Kakama o te pūkaha wera. Engine kakama ngāwhā - te tātai mō te whakatau

Ko te mahi o maha momo o mīhini faaite te ahua nui pērā i te tōtika o te pūkaha wera. Engineers nga tau e rapu ki te hanga i tētahi tikanga ake matatau e ki iti wahie e hoatu i te hua pai i te whakamahi i te reira.

taputapu pūkaha waiariki

I mua i matau koe ki ta te mea te tōtika (pai), e hiahia ana koe ki te mārama me pēhea te mahi tenei tikanga. Kahore he matauranga o o nga parau tumu o tona mahi e kore e taea e feruri i roto i te āhua o tenei tohu. pūkaha Heat Ko te pūrere e e te mahi i roto i te whakamahi o te pūngao ā-. Tetahi pūkaha wera e tahuri waiariki pūngao ki pūkaha, roha waiariki o te rauemi e whakamahia ana i pāmahana teitei. E kore e taea e te pūnaha mārō-kāwanatanga huri noa te rōrahi o te taonga, engari ano hoki te āhua o te tinana. Ko raro ki te ture o thermodynamics te mahi o te pūkaha taua.

parau tumu o te mahi

I roto i te tikanga ki te mārama me pēhea te e te pūkaha wera, he mea e tika ana ki te whakaaro i te pūtake o tona hoahoa. Hoki te mahi o te pūrere titau e rua tinana: he wera (whakamahana) me matao (pouaka, chiller). Ko te parau tumu o te mahi o engines wera (tōtika o engines wera), tei runga i to ratou ahua. E mea pinepine, te kaimahi te pouaka condenser kohu me te whakamahana - ahua tetahi o wahie tahunga i roto i te oumu. Ko o te tātai e whai ake nei i te tōtika o te pūkaha wera pai:

Te kaha = (Tnagrev -.. Tholod) / Tnagrev. x 100%.

I roto i tenei take, e kore e taea e te tōtika pūkaha tūturu nui i te uara whiwhi i roto i runga i tenei tātai. Ano, e kore e nui ake i tēnei ahua te uara i runga ake. Ki te whakapai ake i te kakama, ake maha whakanui i a whakaiti te pāmahana o te pāmahana whakamahana o te pouaka. E whāiti rua o enei tukanga ki te tikanga tūturu o te taputapu.

engine wera te kaha (tātai)

I roto i te mahi, puta te mahi pūkaha wera, rite nei hau tīmata ki te ngaro pūngao me te matao o ki te tetahi pāmahana. Ko te whakamutunga, ko te nuinga o te torutoru nga nekehanga ki runga ake i te kōhauhau a tawhio noa. Tenei pāmahana mātao. he pūrere motuhake taua hangaia mō te tautauā me te tōhau muri o te mamaoa whakapau. Hea i reira he pūnga iahiko, i ētahi wā i te pāmahana pouaka i raro pāmahana ambient.

e kore e taea ki te tonoa tona pūngao ā-katoa ki te mahi i te mahi te tinana pūkaha wera mā te para me te whakawhānui. ka ētahi o te wera kia whakawhiti ki te pouaka me te haurehu whakapau steam ranei. Ko tēnei wāhanga o te wera o te pūngao ā- kei te heipü ngaro. Ko te wai e mahi ana i roto i te parariraa o wahie i te whakamahana riro tetahi te nui o te wera Q _1. Ko te kupu mahi reira tetahi mahi A, i roto i nei whakawhiti wahi o te pouaka o te wera: Q ₂ 1.

Engine tōtika faaite te pai i roto i te faafariuraa pūngao me te tuku. Kei te maha whanganga tenei tohu rite te ōrau. Te kaha tātai:

η * A / Qx100%, te wahi Q - whakapaua pūngao, me - te mahi whai hua.

I runga anō i te ture o te atawhai o te pūngao, ka taea e tatou e faaoti e te mea iti iho i te kotahitanga tonu te tōtika. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, e kore e te mahi pai e neke atu i ka mau te reira te mana.

Engine tōtika - te ōwehenga o te pūngao whai hua ki te mahi korerotia e te whakamahana. Ka taea te māngai reira rite te tātai:

η = (Q ₁ -q ₂₎ / Q ₁ Q ₁ ai - wera riro i te whakamahana me Q ₂ - ki te hoatu i te pouaka.

pūkaha wera mahi

Ko te mahi mahi e te pūkaha wera, kua tatau e te tātai:

He = | Q _H | - | Q _X |, i reira A - mahi, Q _H - riro i te whakamahana nui o te wera, Q _X - nui o te wera i homai atu mātao.

engine wera te kaha (tātai):

| Q _H | _{- | Q X |) / |} Q H | = 1 _{- | Q X | / | Q} H |

Ko ia te ōwehenga o te mahi e hanga te pūkaha ki te nui o te wera hua. ngaro wāhanga o te pūngao ngāwhā kei roto i tenei whakawhitinga.

pūkaha Carnot

kitea te tōtika mōrahi o te pūkaha ngāwhā e i roto i te pūrere Carnot. Ko tenei e tika ana ki te meka i tenei pūnaha, ko te ti'aturi anake i runga i te pāmahana tino o te whakamahana (TH) me te mātao (TX). pūkaha wera te kaha mahi rite ki te huringa Carnot takoto e te tātai e whai ake:

(Tn - TX) / Tn = - TX - Tn.

