Ko te mahi o whākōkī. Ko te tūranga o whākōkī i roto i te tinana

Whākōkī - he pūmua flare, e tauturu i ki haere tukanga pūtau katoa. Ka rite ki kaiwhakakökï katoa, e kore e taea e ratou tahuri hoki te whakautu, ka e whakamahia ana ki te whakatere i te reira.

Localization o whākōkī i roto i te pūtau

Roto te pūtau, e te tikanga i roto i te whākōkī takitahi, me te mahi i roto i te organelles tino tautuhi. Kei te pā hāngai localization o whākōkī ki te mahi i te nuinga o mahi te pae pūtau.

Tata ki te katoa o nga whākōkī o glycolysis e kei roto i te cytoplasm. huringa whākōkī Krebs - i roto i te kopu punaraungao. Ko te matū kaha i roto i roto i te paparetanga lysosomes.

Etahi kopa me okana o kararehe me ngā otaota kei runga i te huinga o whākōkī kore anake, engari ano hoki ratou mahi. Tenei papanga āhuatanga whakamahia hauora i roto i te tātaritanga o etahi mate.

He hoki āhuatanga tau-motuhake i roto i te mahi, a whakaturia o whākōkī i roto i te kopa. He kitea i roto i te wā o te whanaketanga embryonic ka kiko pārōnaki tino mārama ratou.

Nomenclature o whākōkī

He maha ngā pūnaha o ngā taitara, i ia o nei e ki pūkete nga āhuatanga o te pūmua whākōkī ki tu'unga kehekehe.

• Mama. Ko te ingoa o te matū e hoatu ki pūāhua matapōkere. Hei tauira, pepsin (pepsis -. "Nakunaku", Gr) A trypsin (tripsis - "i āna" te Kariki.)
• Hautanga. Ko te ingoa o te pūmua whākōkī titoa te o te tïpako me te mutunga o "-ase". Hei tauira, whakatere amylase te tauhohenga wai o māngaro (amylo -. "Māngaro", Kariki).
• Moscow. I whāngai te reira i roto i 1961 i te Komihana International i te nomenclature o whākōkī i te V International Biochemical Congress. tito taonga Taitara e o te tïpako me te tauhohenga catalyzed nei (whakatere) i te whākōkī. Ki te te mahi o whākōkī ko ki te whakawhiti i te rōpū o ngota i tetahi muingota (tïpako) ki tetahi atu (te acceptor), ngā whakakōkī te ingoa me te ingoa matū o te acceptor. Hei tauira, i roto i te whakawhitinga tauhohenga rōpū amino i alanine ki te waikawa 2-oksiglutarovuyu whai wāhi alanine whākōkī: 2-oksoglutarataminotransferaza. whakaata te ingoa:
• tïpako - alanine;
• acceptor - waikawa 2-oxoglutaric;
• amino faatia i roto i te tauhohenga.

Kua whakaemi International Komihana he rārangi o whākōkī mohiotia katoa, tonu te nei whakahou. Ko e tika ana ki te kitea o ngā matū hou tenei.

whakarōpū o whākōkī

Share whākōkī ki ngā rōpū i roto i te ara e rua. Ko te tuatahi tuku e rua ngā akomanga o matū:

• ohie - titoa anake o pūmua;
• matatini - kei roto pūmua wāhanga (apoenzyme) me pūmua-kore i huaina coenzyme.

Ka taea te whakauru huaora i roto i te wahi pūmua-kore o te matatini whākōkī. Ngā pāhekoheko ki ētahi atu matū puta i roto i te pae hohe. e kore e rāpoi ngota paru Tapeke whai wāhi i roto i te tukanga.

Āhuatanga o whākōkī, me te tahi atu pūmua, kua whakaritea e ratou hanganga. Tei runga i te kaiwhakakökï e whakatere anake reira ratou tauhohenga.

E wehewehe ana te tikanga whakarōpū tuarua mea o meka, he aha te mahi whakamana e whākōkī. Ko te hua ko te ono akomanga:

• oxidoreductase;
• transferase;
• hydrolase;
• isomerase;
• lyase;
• ligase.

Tenei rōpū tikanga, rerekē ratou kahore anake i roto i te momo o te tauhohe e whakahaere whākōkī uru i roto i a ratou. I roto i te matū o ngā rōpū rerekē o te hanganga, ko te rerekē. Na te mahi o whākōkī i te pūtau, reira, ka taea e kore e te taua.

