahi o nga ruma i te 1858 whakaputaina i tuhinga ngaro e pā ana ki te whakahou ū mai o te kaiahuwhenua, "te Bell" i rāhuitia. Otiia, whakahaere te niupepa ki te tomo i te whenua hetia. Ko te tihi o te angitu ko te 1861, i te mea kua whakaputaina te Emancipation o te peasants i Russia.

tau tata nei

Kia kua tautoko te kaituhi te ngangaretanga Polish, i turakina rawa i te moni i roto i reira. Kua mutu "Bell" ki te kia whakaputaina i roto i te tau 1867. riro Huiterangi kua te kāinga hou, i reira oho Aleksandr Gertsen. Poto: tahuri te toenga o tona ora ki te kaipaowe me te hinga i roto i ki te iwi rite-whakaaro.

I roto i te 1870, ka mate ia o te kakā Aleksandr Gertsen. "Ko wai te mea hara?" Ka tahuti ore mahi kairīpoata tona ingoa. I roto i ngā wā Soviet, i mohio ia rite te tohu o te pakanga mō te revolution ki te mana kingi. I tanumia te kaituhi i roto i Nice.