Ko te ture o thermodynamics whakaaetia ki te tātai i te tōtika mōrahi e taea. kua tatau hoki te wa tuatahi i tenei ahua he kaiputaiao Wīwī, me te kaipūkaha Sadi Carnot. whakaaro ia he pūkaha wera, whakahaeretia nei e te hau pai. mahi ia i roto i te huringa o te 2 isotherms me 2 tikakatanga. Kia pehea te mahi i te reira ko te tino ohie: tukua ki te oko ki te whakamahana hau te he whakapā, kia e whakawhānui te inu mahi isothermally. I roto i tenei take mahi reira me whiwhi te nui etahi o te wera. I muri oko pareārai. Ahakoa tenei, tonu te hau ki te whakawhänui, engari adiabatically (kahore utu wera ki te taiao). I tenei wa, heke tona pāmahana ki te mahi pouaka. I tenei wāhi whakapā te hau e ki te condenser, ai homai reira he nui etahi o te wera i roto i te hukihuki inerite. Na ka ārai ano te oko. A, no te te adiabatically kōpeke te hau ki te āhua taketake, me te rōrahi.

momo

I tčnei wā i reira he maha ngā momo o engines wera e mahi i runga i te mau parau tumu rerekē me kora rerekē. E ratou katoa ratou pai. Ko ētahi o ēnei te whai ake:

• he parariraa pūkaha ā-(kōkeke), i te mea he tikanga i reira e tahuri te wahi mura o te pūngao wahie matū ki pūngao pūkaha. kia taua pūrere hau me te wai. Wehewehe 2- me 4-patu engines. kia whai ratou i te huringa fatongia o mahi tonu. I roto i te oratanga ki te faaineineraa o taua ranunga wahie he engines carbureted (ki te hanganga ranunga waho) me te diesel (ā). Na roto i te momo o te pūtahuri pūngao e wehea ki kōkeke, jet, mīhini huri hiko, me te ngā. E kore e te tōtika o taua mihini nui ake i te ūnga o te 0.5.

• Stirling engine - he pūrere i roto i te mea te inu mahi i roto i te wāhi herea. Ko te ahua o te pūkaha ngingiha waho. hāngai ana te parau tumu o tona mahi i runga i te tinana tautauā / whakawera wā ki te tukua pūngao e tika ana ki huringa i roto i tona rōrahi. Tenei Ko tetahi o nga engines tino pai.

• mīhini huri hiko (hurihuri) pūkaha ki ngingiha waho o te wahie. Taua tipu Ko nga teihana mana waiariki tino noa.

• Ko te mīhini huri hiko (rotor), whakamahia te pūkaha ngingiha ā te i roto i te otaota te mana waiariki i roto i te aratau tihi. E kore e pera nui noa rite ētahi atu.

• engine Turbinovintovoy tika ki etahi o nga tīwiri hanga aki. Atu riro te reira i te utu o pira. Ko tōna hanganga Ko te pūkaha hurihuri (hau mīhini huri hiko), te take o nei panaia te hurirere.

Ētahi momo o engines wera

• pere, turbojet me te jet engines, e kua whiwhi aki e tika ana ki te pānga o ngā haurehu whakapau.

• Kei te whakamahia puku Solid-kāwanatanga rite te wahie mārō. I roto i te mahi, e kore ai e huri i tona rōrahi, me te āhua. A, no te whakahaere i te taputapu e whakamahia ana ko te rerekētanga pāmahana tino iti.

Ka rite ki taea whakanui i te kakama

Ahakoa te whakanui ake i te tōtika o te pūkaha taea wera? Me rapu te whakahoki i roto i thermodynamics. Akoranga te reira i te huringa tahi o ngā momo rerekē o te pūngao. Kua whakapumautia te reira e ko e taea ki te tahuri i te pūngao waiariki e wātea ana katoa i roto i te hiko, mīhini me te m. N. hoki tenei te tahuri ratou ki te wera e wahi, kahore tetahi here. Ko te taea tenei e tika ana ki te meka i hāngai te āhua o te pūngao ngāwhā i runga i te disordered (huru) nekehanga o matūriki.

Ko te kaha mahana te tinana te ake, na ka neke ona muingota wāhanga tere. Ko te motini o matūriki ka riro noa atu Horehore. I tua atu, e mohio ana katoa e te tikanga e taea te ngāwari tahuri ki te hepohepo, i te mea tino uaua ki te whakarite i.