Oxidoreductases -, pitihāoratanga

Ko te mahi matua o te rōpū tuatahi o whākōkī - whakaterenga o ngā tauhohenga piti hāora-whakaiti. He āhuatanga āhuatanga: te kaha ki te hanga i te mekameka o whākōkī oxidative, i roto i nei te whakawhiti o ngā irahiko ngota hauwai ranei i te tïpako tuatahi ki te acceptor whakamutunga. E wehea ēnei pūhui rite ki te parau tumu o te mahi ranei i mahi i roto i te tauhohenga.

1. dehydrogenase takohe (oxidase) whakatere whakawhiti o irahiko iraoho ranei tika ki te ngota hāora. mahi hāorakore ano te mahi taua, engari i roto i te tauhohe e puta kahore whakawhiti o irahiko ngota hauwai ranei i runga i ngā ngota hāora.
2. dehydrogenase Paraimere tukanga catalyzed ngota withdrawal hauwai i matū oxidizable (te tïpako tuatahi). Tuarua - whakatere te tango o ngota hauwai i te tïpako tuarua i rite mā te whakamahi i dehydrogenase tuatahi.

Ko tētahi atu āhuatanga: he whakakōkī rua-wae ki te tino iti huinga o coenzyme (rōpū kaha), ka taea e ratou te whakatere i te huinga o te momo o ngā tauhohenga piti hāora-whakaiti. tutuki ana tēnei e te maha nui o rerekē: kia piri te coenzyme taua ki apofermentami rerekē. I roto i ia take, he tino oxidoreductase ki ona āhuatanga ake.

He ko tetahi āhuatanga o tenei rōpū o whākōkī, e kore e taea e nei kore ki te whakahua i - tere ratou ake ngā tukanga matū e pā ana ki te tuku o te pūngao. E huaina taua tauhohe putawera.

Transferase - kawe

Enei whākōkī mahi rite tauhohe whakawhiti whakaterenga toenga rāpoi me ngā rōpū mahi. Hei tauira, phosphofructokinase.

Tohatoha waru ngā rōpū o kaiwhakakökï, e hāngai ana i runga i te rōpū Erangi. A feruri noa etahi o ratou.

1. Phosphotransferase - te āwhina ki te whakawhiti toenga o te waikawa phosphoric. E wehea ratou ki subclasses rite ki te ūnga (waipiro, waikawa, me ētahi atu).
2. Aminotransferase - whakatere i te tauhohenga o ngā waikawa amino transamination.
3. Glycosyl - whakawhiti toenga glycosyl o te rāpoi ngota ki ngā rāpoi ngota o hākawa phosphoric o Pālesi me polysaccharides. Whakarato i te tauhohe whāwehe me kōtuitui o oligo- ranei polysaccharides i roto i te tipu me te kaiao kararehe. Hei tauira, whai wāhi ratou i roto i te tauhohe o te tiango sucrose.
4. Acyltransferase whakawhiti toenga o ngā waikawa carboxylic ki amines, waipiro me ngā waikawa amino. Acyl-coenzyme-A ko te puna pūkenga o ngā rōpū acyl. Ka taea te whakaaro te reira rite te rōpū mātātoa o acyltransferases. Nuinga o ngā wā nohotahi waikawameha ahetiki acyl.

Hydrolase - digested ki te whai wāhitanga o te wai

I roto i tenei rōpū o whākōkī mahi rite kaiwhakakökï mo te tauhohe wāhinga (ariā iti) o ngā pūhui matū waro i roto i nei whai wāhi te wai te. E pupuri i matū i roto i tenei rōpū i roto i te taki, me te i roto i te wai kūnatu. kaiwhakakökï rāpoi ngota i roto i te wahi gastrointestinal e tito o te wae kotahi.

Wahi o te localization o enei whākōkī he lysosomes. mahi ratou mahi tiaki o whākōkī i roto i te pūtau: kia piri tonu matū ke e kua haere i roto i te membrane. pau hoki ratou aua matū e e kore e hiahiatia ana pūtau, hoki i Nō te lysosomes i rerenga parukore.

Tetahi o ratou "ingoa" - te whakamomori pūtau, mai he ratou te taputapu matua mō te autolysis pūtau. Ki te reira ko te mate, kua timata tukanga inflammatory, riro te membrane permeable me lysosomal hydrolase roto ki te cytoplasm, whakangaro mea katoa i roto i tona ara, me te whakangaro i te pūtau.

