Waiwaro hamanga: waiwaro rua, āhuatanga matū me te tono

Waiwaro rua - waiwaro hamanga nei rāpoi ngota i waenganui i rua ngā ngota waro, kotahi here rua. Kei te maha huaina ratou raupapa waiwaro ethylene, no te mea te mea he ethylene ohie māngai NC2 = CH2. olefins ētahi wā e tuku atu enei waiwaro rite waiwaro rua haurehu waihā te tauhohe i ki pūkeha māota ranei ki te hanga i pūhui hinuhinu e kore e e wairewa i te wai. ahu te kupu "waiwaro rua" IUPAC te i te kupu "waiwaro tahi", te wahi whakakapia Pīmuri -ko e te waiwaro rua pīmuri, e tohu te aroaro i roto i te rāpoi ngota o te taonga o te here rua.

waiwaro hamanga - ngā waiwaro rua: hanganga

waiwaro rua katoa whakaaro pärönaki o ethylene ewaro ranei - C2H4.

Kei roto i te rāpoi ngota ethylene ngota e rua waro me ngota hauwai wha, nga ngota waro hamanga. Ia o te waro hamanga hybridizes ngota es kotahi me rua pi-orbitals, me ngā kōiwi kotahi pi orbital i roto i "puka parakore", e whakarato ana tawhiti mōrahi o orbitals hiko hybridized. ratou toki hanga 120 °. hanga tenei tikanga tino pai mo te īnaki o orbitals irahiko. E toru taua orbitals o ngā ngota waro ki te hanga i toru here sigma (e rua C-H, C-C he). Nō reira, kua te rāpoi ngota ethylene rima here sigma e e paetata i roto i te manureva taua, hanga i waenganui ia ratou he koki o 120 °. P-irahiko e toe i roto i te "parakore" hanga i tetahi atu here i waenganui i ngā ngota waro rua. Whakaahuatia hanganga hiko o ngā rāpoi ngota ethylene angamaheni o ngā waiwaro rua. He ki kia i titiro rite pärönaki o ethylene waiwaro hamanga.

Hoki waiwaro rua āhuatanga e 2 momo o te poinanahatanga - āhuahanga, me te hanganga.

poinanaha hanganga o ngā waiwaro rua haamata ki pūwaro C4H8. Te wehe me ona rerekē - mekameka poinanahatanga (waro kōhiwi ranei) me poinanaha whakanohonga o te here rua i roto i te ara iahiko taua.

poinanahatanga āhuahanga e tika ana ki te türanga pāhiwihiwi o substituents hauwai i te rāpoi ngota o te ethylene whanaunga ki te waka rererangi o te here rua. He cis- me trans-poinanaha waiwaro hamanga.

Waiwaro rua i roto i te āhua noa he tino onge i roto i te natura. i synthesized ratou te whakamahi i ngā tukanga ahumahi me te taiwhanga.

āhuatanga matū o waiwaro: waiwaro rua

E meinga ratou e te here rua i waenganui i ngā ngota waro rua i roto i te rāpoi ngota o te waiwaro rua.

Ko te tauhohenga hydrogenation

huru ohie waiwaro rua tāpiritanga o hauwai. Puta te reira i roto i te aroaro o kaiwhakakökï ranei ki te whakawera:

CH2 = CH2 = H2 H3C CH3

hono halides

Ko te puta tauhohenga i te tikanga Markovnikov, i.e. mā te tauhohe i te kōnakonako hauwai ki rāpoi hangarite waiwaro rua hauwai e tapiritia i te wahi o te localization o te here rua pai ki te ngota waro muri ki nei i reira he nui ake ngota hauwai, he ngota kōnakonako - ki te ngota waro i muri ki te e iti ngota hauwai rawa ranei e kore ratou e te tīariari:

CH3-CH = CH2 + HC1-CH3-CH3-CHC1.

Ko te whakamahi o waiwaro

Ewaro - hau memeha pai i roto i te waipiro, me te painga wairewa i roto i te wai, taikaha.

He taonga i roto i te haurehu hangai (ki runga, ki te 20% o te taimaha katoa) me ratou Coke hau oumu (āhua 5%). I roto i nga tikanga taiwhanga o maroketanga o ethylene rite dehydrogenation o ewaro me te waihā ewaro. Tono ki te whiwhi ethylene Ethyl waipiro, vinyl pūhaumāota, ethylbenzyl, polyethylene, āpiha ārai makariri (matū e whakaiti te wāhi mīti o te wai i roto i engines) me ētahi atu matū organic. I roto i te tangata, me te rongoā kararehe, whakamahia ethylene te rite te waihanga tarukino i roto i te hua - ki te whakatere i te maoa o hua (tōmato, rēmana, me te rite).

whiwhi Propylene te tahi ki ethylene i roto i te pyrolysis me hangai o ngā momo o te hinu feedstock. Propylene - he wāhanga o te nekeneke wahie. Kei te whakamahia te reira rite feedstock mo te polypropylene, isopropylbenzyl, waipiro isopropyl. Ki te waiwaihā, hauwaiwaro, ki isopropylbenzyl - hauwaiwaro me te phenol. whakamahia Propylene te rite te tarukino whakapōauau mō te synthesizing acrylonitrile, cumene, waihā pūwaro, me ētahi atu