Ko te whakahaere matū o ngā pūtau: matū organic, whänui me microelements

I roto i te mutunga o te rau tau 19, i hanga reira he manga o koiora i huaina matūora. Kei te ako ia i te hanganga matū o ngā pūtau ora. Ko te mahi matua o te pūtaiao - matauranga o nga peculiarities o pākia e me te pūngao, ture mahi faufaa o te tipu, me te kararehe pūtau.

Ko te ariā o te hanganga matū o ngā pūtau

Ka rite ki te hua o ngā rangahau e pūtaiao i whakahaere matū o ngā pūtau kua ako a kitea e tito o neke atu i te 85 ngā huānga matū mea ora. A e etahi o ratou e hiahiatia hoki tata katoa rauropi, i he motuhake ētahi me puta i roto i ngā momo motuhake. He toru rōpū o ngā āhuatanga matū reira i roto i te pūtau o microorganisms, tipu me ngā kararehe i roto i rahinga feunga iti. He āhuatanga Chemical o te pūtau maha i roto i te puka o tīhiko me ng ngota i ai kohuke tote me te wai e hanga e, a kua synthesized pūhui waro organic: warowaihā, pūmua, lipids.

huānga organogenic

I roto i te mataora, ngā enei waro, hauwai, hāora me te Nitrogen. Ratou huinga kei roto i te pūtau o 88 ki te 97% o te tahi atu āhuatanga matū reira i roto i reira. Rawa nui ko te waro. te matū organic katoa i roto i te hanganga o ngā pūtau ngā o ngā rāpoi ngota kei roto waro i roto i ona ngota hanganga. Ka taea te hono i ratou ki te hanga i te mekameka (branched me hahore), me te huringa. Tenei kaha ngā ngota waro niu nei kanorau a Tūrongo o matū waro ngā i roto i te cytoplasm pūtau me organelles.

Hei tauira, te tirotiro ā-o te pūtau ngā o te oligosaccharide wairewa, pūmua hydrophilic, lipids, ngā momo o te te RNA: whakawhiti RNA, RNA ribosomal me te karere RNA, me te waetahi free - nucleotides. he hanganga matū taua he karihi pūtau. Kei reira hoki te rāpoi ngota o te waikawa deoxyribonucleic, he wahi o te pūira. kei roto i ona ngota hanganga o Nitrogen, te waro ki te hāora, hauwai katoa o te pūhui runga ake. Ko te tohu o to ratou faufaa ngā tenei, mai i te whakahaere matū o te pūtau, tei runga i te ihirangi o ngā āhuatanga biogenic e hanga ake hanganga pūtau: hyaloplasm me organelles.

Macronutrients me o ratou tikanga

āhuatanga matū, e he rawa noa hoki i roto i ngā pūtau o ngā momo o kaiao, kua karangatia e matūora macronutrients. Ratou ihirangi i roto i te pūtau, ko te 1.2% - 1.9%. Na roto i te macroelements pūtau ngā: ūkuikui, pāhare pāporo, māota, whanariki, konupora, konupūmā, rino, me te konutai. E mahi nui katoa o ratou, a he wahi o te ngā organelles pūtau. Ko te kupu, Ko reira i roto i te pūmua toto te katote ferrous - pūtoto, e maua e te hāora (i roto i nei take huaina reira ko oxyhaemoglobin), te hauhā (karbogemoglobin) hauhā (carboxyhaemoglobin) ranei.

whakarato katote konutai puka nui o te waka intercellular: te papu konutai-pāhare pāporo pera-ka karanga. Ratou he wahi o te interstitial wē inu, me te toto hoki. katote Konupora reira i roto i ngā rāpoi ngota chlorophyll (photopigment tipu teitei) me e whai wāhi i roto i te tukanga o te ahotakakame, me te pokapū tauhohe puka e mahanga pūaho o te pūngao marama.

whakarato katote konupūmā āriponga o ngātere karere i te muka, a ko te wāhanga matua o te osteocytes - pūtau wheua. He whānui i roto i te kararehe hätaretare ao e tito o te konupūmā pākawa waro nei anga pūhui konupūmā.