Tiritiri e rave rahi momo o kaiwhakakökï i tenei rōpū:

• esterase - te kawenga mō te tauhohenga wai o ngā hākawa o waiwaihā;
• Glycosidase - whakatere tauhohenga wai o glycosides, i runga i nei poinanaha mahi ratou, emit α- ranei β-glycosidase rānei;
• hydrolase peptide - te kawenga mō te tauhohenga wai o here peptide i roto i te pūmua, me i raro i etahi tikanga, me mo ratou kōtuitanga, engari e kore e te tenei tikanga e whakamahia ana i roto i te kōtuitanga pūmua i roto i ngā pūtau ora;
• amidase - te kawenga mō te tauhohenga wai o amides, hei tauira, catalyzes urease te whāwehe o te tiomimi ki haukini me te wai.

Isomerase - faafariuraa muingota

Ēnei matū whakatere huringa i roto i te kotahi rāpoi ngota. kia waiho ratou hanganga āhuahanga ranei. Tenei e taea tupu i roto i ngā huarahi rerekē:

• whakawhiti o ngota hauwai;
• neke te rōpū Phosphate;
• huringa o te wāhi o whakarōpūtanga ngota i te wāhi;
• te kaupapa o te here rua.

kia kia kitea te isomerization ki ngā waikawa organic, warowaihā ranei waikawa amino. Isomerase taea tahuri aldehydes me ketones, hei kōrero, te puka cis toe langa ki te puka trans, me te hoki. Hei mahino pai aha mahi whakamana e te whākōkī o tenei rōpū, e hiahia ana koe ki te mohio i te poinanaha rerekētanga.

Lyase hononga roimata

Ēnei whākōkī whakatere whāwehe kore-hydrolytic o ngā pūhui matū waro whanaunga:

• here waro-waro;
• ūkuikui-hāora;
• waro-whanariki;
• waro-hauota;
• waro-hāora.

I roto i tenei take ngā taua hua ohie pērā i te hauhā, te wai, haukini, me kati here rua. Torutoru o enei tauhohe taea haere i roto i te huarahi i te ritenga, e ōrite ana ki te whākōkī i raro i ngā āhuatanga e tika ana mō tenei tukanga kore catalyze anake te mahuetanga, engari te kōtuitanga.

puta lyase Classification momo hononga, whatiia e ratou. Ko ratou whākōkī matatini.

ligase crosslinked

Ko te mahi matua o te whākōkī o tenei rōpū - te whakaterenga o te tauhohe kōtuitanga. Ratou taa - te hanga conjugation ki mimiti haere o ngā matū e he nehenehe o hoatu pūngao mō te tukanga biosynthetic. E ono wehenga i hanga e te momo hononga. E rima o ratou e ōrite subgroups lyases, me te tuaono he kawenga mō te haamauraa i kōrero "hauota-whakarewa".

E whai wāhi ētahi ligases i roto i te tukanga ngā nui pūtau. Hei tauira, whai wāhi he ligase DNA i roto i te tukuruatanga o te waikawa deoxyribonucleic. e tuia nicked ia, te hanga here phosphodiester hou. Ko ia te tangata e honoa Okazaki whatiwhatinga.

Kei te whānui whakamahia tenei paru ano i roto i te engineering ira. āhei te reira i kaipūtaiao ki Crosslink te rāpoi ngota pītauira o nga mongamonga tika o ratou, te hanga i te mekameka ahurei o te waikawa deoxyribonucleic. Ka taea e takoto ratou tetahi mōhiohio, ko te kupu te hanga he wheketere mo te hanga o te pūmua faufaa. Hei tauira, ka taea ki te tuitui i te wahi o te DNA o te huakita te kawenga mō te kōtuitui taiāki. A, no te e haapurorohia i te pūtau ona ake pūmua, ia i te wa ano kia hanga tatou me ngā kohuke e hiahiatia ana mō ngā take hauora. tonu te reira anake ki te ūkui, a ka tauturu i te reira e rave rahi mau taata mate.

Ko te tūranga nui o whākōkī i roto i te tinana

Ka taea e ratou whakanui i te tere tauhohe neke atu i tekau wā. He mea nui mō te mahi pūtau noa. whai wāhi te whākōkī i roto i ia tauhohenga. Na reira, ko te mahi o whākōkī i roto i te tinana rere rite tukanga puta katoa. He rangirua o enei kaiwhakakökï arata'i ki nunu'a kino.

Kei te whānui whākōkī whakamahia i roto i te kai, ahumahi marama, rongoa: whakamahia hoki te hanga o tiihi, hōtiti, kai kēne, kua whakaurua ki roto ki puehu hopiwē. Kei te whakamahia hoki ratou i roto i te hanga o ngā rauemi whakaahua.