Ko te tikanga o te mahi a te antibiotic: he whakaahua taipitopito

taea e koe te mea e ko te whanaketanga pāhoro te kitenga o te rongoā paturopi i te tīmatanga o te rau tau rua tekau. I roto i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, milioni o hoia i patua ora te rongoā paturopi tuatahi i te septicaemia. ka whai hua, me te i taero i te wa taua iti i te momo o te mate nui ki piere nui, patunga ero rongoā paturopi. Neke atu i te wa, i synthesized reira, a te tahi atu mau piha o paturopi.

āhuatanga General

I teie mahana i reira te vai he maha nui o ngā hua no ki te ao nui o paturopi - matū o te take mai tūturu ranei āhua-waihanga e whai i te kaha ki te whakangaro etahi rōpū o microorganisms pathogenic tautāwhi i to ratou tupu uri ranei ranei. Ko te tikanga o te mahi o paturopi tūāwhiorangi e taea e rerekē. Neke atu i te wa, momo hou me whakarerekētanga o paturopi. Ko reira titau ratou kanorau systematization. I roto i to tatou wa, whāngai matou he whakarōpū o paturopi rite ki te huarahi o te mahi me te whānui, me te rite i roto i te hanganga matū. E ai ki to ratou tikanga o te mahi e wehea ki:

• bacteriostats, e pehi i te tupu uri o microorganisms pathogenic ranei;
• microbicides, e whai wāhi ana ki te whakangaromanga o te huakita.

Ko te tikanga taketake o te mahi o paturopi:

• takahi o te taiepa pūtau kitakita;
• inhibition o ariā pūmua i roto i te pūtau kitakita;
• takahi uruhanga o te membrane cytoplasmic;
• inhibition o RNA kōtuitanga.

paturopi Beta-lactam - penicillins

E ai ki te hanganga matū o enei pūhui Whakaröpütia e whai ake.

paturopi Beta-lactam. Ko te tikanga o paturopi lactam mahi tei runga i te kaha o te rōpū mahi ki te here i te whākōkī whai wāhi i roto i te kōtuitui o peptidoglycan - turanga o te membrane waho o te pūtau moroiti. Ko te kupu, aukati reira te hanganga o taiepa pūtau, e whai wāhi ana ki te mutunga o te tupu uri o huakita ranei. Beta-lactams i te tāoke iti, me i te wa ano i te pānga bactericidal pai. tohu ratou te rōpū nui rawa, me te e wehea ki subgroups e whai he hanganga matū rite.

Penicillins - ko te rōpū o matū tukua i etahi koroni o pakete, me te pānga bactericidal. Ko te tikanga o te mahi o paturopi rongoā paturopi tika ki te meka e na roto i te whakangaro i te taiepa pūtau o microorganisms, whakangaro ratou a ratou. Penicillins he takenga tūturu ranei āhua-waihanga me he pūhui o te whānui o te mahi hihinga - taea te whakamahi i ratou i roto i te maimoatanga o maha mate meinga e streptococci me staphylococci. I tua atu, kua ratou te taonga o te selectivity mā te mahi anake i runga i te moroiti-kaiao, i waho e pā i te tonotono-rauropi. Penicillins i drawbacks, e ngā te takanga o te ātete kitakita taua. O te rongoā paturopi tūturu tino noa G, rongoā paturopi e kua whakamahia ki te whawhai mate kiriuhi me streptococcal tika ki tona tāoke iti me te utu iti. Heoi, no te whakaaetanga wā roa-e taea e te mate o te tinana ki te tarukino, reira whakaiti tona whai huatanga. penicillins Semi-waihanga e te tikanga ahu i te taiao i te whakarereke matū ki te hoatu āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana - amoxicillin, ampicillin. Ēnei taero i te mahi teitei ki huakita ātete ki te biopenitsillinam.