E whai wāhi ngā katote pūhaumāota i roto i recharging te membrane pūtau me te whakarato i te ahua o ngātere hiko o te whakaongaonga neural whāriki.

Ko te ngota whanariki he wahi o te pūmua taketake, me te meinga ratou wānanga hanganga "tuitui" polypeptide mekameka, reira hanga muingota o te pūmua flare.

whai wāhi katote pāhare pāporo i roto i te waka o matū i roto i kiriuhi pūtau. ngota ūkuikui Ko te wahi o tenei matū pūngao-kaha nui pērā i adenosine triphosphate, a ko te wāhanga nui o te rāpoi ngota o waikawa deoxyribonucleic me ribonucleic, e ko te whakapapa matū pūtau matua.

mahi Trace i roto i te ka pākia pūtau

Mō 50 huānga matū whakatu iti iho i te 0.1% i roto i te pūtau, ka karanga microcells. Ko ētahi o ēnei konutea, molybdenum, iodine, parahi, konukurahina, köwhai. Ki te tiaki iti mahi ratou i te mahi tino nui, hei wāhanga o maha matū kaha biologically.

Hei tauira, ko te ngota konutea i roto i te rāpoi ngota taiāki (pancreatic taiaki e fakatonutonu toto taumata kūhuka), iodine ko te wāhanga o te hormones thyroid - thyroxine me triiodothyronine whakahaere i te taumata o te pākia i roto i te tinana. Parahi, me ngā katote rino wāhi i roto i te hematopoiesis (te hanganga o ngā pūtau toto whero, platelets me ma pūtau toto i roto i te hinu wheua wheua o vertebrates). E ngā katote parahi i roto i te hemocyanin ngarahu reira i roto i te toto o ngā hātaretare, taua mātaitai. Na reira, ko te tae o ratou te puru hemolymph.

Ētahi atu iti iho ihirangi i roto i te pūtau taua āhuatanga matū pērā i mata, te koura, pūkeha, hiriwa. E huaina ratou ultromikroelementami me wahi o te tipu, me te kararehe pūtau. Hei tauira, i roto i te tātari matū i kitea katote koura kānga pepeke. ngota pūkeha i roto i te maha nui o ngā pūtau ngā i roto i te thalli o ngä pükohu parauri, me te whero, pērā i Sargassum, Laminaria, fucus.

Katoa mua enei tauira, me ngā meka whakamārama hanganga matū pehea te kōtuitui, mahi me te hanganga o ngā pūtau. Ko te ripanga i raro whakaatu ana te tirotiro o ngā āhuatanga matū i roto i te pūtau o kaiao ora.

āhuatanga General o ngā pūhui matū waro

āhuatanga matū o ngā pūtau o ngā rōpū rerekē o ngā kaiao i roto i te ara etahi ti'aturi i runga i te ngota waro, e pūkete hoki i runga i te 50% o te papatipu pūtau. I whakaritea māngai katoa mea pūtau maroke te warowaihā, pūmua, waikawa karihi me lipids, e whai he hanganga matatini me te taimaha rāpoi tiketike. E huaina taua rāpoi macromolecules (waerau) me e tito o ngā huānga ohie - waetahi. matū Pūmua tākaro he wāhi tino nui, me te mahi i te momo o ngā mahi, e kua kōrero i raro.

Ko te tūranga o te pūmua i roto i te pūtau

tātari matüora o pūhui tomo ki te pūtau ora, haapapu ihirangi tiketike o reira taua matū organic pērā i pūmua. Tenei meka kua he whakamārama arorau: mahi pūmua i te whānuitanga o ngā mahi, ā, e whai wāhi i roto i ngā āhuatanga katoa o te ora pūtau.

