Kiripuaki Physico-matū o matū

Tinana me te matū rangahau rite te aronga o te matū tātari kua whakamahia whānuitia i roto i nga mara o te mahi a te tangata. tukua ratou ki a koe te tūhura i te āhuatanga o te taonga o moni, whakatau i te wāhanga ine o te wāhanga i roto i te tauira.

rauemi ako

rangahau pūtaiao ko te hinengaro o te ahanoa tītohunga ranei i roto i te tikanga ki te whiwhi i te pūnaha o ngā ariā, me te matauranga. Whakaröpütia te parau tumu whakahaere o te tikanga i whakamahia ki:

• tëtehi;
• whakahaere;
• whakamäori;
• Methods o tātari kounga, me te ine.

whakaata tikanga rangahau hōhonu te ahanoa raro ako i te mau faaiteraa o waho, me te ngā aroturuki, inenga, he whakamātau, whakarite. E hāngai ana te ako hōhonu te i runga i ngā meka pono, me te kore e whai wāhi ki te hanganga o ngā āhuatanga horihori mō te tātari.

tikanga whakahaere - whakatairite, roa, matatini. tikanga Tuatahi i te whakarite o nga āhua o te ahanoa tangohia i ngā wā rerekē, me te i raro i ngā āhuatanga rerekē i ia atu. Ahopou - mātakitaki o te ahanoa o ako mo o te wā he wā roa. Ko te matatini ko te töpü tikanga ahopou me te whakatairite.

tikanga whakamäori - ira, me te hanganga. kē ira tā te ako o te ahanoa mai i töna tïmatanga. tirohia tikanga Structural me whakamārama ana he ahanoa pūrere.

Methods o kounga, me te ine mo tātari ki te matū tātari. rangahau matū e hāngai ana te whakarite i te hanganga o te ahanoa rangahau.

Methods o tātari ine

Na roto i te tātari ine o te hanganga o te pūhui matū tautuhia i roto i te matū tātari. Tata e hanga katoa o te tikanga e whakamahia ana i roto i te ako rite ki nga āhuatanga matū me te tinana o te taonga i runga i tona hanganga.

tātari ine ko te katoa, oti, me te kanohi. Whānui whakatau te ako te maha o ngā matū mohiotia katoa ki te ahanoa, ahakoa o ahakoa he ratou hakari i roto i te hanganga e kore ranei. tātari Full te kimi rerekē hanganga ine o te matū i roto i roto i te tauira. ahua Motunga whakatau nga tirotiro o nga wāhanga anake o te pānga i roto i te ako o ngā matū matū.

Tei runga i te tikanga o te tātari i reira e toru ngā rōpū o tikanga: matū, tinana, me te physicochemical. E hāngai ana te katoa i runga i ngā rerekētanga i roto i te āhuatanga ōkiko ranei matū o te taonga.

akoranga matū

te whāinga o tēnei tikanga i te tāutu matū te ine nui i roto i ngā tauhohe matū puta. E faaiteraa waho (huringa tae, kukuwhatanga o hau, wera, hohenga) te whakamutunga. Kei te whānui whakamahia i tēnei tikanga i roto i maha mara o te ora i roto i te hapori hou. Laboratory o rangahau matū he tika hakari i te ho'oraa, matūngahinu, ahumahi hanga me te tini ke atu.

Ka taea te tāutuhia e toru ngā momo o te rangahau matū. Gravimetry, tātari-kume i runga i nga āhuatanga ine o te huringa o te analyte i roto i te tauira ranei. Ko tenei kōwhiringa ohie, me te homai hua tika, engari ko te kai wa. I roto i tenei momo o ngā tikanga matū o te tūhuratanga hiahiatia taonga tukua te i te hanganga whānui o te hohenga i te hau ranei. I reira ka kawea te reira i ki te wāhanga rewakore totoka, kua tātarihia, horoia, ka maroke. I muri i enei ngā tukanga paunatia wae.

Titrimetry he tātari toru-ahu. Rangahau matū puta mā te ine i te nui o te kaiwhakahohe e tauhohe ki te analyte. mohiotia Ko tōna kukū te i roto i te mua. whanganga te rōrahi o te kaiwhakahohe te ka te te wā ōrite. A, no te tātari hau whakatau i te nui o te hau whenumi tīpakohia ranei.