Ētahi atu beta-lactams

E whiwhi cephalosporins i te harore o te taua ingoa, a ka he rite ki te hanganga o te penicillins e whakamārama te tauhohenga kino taua ratou hanganga. pūkete cephalosporins mō te wha nga whakatupuranga. E whakamahia drugs whakatupuranga tuatahi tino maha i roto i te maimoatanga o te mate ngawari e meinga e staphylococci streptococci ranei. Nga cephalosporins tuarua, me te tuatoru o whakatupuranga kaha ake ki huakita Gram-tōraro, me te wha o nga whakatupuranga o te taonga - te raau taero kaha tino whakamahia ki whakaawe i te mate kino.

tōtika Carbapenems mahi i runga i, karamu-kino, me te anaerobic huakita karamu-pai. Ratou āhuatanga pai ko te ngaro o te ātete kitakita ki te tarukino noa i muri o tona tono, he wā roa.

te tono hoki Monobactams ki beta-lactams ka whai te tikanga rite o te mahi o paturopi, ko te mana i runga i nga taiepa pūtau o huakita. E whakamahia ratou ki te hamani i te whānuitanga o mate rerekē.

macrolides

Ko te rua te rōpū tenei. Macrolides - paturopi tūturu, e whai he hanganga huringa matatini. tohu ratou pūrau lactone mowhiti moieties warowaihā piri. Mai i te maha o ngā ngota waro i roto i te whakakai whakawhirinaki i runga i nga āhuatanga o te tarukino. Wehewehe 14 ava'eo, 15- me pūhui 16-membered. Ko whanui nui te tūāwhiorangi o te mahi o papapūata. Ko te tikanga o te mahi o paturopi i runga i te pūtau koiora kei i te tauhohe i ratou ki ribosomes me reira takahi o te kōtuitanga pūmua i te pūtau o te moroiti e hëoi tauhohe waetahi tua hou ki te mekameka peptide. Piki i roto i ngā pūtau pūnaha ārai mate, i mahi macrolides me patu intracellular o papapūata.

He tino haumaru, me te iti iho paitini, me te i roto i te paturopi mohiotia whai hua ki te kore anake Gram-pai, engari te huakita kino Macrolides. e kore te ratou whakamahi kitea tauhohe taha houhou. E āhuatanga ēnei paturopi i pānga bacteriostatic, engari i ngä nohanga tiketike, i taea e whai i te pānga bactericidal runga pneumococci me etahi atu microorganisms. Ka rite ki e wehea he tikanga mō te whakaputa macrolides ki tūturu me semisynthetic.

whiwhi te tarukino tuatahi i te piha haapiiraa o te taiao macrolides erythromycin i roto i te waenganui o te rau tau whakamutunga, me te kua whakamahia pai ki huakita karamu-pai ātete ki rongoā paturopi. puta he whakatupuranga hou o raau taero i roto i tenei rōpū i roto i nga 70 o te rau tau 20, me te whakamahia whānuitia pera tawhiti.

E hoki paturopi Macrolide āhua - azolides me ketolides. Azolide te mowhiti lactone i te rāpoi ngota, i waenganui ngā nga ngā ngota waro iwa, me te whakatekau hauota ngota. Māngai azolides azithromycin ko te whānuitanga o te mahi me te mahi ki te karamu-pai, me te karamu-kino huakita, etahi anaerobes whanui. Ko nui atu kainga i roto i te reo waikawa reira, he mea whakarite ki erythromycin, a kia kohikohi i roto i reira. whakamahia Azithromycin te i roto i te momo o mate o te wahi romahā, mimi, whēkau, kiri me ētahi atu.

Ketolides rite mā te toru o ngota mowhiti keto lactone. He iti huakita peu-hanga ratou, whakaritea ki macrolides.

tetracyclines

Tetracyclines Ko te piha haapiiraa o polyketides. paturopi te reira i te whanui-hihinga mana bacteriostatic. Ko te māngai tuatahi o ratou - chlortetracycline, i tawhiti i roto i te waenganui o te rau tau whakamutunga tetahi o nga ahurea o actinomycetes, ka karanga hoki harore marama. Kua he tau torutoru kua riro i muri oxytetracycline i te koroni o te harore kotahi. Ko te mema tuatoru o tenei rōpū ko tetracycline, i tuatahi hanga nei e te whakarerekētanga matū o tona pärönaki chloro, me te tau i muri mai hoki tawhiti i actinomycetes. atu raau taero katoa o te rōpū tetracycline he pārōnaki āhua-waihanga o enei pūhui.