Hei tauira, te mahi tiaki o pūmua ko te hanganga o paturopi - paturopi whakaputaina e te lymphocytes. Taua pūmua tiaki pērā i thrombin, pūtōtepe me tromboblastin whakarato upoo- toto, me te ārai i tona mate i roto i te whētuki me te whara. Ko te hanganga matatini o te pūtau ngā te pūmua membrane pūtau he te kaha ki te mohio ki pūhui ke - antigens. huri ratou i to ratou whirihoranga me pūtau pūrongo o te mōrearea pea (whakaoho mahi).

Ētahi pūmua i te mahi ture, me te he hormones, pērā i oxytocin, whakaputaina e te hypothalamus, i rongoa rapae o. Puta i reira ki te toto, mahi oxytocin runga i te taiepa uaua o te kōpū, meinga tona whakaiti. tavini hoki vasopressin pūmua te mahi ture na roto i te whakahaere pēhanga toto.

Ko te pūtau uaua, he actin me myosin, he ahei ki te holomui, e ai te mahi pūkaha o uaua kiko. No te pūmua, mahi angamaheni me arataukai, hei tauira, whakamahia albumin kukune rite te matūkai mō te whanaketanga. pūmua toto o ngā rauropi, pērā i pūtoto, me te hemocyanin, kua whakawhiti ngā rāpoi ngota hāora - mahi mahi waka. Ki te nui ake te pūngao kai matū pērā i te warowaihā me lipids, tino whakamahia, ka tīmata te pūtau ki te wahi i raro pūmua. Ko tētahi karamu o tenei rauemi 17 homai 2 kJ o te pūngao. Ko tētahi o nga mahi tino nui o pūmua he catalytic (tere pūmua-whākōkī ake tauhohe matū i roto i compartments cytoplasmic). I runga anō i te runga ake, kua kite matou e te pūmua i te maha o ngā mahi tino nui, me te wahi e tika ana o te pūtau kararehe.

biosynthesis pūmua

A feruri i te tukanga o te kōtuitanga pūmua i roto i te pūtau, e puta i roto i te cytoplasm mā organelles pērā i ribosomes. Ngā mihi ki te mahi o whākōkī motuhake, me te whai wāhitanga o te katote konupūmā ribosome ngā ki polysomes. Ko te mahi matua o te ribosomes i roto i te pūtau - te kōtuitui o ngā rāpoi ngota pūmua, tīmata i te tukanga patohanga. Ka rite ki te hua o reira e synthesized rāpoi mRNA, ki nei e piri polysomes. Na ka tīmata te whakamātautau tuarua - pāhotanga. Whakawhiti e hono RNA ki e rua tekau ngā momo rerekē o te waikawa amino, ka kawe ia ratou ki polysomes, me te te mahi o ribosomes i roto i te pūtau - he kōtuitui o polypeptides, kua complexed enei organelles ki tRNA, me e hono tahi rāpoi waikawa amino i here peptide ki te hanga i te pūmua macromolecule.

Ko te tūranga o te wai i roto i te ka pākia

Kua whakapumautia rangahau Cytological te meka e te hanganga pūtau me te hanganga o nei ako tatou, he toharite o 70% te wai, a i roto i nga kararehe maha, ārahi i te huarahi wai o te ora (hei tauira, coelenterates) tona ihirangi tae 97-98%. I roto i te tirohanga o tenei whakahaere matū o ngā pūtau ngā hydrophilic (taea o tātau) me hydrophobic (wai-atiati) rauemi. Ka rite ki te whakarewa neke ao, te wai nui te wāhi tino hira me he pānga tika i runga i te mahi e kore e anake, engari ano hoki i roto i te hanganga rawa o nga pūtau. Ko te ripanga i raro E whakaatu ana te ihirangi wai i roto i ngā momo o ngā pūtau o ngā kaiao ora.

