Ko te Golden Bulla Karla 4 o 1356. mahi Ture o te Tapu Patireia o Roma

puawai Czech ki te taenga o Kingi Charles IV. O te akoranga, te Golden Bull - ko reira he mahi tino nui, engari ehara i te mea te kotahi anake.

I pükenga mātauranga reira te tangata. aroha ia rotarota, hoa tata ki Petrarch, matatau i roto i reo Pākehā rima. Ko te aha Charles IV i āwhina ki te whakatū i roto i Prague parahiraa archiepiscopal ka whakatuwheratia te whare wānanga tuatahi i roto i tenei wahi o Europe.

Mark i hītori

He tonu o ngā wāhi fakahisitōlia e pā ana ki te mahi o Charles IV, Czech Republic - Kingi o Bohemia, nei ka emepera o te Tapu Patireia o Roma. Tenei me te pa kaukau rongonui Karlovy Whakarerekē me te pa i roto i Hradcany me te Charles Bridge runga te Vltava me pa Karlštejn.

kaupapa Military tata kore e hiahiatia ana, a whakakororia kihai te kingi i whakaritea ki a ratou kia rite ki marama ka ngā ia hanga nui ake. Ko te ingoa o te kaiwhakaruruhau o toi me pūtaiao whakatamarikitanga puru Gold pono tuhituhia ki reta koura i roto i te aamu o te ao nei.

timata

whanau Carl i roto i te utuafare kingi i roto i Prague. Tona papa - John te matapo - puta i te whare kingi Luxembourg, me tona whaea - Eliška - tamahine a Kingi Václav II. tupu ake ia i roto i te huru o te aroha, pokarekarenga, smyshlonym, pākiki.

I waimarie ki te ako i roto i France i te marae o Piripi VI i te heke mai Karl Pope Clement VI - he tangata rawa mātauranga, he devotee nui o hītori, toi me te pūtaiao. I te tau o rima, i timata kē Charles ki te faatere i te āhua, whakaakona papa tuatahi ia ki a Luxembourg, ka Moravia, a muri iho i te matenga o tana tama i mahue te katoa Czech Republic.

i mua ara te koroneihana o Karl kōrero ka whakaaetia te hanga o te Karauna hou, mohiotia i raro i te ingoa o St. Wenceslas. whakapumautia te taua hui, me te hou - ka anga te reira i roto i Visegrad, a ka oho te tira kauwhau i te Old Town Square i Prague Castle puta noa te Vltava. Ko te hakari o te iwi katoa e deservedly koa te kingi hou, i muri karanga ia te papa o te motherland. E kore noa te Czech Republic, engari ano hoki i te katoa o Europa Ua ite te pai o te kingitanga o Charles IV.

hanga

I roto i te kingitanga o Charles i taea ki te utu atu e mooni pakanga hōia katoa i roto i te kopuku, a na reira kihai i ārai i te whawhai e ki te kingi ata tango te mana ki o ratou ringa ake. Te rangimarie - te aroha noa mo te whanaketanga tāone, taketake o te whare wānanga, hanga o nga whare, me rori, te whakatairanga i te taumata tiketike o Agriculture (French Lorraine karepe, me paramu i roto i te Czech Republic - ko reira katoa te kaiaka o Charles).

I tua atu, i hanga e ia nga roto ō whakatere Vltava mō te pāmu ika. Katoa e hanga e Karl i, ara uaua ki te tatau i. Heoi, ia tai'o anake te rota, i tuhituhi te haukiri hoki hītori.

emepera

I roto i piriniha Pākehā koa Charles he ingoa tiketike rite te pakihi me te kawana tika, kia kaua e patu. A ahakoa ki te hanga ia emepera? Toputapu Patireia o Roma kihai i ātete. Ano, pea ka haere mai te whakaaro rawa ake ki tona kaiwhakaako - Pope Clement, noho kē i runga i te torona i roto i Avignon. Ko tenei ākonga he hara kore ki te tautoko i.