He rite i roto i te hanganga matū me ngā āhuatanga o te mahi ki maha momo o huakita karamu-pai, me te karamu-tōraro, etahi wheori, me hātare enei matū katoa. He ātete ki te faatītīraa me microorganisms ratou. Ko te tikanga o te mahi o paturopi runga pūtau kitakita he ki te pehi i te reira i roto i te tukanga o te pūmua biosynthesis. Ko te mahi o te rāpoi ngota tarukino i roto i Gram-kino huakita tika ratou ki te pūtau i te tūringiringi ohie. Kei te matau te tikanga o penetration o te matūriki paturopi i roto i huakita karamu-pai tonu hei painga, engari i reira he nounou e taunekeneke rāpoi ngota tetracycline ki te katote o etahi konganuku e te hunga i roto i ngā pūtau o te huakita ki te hanga i pūhui matatini. Ko te kupu i reira ko te āputa i roto i te mekameka i roto i te ariā pūmua tika mō te pūtau kitakita. whakamatauria ngā e ngä nohanga te chlortetracycline bacteriostatic rawaka ki te tautāwhi i te kōtuitanga pūmua, engari mo te inhibition o te kōtuitanga waikawa karihi titau ngä nohanga tiketike o te tarukino.

E whakamahia tetracyclines i roto i te whawhai ki te mate tākihi, ngā mate kiri, romahā me te tokomaha atu mate. Ki te tika, whakakapi ratou rongoā paturopi, engari i roto i nga tau tata nei, tino heke te whakamahi o tetracyclines, e tika ana ki te putanga o te ātete o microorganisms ki tenei rōpū o paturopi. tūranga tōraro takaro e te whakamahi o te rongoā paturopi hei tāpiri ki te kai kararehe, hua i roto i heke āhuatanga whakaora o te tarukino tika ki te takanga o te ātete ki reira. Ki te hinga i te reira, kua whakaritea ki te huinga o taero rerekē he tikanga rerekē o te mahi antimicrobial o paturopi. Hei tauira, te pānga maimoatanga whakarei e tono tukutahi o tetracycline me streptomycin.

aminoglycosides

Aminoglycosides - paturopi tūturu me āhua-waihanga ki te tūāwhiorangi rawa whanui o te mahi, kei roto i te toenga rāpoi ngota aminosaharidov. riro ia te streptomycin aminoglycoside tuatahi, taratahi i koroni o harore ray i te waenganui o te rau tau whakamutunga, me te mātātoa whakamahia i roto i te maimoatanga o te momo o te mate. Ka rite ki bactericide, he whai hua noa i te mate kaha iti paturopi o rōpū mea. Ko te tikanga o te mahi o paturopi i runga i te pūtau koiora ko te hanganga o kaha here kotuari ki te whakangaromanga pūmua me ribosomes moroiti o te kōtuitanga pūmua i roto i te tauhohe pūtau kitakita. e kore e matau tino tikanga aminoglycoside pānga bactericidal, rite te ātete ki te mahi bacteriostatic o tetracyclines me macrolides ofati hoki kōtuitanga pūmua i roto i ngā pūtau kitakita. Heoi, kua mohiotia ai e he kaha aminoglycosides anake i raro i ngā āhuatanga takohe, na whakaatu ratou kakama iti i roto i te kopa ki te supply toto rawakore.