Ko te mahi o te warowaihā i roto i te pūtau

Ka rite ki faataa matou mua, ki nui organic matū - waerau - he hoki warowaihā. Ēnei ngā polysaccharides, oligosaccharides me monosaccharides. Warowaihā he wahi o atu ngā pūnaha matatini - glycolipids me glycoproteins, e kua hangaia o kiriuhi pūtau me te hanganga nadmembrannye, hei tauira glycocalyx.

waro i roto i te warowaihā I tua atu ngā ngota o Hauwai me oxygenation, a ka i roto i te tahi mau polysaccharides atu hauota, whanariki me ūkuikui. Ko te pūtau o maha warowaihā tipu: i roto i kōpura Potato ki runga ki te 90% māngaro i roto i purapura, me te ihirangi warowaihā hua ake ki te 70%, me kua kitea ngā pūtau kararehe i roto i te puka o taua pūhui rite glycogen, chitin me trehalose.

huka Simple (monosaccharides) i te ture whānui CnH2nOn ka wehea ki tetroses, triose, pentose me hexose. Ko te tino noa i roto i te pūtau o kaiao ora te rua whakamutunga, hei tauira, ribose me deoxyribose he wahi o waikawa karihi, me e whai wāhi kūhuka i me te huahuka i roto i nga tauhohenga o te whakawhenumi me te dissimilation. Kei te maha kitea Oligosaccharides i roto i te tipu ngā pūtau: Kei te rongoa sucrose i te pūtau o te huka pīti me te huka kakaho, maltose roto i roto i caryopses germinated rai me te parei.

Disaccharides i te reka reka, me te he ngāwari wairewa i roto i te wai. Polysaccharides, he te biopolymers ngā matua o te māngaro, cellulose, glycogen me te laminarin. Ko te puka hanganga ngā polysaccharides chitin. Ko te mahi tuatahi o te warowaihā i roto i te pūtau - pūngao. Ka rite ki te hua o tauhohe paparetanga me te pākia pūngao piri polysaccharides ki te kūhuka, ka te ka oxidized reira ki te hauhā me te wai waro. Ka rite ki te hua, kotahi karamu o putanga kūhuka 17.6 kJ o te pūngao, me rāhui o māngaro me glycogen, he tino awa pūngao pūtau.

whakatakotoria glycogen Kei te nuinga i roto i te uaua, me te ate pūtau, māngaro huawhenua - i roto i ngā kōpura, topuku, pakiaka, purapura me angawaho, pērā i te pūngāwerewere, pepeke me waimāori, te tūranga matua i roto i te supply pūngao nui te trehalose oligosaccharide.

He rerekē i lipids me pūmua, te kaha ki te tuukinotanga anoxic warowaihā. He tino nui mo te kaiao ora i roto i ngā āhuatanga o te hē ngaro o te hāora ranei, pērā i huakita anaerobic, me helminths tenei - pirinoa o te tangata me te kararehe.

He ko tetahi mahi o te warowaihā i roto i te pūtau - hanga (hanganga). takoto te reira i roto i te meka e tautoko enei matū hanganga o ngā pūtau. Hei tauira, ko te cellulose he wahi o nga taiepa pūtau o ngā tipu, hanga chitin he kōiwi waho, me te maha hātaretare puta i roto i ngā pūtau fungal, olisaharidy tahi me lipids me pūmua rāpoi ngota hanga glycocalyx - matatini nadmembranny. E whakarato ana adhesion - i waenganui i te pūtau clumping kararehe, e arata'i ki te hanganga o te kiko.

Lipids: hanganga me te mahi

Ka taea te nekehia atu ēnei matū organic, e he hydrophobic (te wai rewakore), i.e. tangohia i ngā pūtau mā te whakamahi i whakarewa kore-neke, rite hauwaiwaro chloroform ranei. mahi o lipids i roto i te pūtau, tei runga nei o nga rōpū e toru no ratou: ki te ngako, sperm steroids ranei. Ko te tino noa i roto i ngā momo katoa o ngā pūtau Fats.