I tua atu, kei te rangahau maha whakamahia tauira matū. E ko, te hanga i tētahi orotahi o te ahanoa e ako, atu watea ki te ako.

rangahau ahupūngao

Haunga te rangahau matū e hāngai ana i runga i mau ana i roto i enei tauhohe, tikanga tinana o te tātari i runga i nga āhuatanga o ngā matū rite. Hoki ratou whakatinanatanga titau taputapu motuhake. Kei roto i te tikanga i roto i ine huringa i roto i ngā āhuatanga o te taonga meinga e te radiation. Ko te tikanga matua o te whakamātautau tinana he refractometry, polarimetry, fluorimetry.

kawea Refractometry te i roto i te whakamahi i te refractometer. te whakaiti i te tikanga ki te ako o te hakoko o te paahitanga marama i tetahi reo ki tetahi. Te huri i te koki mō tenei tei runga i te āhuatanga o te wae reo. Na reira, riro te reira taea ki te tautuhi i te hanganga o te reo me tona hanganga.

Polarimetry Ko te tikanga whakamātautau whatu e whakamahi te kaha o etahi matū ki takahuri te oscillation o linearly polarised plane marama.

Fluorimetry ki te whakamahi i lasers me rama mēkuri e hua kanotahi. Ētahi matū he fluoristsentirovat taea (e haru me te tuku i te radiation whenumi). mutunga reira e hāngai ana te faaotiraa ine o matū i runga i fluorescence kaha.

rangahau tinana me te matū

tikanga rangahau tinana me te matū rēhita huringa i roto i te āhuatanga ōkiko o te mea i raro i te mana o ngā tauhohe matū. E hāngai ana ratou i runga i te fakafalala tika o te āhuatanga tinana o te ahanoa i runga i tona hanganga matū. rapu ēnei tikanga te whakamahi o etahi mea. Tikanga, kawea te kitea i roto mo te kawe ia waiariki, kawe ia hiko, absorption marama, ira e koropupu me te rewa.

rangahau Physico-matū o taonga whānui e whakamahia ana e tika ana ki tona tika tiketike, me te tere o ngā hua whiwhi. I roto i te ao i teie mahana e tika ana ki te whanaketanga o te matū IT-hangarau kua tikanga kua reira uaua ki te tono. tikanga Physico-matū e whakamahia ana i roto i te ahumahi kai, ahuwhenua, forensics.

Ko tētahi o nga rerekētanga matua o ngā tikanga physico-matū o te matū ko e kitea te mutunga o te tauhohenga (te wā ōrite) e ine whakaaro, e kore e ngā.

whakaaro nga tikanga matua o te rangahau tinana, me te matū te ki hei tikanga spectral, iahiko, waiariki, me te chromatographic.

Spectral tikanga tātari matū

I roto i te tikanga e hāngai ana i runga i te tātaritanga spectral o te ahanoa e hāngai ana i runga i te pāhekoheko ki radiation hiko. Te absorption, whakaata, marara te whakamutunga. Ko tētahi atu ingoa o te tikanga - whatu. Ko reira he huinga o te rangahau kounga, me te ine. tātari spectral taea ki te aromātai i te hanganga matū, wāhanga hanganga, he papa autō, me te tahi atu āhuatanga o te taonga.

Kei roto i te tikanga i roto i te whakatau i te iarere kōwaro i ai tauhohe te rauemi ki te marama. Ko ratou tino takitahi mō ia wae. Ki te awhina o te wete hihi e taea te kite i te rārangi i roto i te tūāwhiorangi me te tautuhi i te wāhanga o te taonga. Ko te kaha o te rārangi spectral homai he whakaaro o te kiripuaki ine. Ko te whakarōpū o te whānuitanga spectral o tikanga ko te momo me te whakaaro o te ako.

Tukunga tikanga e āhei ki tatou ako i te tūāwhiorangi tukunga me whakarato ngā mōhiohio i runga i te hanganga o te taonga. Hoki te raraunga i raro ki te rere pewa hiko. He rerekētanga o tenei tikanga, ko te photometry mura. E tūhuratia tūāwhiorangi absorption tikanga absorption. Ko te kōwhiringa i runga ake he tātari kounga o matū.

tātari ine whakataurite te kaha spectral o te raina spectral o te ahanoa whakamātautau me te taonga o te kukū mohiotia. kia ngā taua tikanga absorption ngota, kōrekoreko ngota me assays luminescent, turbidimetry, nephelometry.