Mahi tikanga pono nonga, kua piki haere whakawhānui Karl tona rangatiratanga. Na roto i te hoko i te whenua i roto i Silesia, Thuringia, Saxony, i whakakaha ia te mana nui rawa e honotanga whenua pātata. Ko te kupu atu ki a oho Luzatsiya Margravate Brandenburg. haere te take katoa, engari tautohetohe: hoko, kirimana, mau faaipoiporaa.

Kei te faaruru i te whenua i te tōnuitanga ōhanga a mohoa noa kaha kitea. Whakatika a puawai waina, ngahere me ika, hokohoko me mahi toi. I whai kaha te mana kingi, a ko tonu tenei. Heoi, kihai i Carl me ka hiahia ki te tuku ngā tango ratou akoranga.

te puru Golden

Ko te whāinga matua o te kingi Czech i ki te whakapakari i te kāwanatanga mā te hanga ture hou. Bull Golden i roto i 1356, ka riro te tuhinga e tae noa mahi i roto i te rohe o te whenua wā hou.

I roto i ngā, kua whakaahuatia te reira e te tauatanga: haere tonu te torona ki te tama mātāmua a te kingi, ka taea e te kotiro riro te mana anake i roto i te ngaro o ngā māngai o te ahua tane. Ki te te mutu te iwi mo tetahi take, riro te karauna he kōwhiringa o te kai. Tino whaitake te a pragmatically whakaaro. whakapumautia hoki pōti mo te Sejm me whakaahuatia i roto i te taipitopito te Golden Bull i 1356

He kaupapa ture hou i mua i te fariiraa i kōrero a kingi roa, me te pakeke i roto i te Reichstag i Nuremberg ko Metz. i whakapaipai whakaotinga o te tuhinga ki te hiri koura, me te take koura. No reira te ingoa - te Golden Bull. Mai ka reira mārama e te ihirangi i roto i tenei tuhinga faufaa i runga i te tau. mahi ia tae noa ki te mutunga o te kororia Empire Tiamana (tae noa ki 1918!) Ko te ture tumu o te whakahaere, me te hanga o tenei whenua Pākehā pokapū. fakamo'oni'i kotahi ano pehea he ngingila te Golden Bull tenei.

Painga o te ture hou

Kei te tino whakakorea whai wāhi Rome i roto i te kōwhiringa o te rangatira o te whenua. I mua, e kore kua kore rangatira faaohipa te taua taahiraa whakatakotoria, ki te wehe i te mana fakamāmaní, me te Siasí. ka mau te reira i te Golden Bull. āhuatanga General o ona ture whakaatu e kawea innovations ki te ora i te rota o ngā kaupapa. pa te reira i nga whenua katoa me papa katoa o te taupori o te kingitanga wharekarakia.

tuku te whakatamarikitanga o te Golden Bull kua whakapumautia he tikanga o te pōtitanga Hiha. I te tīmatanga, ka mau nga rangatira-kaipōti whitu wahi i roto i te pōtitanga (fakamāmaní toru Siasí, me te wha).

Ko te Golden Bulla Karla 4 pehē te inviolability o nga rangatira o nga mana ki te marae rawa. Rangatira anake i taea e whakawhanake kohuke keri, ki moni moni, ki te tango i ngā tikanga ohipa, me te ara ture i whawhai ki te hoa. Na i kahore tika ki ngāue ki tona ariki apa anake. Ki te katoa o tenei pa, te tino riria ki te tomo ki te haumi. Ko te kupu ki a States ārai rauhanga.

whakawhāiti i ngā kaipōti hoki te tika ki te wehenga rohe o te rohe pōti, me te ture whakapumautia reira te Golden Bull. āhuatanga General o te tuhinga i roto i te pātai whakaatu e neke atu i te mau noa tiaki o Charles IV o Bohemia taketake, e ko, te rangatiratanga Czech: te haamaitairaa rahi mo o enei whenua, me o ratou rangatira.