I muri i te rongoā paturopi tuatahi - rongoā paturopi me te streptomycin, ka anga ratou ki te kia pera whakamahia whānuitia i roto i te maimoatanga o tetahi mate e rawa hohoro i reira ko te raruraru whiwhi microorganisms whakamahia ki enei taero. I tēnei wā, e whakamahia ana streptomycin te nuinga i roto i ngā ki ētahi atu whakatupuranga hou o taero ki te hamani kohi taua, i tenei ra mate onge pērā i whiu ranei. I roto i te tahi atu te wā whakaritea kanamycin, i te mea ano hoki te whakatupuranga tuatahi o te aminoglycoside paturopi. Heoi, e tika ana ki te tāoke tiketike o kanamycin gentamicin meinga tēnei wā - faaineineraa o whakatupuranga tuarua, tuatoru whakatupuranga me te faaineineraa o te amikacin ko te aminoglycoside - te uaua reira whakamahia ki te ārai i te faatītīraa tukunga microorganisms.

chloramphenicol

Chloramphenicol chloramphenicol ranei, ko te rongoā paturopi tūturu ki te whānui o te mahi hihinga, kaha i runga i te maha nui o Gram-pai, me te Gram-kino kaiao, he tokomaha o nga wheori nui. I ahu hanganga matū te nitrofenilalkilaminov, i whiwhi tuatahi i te ahurea o actinomycetes i te waenganui o te rautau 20, a muri ano synthesized rua tau matū.

Chloramphenicol he pānga bacteriostatic i runga i microorganisms. Ko te tikanga o te mahi o paturopi runga pūtau kitakita ko ki pehi te mahi o te tukanga hanganga whakakōkī o here peptide i roto i te kōtuitanga pūmua ka ribosomes. ki chloramphenicol whakawhanake ātete i roto i te huakita rawa pōturi. Te raau e whakamahia ana i roto i te taipō mate shigellosis ranei.

Glycopeptides me lipopeptides

Glycopeptides - he pūhui peptide huringa e he paturopi maori semisynthetic ranei ki te whānuitanga kuiti o mahi o etahi taumahatanga o microorganisms. faaitoito ratou i te pānga bactericidal i runga i huakita karamu-pai, a taea te whakakapi rongoā paturopi i roto i te take o te ātete ki reira. Ka taea te faataa i te tikanga o te mahi o paturopi i runga i microorganisms i te hanganga o hononga ki waikawa amino, me te peptidoglycan taiepa pūtau, reira pehi ratou kōtuitanga.

glycopeptide Tuatahi - vancomycin, i whakaputaina i actinomycetes, tangohia i te oneone o India. Ko te rongoā paturopi tūturu e he kaha ki microorganisms, ara i roto i te wa tupuranga. I te tīmatanga, i whakamahia vancomycin rite te whakakapinga i roto i te take o te rongoā paturopi mate pāwera ki reira i roto i te maimoatanga o te mate. Heoi, ko te hua i roto i te ātete tarukino, kua riro te raruraru nui. I roto i te tau 80 i whiwhi ai teicoplanin - he rongoā paturopi i te rōpū o glycopeptides. I whakaritea e ia i te taua mate, a i roto i ngā ki gentamicin, homai ana e ia hua pai.

I te mutunga o te rau tau 20, he rōpū hou o paturopi - lipopeptides tawhiti i Streptomyces. Matū e ratou lipopeptides huringa. Tēnei rongoā paturopi ki te whānuitanga kuiti o mahi, faaite i te pānga bactericidal ki huakita karamu-pai, me te staphylococci e te hunga ātete ki raau taero beta-lactam me glycopeptides.

Ko te tikanga o te mahi o paturopi tino rerekē i te hunga kua mohiotia - te puka lipopeptide i te aroaro o te konupūmā katote kaha here ki te membrane pūtau o huakita e tika ana ki te depolarization me tona rangirua o te kōtuitanga pūmua, kia e mate pūtau kino. Ko te māngai tuatahi o te piha haapiiraa o lipopeptides - daptomycin.