Animals kohikohi ratou i roto i te kiko adipose subcutaneous, kei ngako i roto i te puka o te kiko neural te takotoranga myelin o raru. Reira i piki ano i roto i nga whatukuhu, ate, pepeke - i roto i te tinana ngako. ngako wai - hinu - kitea i roto i te purapura o ngā tipu maha: pine, pīnati, putirā, oriwa. Te ihirangi lipid i roto i ngā pūtau pae i 5 ki te 90% (i roto i te kiko adipose).

Steroids me sperm rerekē i te ngako i roto i taua kore ratou e whai i roto i te rāpoi ngota o ngā toenga waikawa fatty. Na, steroids - te reira hormones uho adrenal, e pa ana pūhuruhurutanga te tinana, me te e he wāhanga o te testosterone. He wāhanga o huaora (hei tauira, huaora D) ano ratou.

Ko te mahi matua o lipids i roto i te pūtau - ko te pūngao, hanga me te tiaki. Ko te tuatahi Ko e tika ana ki te meka e 1 karamu o te ngako i roto i te wāhinga homai 38,9 kJ o te pūngao - He nui noa atu te tahi atu matū organic - pūmua me te warowaihā. I tua atu, i roto i te piti hāora o te 1d ngako tu reira tata 1.1 c. wai. Ko te aha e he etahi kararehe i te take o te ngako i roto i to koutou tinana e taea e te wa roa, kahore he wai. Hei tauira, ka taea e gophers e hohe mō neke atu i te rua marama, i waho te hiahia mo te wai, a ka kore e inu i te wai kamera i whakawhitinga i roto i te koraha hoki 10-12 ra.

Construction o lipids mahi takoto i roto i te meka e he he wāhi o kiriuhi pūtau, me te wāhanga o te karere ratou. Ko te mahi tiaki o te lipids ngā i roto i te meka e te apa ngako raro te kiri a tawhio noa te whatukuhu, me te tahi atu whekau tiaki ratou i whara aunoa. Ko tūturu i roto i te kararehe mo te wa roa i roto i te wai Motuhake mahi mātao waiariki: tohorā, kekeno, kekeno huruhuru. Matotoru apa adipose subcutaneous, hei tauira, tohorā kahurangi ko 0.5 m, tiaki reira te kararehe i te hauhauaitu.

Ko te uara o te hāora i roto i te pākia e pūtau o

kaiao takohe, e ngā te nuinga rawa o te kararehe, otaota, me te tangata, te whakamahi i te hāora kōhauhau mō tauhohe utu pūngao ārahi ki te wāhinga o ngā matū waro me te tohatoha o te nui etahi o te pūngao putu i te puka o ngā rāpoi ngota o te triphosphate adenosine.

Ko te kupu, ko te hāora oti o tetahi kamiriona o te kūhuka i e puta i roto i te cristae punaraungao, kua tohaina 2800 kJ o pūngao, o nei te penapena 1596 kJ (55%) i roto i te puka o ngā rāpoi ngota ATP kei roto hononga macroergic. Ko te kupu, ko te mahi tuatahi o te hāora i roto i te pūtau - te whakatinanatanga o te respiration takohe, e hāngai ana nei i runga i te rōpū o tauhohe enzymatic pera-ka karanga mekameka romahā tupu i roto i organelles - pungaraungao. I kaiao prokaryotic - huakita phototrophic me cyanobacteria - hāora o ngā matūkai puta i raro i te mana o te hāora diffusing ki ngā pūtau mo protuberances ā o kiriuhi wē.

E tatou Kua whakahaere matū o ngā pūtau kua ako, me te te tukanga o te kōtuitanga pūmua me te hāora mahi i roto i pākia pūngao pūtau.