Turanga tātari iahiko o matū

whakamahi tātari iahiko-iahiko ki te ako mea. Kua kawea te tauhohe i roto i te wairewa i runga i te electrodes. Inenga ki te kia kotahi o nga āhuatanga e wātea ana. kawea te ako i roto i roto i te pūtau iahiko. Tenei oko, whakanohoia nei i roto i te kawehiko (rauemi kaiwhakahaere katote), electrodes (rauemi rorohiko conductive). Electrodes me electrolytes taunekeneke. A, no te tukua tenei nāianei kei i te waho.

Whakarōpū o tikanga iahiko

Whakaröpütia tikanga iahiko i runga i te pūtake o tītohu, e hāngai ana ki ngā akoranga physico-matū. Tenei tikanga ki te uta o te whare ke, me te kahore reira.

Conductometry Ko ine he tikanga analytic te kawe ia hiko, me te G. ka te te tikanga e whakamahia ana anga matou conductometric tauutuutu nāianei. ine ero Conductometric - he tikanga rangahau noa. hāngai ana tēnei tikanga i runga i te hanga o conductometers kawe whakamahia mō te rangahau wai matū.

I roto i te mau ana i roto i potentiometry whanganga EMF pūtau iahiko reversible. whakatau tikanga coulometry te nui o te hiko pau i roto i-iahiko. Voltammetry tirohia te fakafalala o te uara o te kaha whakatakotoria nāianei.

Waiariki tikanga tātari matū

whāinga tātari Thermal i tāutu i ngā huringa i roto i te āhuatanga ōkiko o te taonga i te wera. E kawea ēnei tikanga rangahau i roto i te wā poto o te wā, me te ki te nui te iti o te tauira ako.

Thermogravimetry - tetahi o nga tikanga o te tātari waiariki, e kaute mo te rēhita o te papatipu o te huringa ahanoa tika ki te pāmahana. whakaaro ana tēnei tikanga te ki kia kotahi o te tika te nuinga.

I tua atu, tikanga waiariki o te tūhuratanga ngā calorimetry whakatau te kaha o te entalpimetriya taonga e hāngai ana i runga i te wera motuhake o te ako wera. Hoki, tetahi o ratou e meinga ko dilatometer e ata te huringa tauira rōrahi tika ki te pāmahana tuku.

tikanga Chromatographic o tātari o matū

tikanga chromatographic Ko te tikanga mo te wehenga o matū. He maha momo o tūrara, te hunga nui: hau, tohatoha, pitihāoratanga, parataiao, utu katote.

Kua wehea te wāhanga i roto i te tauira i waenganui i ngā wāhanga pūkoro me te pahoho. I roto i te take tuatahi e korero tatou e pā ana ki te wai hau ranei. Ko te wāhanga pahoho ko te sorbent - mārō. Kua oho te wāhanga tauira i roto i te wāhanga pūkoro haere pahoho. Te tere me te wa o te irava o ngā wāhanga i roto i te wāhanga whakamutunga o te whakawa o ratou āhuatanga ōkiko.

Ko te whakamahi o tikanga tinana me te matū o te rangahau

Ko te aronga tino nui o ngā tikanga tinana, me te matū ko te parukore-matū me te rangahau matū whare whakawā. E ratou etahi rerekētanga. I roto i te take tuatahi, whakamahia hoki te aro mātai o te tātaritanga paerewa mā whāngai. E whakatakotoria ratou e te Tāhuhu. kawea rangahau parukore-matū i roto i roto i te tikanga i whakaritea e te ratonga tahumaero. Ko te tauira tukanga whakamahia pāpāho e ngā nga āhuatanga o ngā hua kai. whakaputa uri hoki e ratou nga tikanga whakahaere o te tauira.

whāinga ako matū whare whakawā ki te tautuhi te ine nui taero, raau taero pakeke me ngā paihana i roto i te tinana tangata, hua kai, taka rongoā. whakahaere ana te whakamātautau e te whakatau a te Kōti.