Wāhi ahua Golden Bull

Ka rite ki te whakapaipai o te Tapu Hau emepera Roma, i kīia ai anake Roma, me te kingi ake aroha ki te ora i roto i to ratou whenua Māori - i roto i Prague, kua whiriwhiria Karl te pa o Nuremberg, te wahi pau ia tona matua emepaea Kai - he kohinga o te rangatira teitei puta noa Central Europe.

Ko reira e kua whakaaetia te Golden Bull i 1356. I roto i te Germany, e kore te reira i ngaro tona kaha noa i muri i te whakakorenga o te Tapu Patireia o Roma i roto i 1806. riro Nuremberg he pa pokapū i roto i te Hau emepera Roma: tae mai Charles IV ana wa e rima tekau-rua, a ko reira tonu he hararei motu. Entrance hui i whakapaipai ngā me te ātaahua o tetahi tākaro, ka noho rawa Emperor me tona marae i roto i te pa fakaemana ke te ora o nga tangata.

E reira he kotahi anake ira o te pānga e pā ana ki te hui pēnei i taua tangohia e te Golden Bull. Te reira i Männleinlaufen - "Running tangata" - haora ahuareka i runga i te Frauenkirche, nga tuwhera ra i te poutumarotanga. Mai i te tatau i reira karanga, nga kaiwaiata, te kingi, me te whitu nga Kaipōti rongonui, e hipa i piko te kingi e toru ngā wā. Rangatira wiri tokotoko, pehi te poutumarotanga rua whika watchmakers, me te tira katoa i runga i te piringa po roto te karaka. Enei wae ki nga wa o Charles IV i Nuremberg reira he tino tokomaha.

wehewehenga feudal o te ture

tohutohu kotahi rohe me mo te katoa, e kore te Tapu Patireia o Roma i roto i te rau tau XIV-XV i whai hoki ratou i puta ke te whawhai, te mau faaipoiporaa dynastic, ka mahi rerekē hononga pononga rerekētanga. Ko te mea ïa ka enei senituli te wa pai mo te tipu o nga pa German mo te tupu me te te pai o nga mahi toi katoa me hokohoko.

Pa hua hua anake hoki ake hokohoko rohe. Āta, Heoi, i reira e taua pokapū, kua hokona puta noa i te whenua e kore anake, engari ki waho ano hoki nei hua. A, no te puta Charles IV kaimahi neke atu i te rima tekau ngā ahumahi, tae atu te nene◊iraa me manufactory. riro viticulture me te kararehe taimaha i roto i te ahuwhenua hurinoa whaihua.

ātetenga

Ko te whanaketanga tōrangapū o te kingitanga i roto i te anotau Middle tutakina rangatira motuhake, e whirinaki te whakapakari o te mana emepaea, me te whakaaro o ratou hiahia kahore i te uniana, me i te whakakotahitanga i roto i te wāhi iti.

Carl, te whakauru i te kōrero o te meatanga-ture tuatahi, o te akoranga, ka mau i te reira ki te pūkete te hiahia o ngā kaupapa. puritia e ia te kingitanga i roto i te ringa mau, engari ata, i roto i te haumi ki te kau tu'itapú me te kāhui teitei. A whakaaro nona ia matua e pā ana ki te te pai ōhanga me te ahurea o te rohe tukua ki a ia. Tuatahi - te Czech Republic, a ka te toenga. Na ko reira tino watea hoki i hanga nga kaipōti Tiamana o te Golden Bull. ka te wāwāhi tōrangapū, me te rohe ki te ture: He āhuatanga whānui o tenei wā.

Aue, me te mana tōrangapū o te kingitanga, o te akoranga, ko ratou. aituā polycracy German, hei tauira, ka karanga Gold Bull FK Schlosser. Otiia i roto i te porohita momo ki te hopohopo taua whakamārama he aha te Golden Bull. i mārama, me te pau te whakamāramatanga: ko reira te ture tumu o te kingitanga, i whakaaetia ki te tupu i te reira. ara ka mea etahi e ko te tuatahi tenei kaupapa ture Tiamana.