Ki te tuhia ai whakaaro ki daptomycin te auau nui o mahi bactericidal, me tino nui - te kore o ripeka-ātete, ranei i te iti rawa rawa puhoi tona hanganga e tika ana ki te meka i te tikanga tino hou o te mahi o paturopi whakaurua ki te hanganga o te taonga.

polyenes

Ko te rōpū i muri - paturopi polyene. I teie mahana i reira ko te ngaru nui i roto i te mate fungal e uaua ki te hamani. Ki te aro e ratou matū antifungal - paturopi polyene tūturu ranei āhua-waihanga. Ko tonu te tarukino antifungal tuatahi i roto i te waenganui o te rau tau whakamutunga timata ki Nystatin, i tawhiti i Streptomyces ahurea. I roto i tenei wā, ngā te mahi hauora maha paturopi polyene, i takea mai i te whānuitanga o ngā ahurea fungal - griseofulvin, Levorinum me etahi atu. Kua tika matou riro ko kē te whakamahi o polyenes wha nga whakatupuranga. ingoa noa ka whakawhetai ki te aroaro o te maha here rua i roto i te rāpoi ngota ratou.

Ko te tikanga o te mahi o paturopi polyene tika ki te hanganga o here matū ki te sterols membrane pūtau i roto i te harore. Polyene rāpoi ngota kupu tāmau i roto i te membrane pūtau me ngā puka katote waeahia hongere roto nei nga wae whakawhānui ngā pūtau waho, ārahi ki tona whakakorenga. I roto i te pota iti riro polyenes mahi fungistatic me i tiketike - fungicide. Heoi, e kore e hipokina to ratou mahi i te huakita me huaketo.

Polymyxin - paturopi tūturu whakaputaina e huakita oneone spore. I roto i te therapy, kua whakamahia e ratou i roto i te 40-doma o te rau tau whakamutunga. rerekē ēnei formulations pānga bactericidal, meinga nei e kino ki te membrane cytoplasmic o te pūtau moroiti meinga tona whakangaromanga. Polymyxin whai hua ki huakita karamu-kino, me te he microorganisms varavara faatîtîraa. Heoi, tauwhāiti tāoke tiketike rawa ratou whakamahi i roto i te therapy. E whakamahia polymyxin pūkawa ngāwha B me te polymyxin pūkawa M uaua me anake rite rāhui whakatakataka - pūhui o tenei rōpū.

paturopi antitumor

hua Actinomycin etahi harore ray, i te pānga cytostatic. actinomycins Natural i roto i te hanganga e hromopeptidami waikawa amino rere i roto i nga mekameka peptide e whakatau ratou mahi koiora. Actinomycin kukume whakarongo o tohunga rite paturopi antitumor. Ko te tikanga o te mahi e tika ana ki te hanganga o te makona eu here o mekameka peptide o te tarukino me te DNA helix rua o te moroiti, me te reira ārai i te kōtuitui o RNA.

Dactinomycin, hua i roto i te 60raa o te rau tau 20, he reira te kaihoko anticancer tuatahi kua kitea e whakamahi i roto i te therapy oncologic. Heoi, e tika ana ki te maha nui o ngā pānga taha o tenei tarukino te uaua whakamahia. Na whiwhi matou kaha atu taero antineoplastic.

Anthracyclines - tawhiti i te kaihoko anti-puku tino kaha i Streptomyces. Ko te tikanga o te mahi o paturopi e pā ana ki te hanganga o complexes ternary ki mekameka DNA me enei mea kiano i matao mekameka. Na te rua o tikanga taea o te mahi antimicrobial tika ki te hanga o te Radicals free e oxidize ngā pūtau mate pukupuku.

O anthracyclines māori taea te huaina daunorubicin me doxorubicin. Whakarōpū o paturopi rite ki o ratou tikanga o te mahi i runga i huakita whakarōpū ratou rite microbicides. Heoi, takoha ratou tāoke tiketike ki te rapu mō pūhui hou e kua rite synthetically. E rave rahi o ratou kua pai whakamahia i roto i te matepukupuku.

Kua roa riro paturopi wahi o mahi hauora me te ora te tangata. Ngā mihi ki a ratou, i patua maha mate, e hoki tenetere i whakaaro mahu. I tēnei wā, i reira te mea he rerenga kētanga o enei pūhui, e titau te whakarōpū kore anake o paturopi rite ki te huarahi o te mahi me te hihinga, engari ano hoki i runga i te maha atu āhuatanga.