He aha te polymerization i roto i te matū waro

Polymerization - he tukanga o te fariiraa i tetahi momo o tīmata waetahi rāpoi nui. Ko te waerau hua ko te macromolecule e ngā o te maha rawaka o ngā wae tāruarua.

Ko te momo matua o te polymerization

Te whakautu ki te pātai e pā ana ki te mea he matū polymerization, mōhio tatou e e wahi i te aroaro o te whakakōkī (tukanga whakatere) tenei tauhohenga.

Homopolymer - pūhui rāpoi tiketike, i whiwhi nei te i roto i te rōpū o waetahi tīmatanga ōrite.

Heteropolymer - te hua tauhohe o te pāhekoheko o ngā rauemi tīmatanga rerekē.

Ko te hanganga o te waerau

Hoatu e te polymerization - ko te matatini tukanga matū, te taimaha o te waerau kia whai i te auau rerekē hua rāpoi. Ko te pūhui tiketike-rāpoi ko e rerekē i faahiti wae te "rōpū mutunga". Taua rōpū i roto i roto i te hanganga polymer i roto i te nui iti, na e kore e whakaaro ratou te āhua o te tātari o ngā āhuatanga matū, me te tinana o te taonga polymeric hua.

polymerization cationic

He aha te mea he momo polymerization cationic? e tenei tukanga wahi i raro i te mana o te waikawa Lewis (ranunga o konumohe pūhaumāota, boron pūkōwhai, waikawa) e te tikanga e te mea rite ki te tukanga o te tua electrophilic ki te rua (rua) here.

I te wā tuatahi, te tua iraoho ki ngā waiwaro rua, ai hanga he carbocation.

I tua atu, e tika ana ki te kōrero hiko, mai te reira ki whakapā tetahi atu muingota o te waiwaro, ka rite ki te hua i hanga te carbocation e he mekameka roa.

Te tāruarua o te tukanga puta, ai hanga he carbocation he taimaha rāpoi tiketike.

He tūponotanga tiketike o te kore o te pokapū cationic, e taea te pōreareatanga e te wehenga i te iraoho o te rāpoi ngota.

tauira

Kia whakaaro tatou te pātai o te mea te matū polymerization. E hoatu tauira o tenei tukanga e hāngai ana i runga i te polymerization isobutylene. puta te tukanga mā te tikanga cationic, mai te irahiko-kaituku tapae te rōpū alkyl.

puta Hanganga polyisobutylene mekameka, kia e te hanga e te reira i te mutunga o te carbocation kainga mōrahi. Ka rite ki te hua, i reira he he maau mharahara "upoko ki hiku".

I roto i te whakahaere ngā matū, ngā waho te aroaro o te wai, i reira he hanganga o te waerau he mekameka roa.

He aha te polymerization o te piha haapiiraa māngai o waiwaro hamanga? Ki te te whakakōkī tīpakohia , te waikawa pungatara kukū, i kitea i muri i te hanganga o te ranunga polymerization o rua dimers. I muri, e toaati e rua ngā rāpoi ngota o te isobutylene, puta he ara iahiko tuwhera. I roto i tenei matatini takawaenga (carbo) homai ake tona wai iraoho i mua i tomo ki roto ki te taunekeneke ki tetahi atu muingota o te waiwaro rua hamanga.

Ko te polymerization anionic

He aha te mea te polymerization anionic o te momo? Tenei tikanga tā te polymerization waiwaro rua i tetahi pito o te here maha. Ko taea Polymerization i te whawhai o te rāpoi ngota waiwaro rua etahi tauhohenga nucleophilic.

Hei tauira, tauhohe amide-anion ki akrilonitratom here rua, hua carbanion i hanga i roto i i paetata te tiaki tōraro kei waenganui i cyanide me te waro ngota. Ki te he eu te whiwhi te matatini, kua kitea reira te rāpoi ngota rironga waiwaro rua e whai ake nei.

Naianei taea i roto i te tauhohe mekameka tipu ārahi ki te whakakorenga o te mutunga i runga i te tiaki kino o te mekameka waro.

Free polymerization tuwhena

Ko te tukanga mō te ethylene polymerization taea te tango i te wahi i roto i te aroaro o peroxides (i ake te pēhanga, me te tiketike pāmahana). whakatairanga mekameka whakamutunga tauhono disproportionation ranei Radicals.

Ko te mekameka pūwaro o polyethylene he ethylene maha ngā wae hanganga. Ko tenei hanganga faaite whai wāhi nga āhuatanga tino o te tiketike pūhui taimaha rāpoi ki tona tono whānui i roto i te hanga i roto i te tauine ahumahi tākai kiriata. I tua atu, e hiahiatia ana polyethylene te ki te hanga i ngā i te niao, me whakarewanga.

I roto i te take o noa momo tuwhena i roto i te polymerization tipu mutunga waiwaro rua porangi ka tukua atu i roto i te puka o te tuwhena kainga, ka māngai te tukanga e momo "upoko ki hiku".

I roto i te isobutylene me propylene polymerization kore ko te tikanga tuwhena free. Katoa o te waerau whakaputaina i roto i te ahumahi matū, e whakamahia i roto i peka ngā o engineering, rongoā me te rongoā. Ko te waerau tino noa rite i raupapa ethylene waiwaro hamanga he polyethylene iho, me te tona homologue - propylene.