Kōnakonako - reira ... pūhui kōnakonako

Here ka kitea te kaipānui pārongo i runga i te āwheo, nga āhuatanga matū o te taka pūmotu D. I. Mendeleeva. Ko te ihirangi o te tuhinga ka tukua ki a koe hei mōhio ki o ratou āhuatanga matū, me te tinana, he i roto i te natura, i te tikanga o te tono me ētahi atu.

mōhiohio General

Kōnakonako - nga āhuatanga katoa o te matū o te taka pūmotu e te hunga i roto i te rōpū whitu. E ai ki te tikanga mo te whakarōpū i te stroma he āhuatanga katoa o te whitu o nga rōpū, te subgroups matua.

Kōnakonako - he āhuatanga taea ki te tauhohe ki tata katoa matū momo ohie anake te nui etahi o nonmetals. Ko te katoa o enei oxidizers pūngao, no te mea i raro i nga tikanga o te natura, ahu ki te kia i roto i te puka whakauru ki ētahi atu matū. heke kōnakonako Tohu tauhohenga ki hua o to ratou i taua raupapa.

Kōnakonako e whai ake huānga he: köwhai, māota, pūkeha, iodine, astatine me tennesin āwenewene hanga.

Ka rite ki whakahuatia mua, nga kōnakonako katoa - kei te oxidizing ki ngā āhuatanga motuhake, haunga he kore-konganuku katoa o ratou. Waho te taumata pūngao e whitu irahiko. Ngā pāhekoheko ki konganuku arata'i ki te hanganga o te here katote me tai. Tata nga halides katoa anake pūkōwhai, kia whakaatu iho rite te kaihoko whakaiti, te tohu oxidizing taupotu tahá 7, engari titau tenei e taunekeneke ratou ki huānga he tohu nui o te electronegativity.

āhuatanga Etymology

I roto i te 1841, whakaarohia kēmihi Swedish J. Berzelius te whakataki o te kōnakonako wā, kōrero ki a ratou mohiotia i te wa F, Br, I. Heoi, tae noa ki te whakataki o te wā i roto i te pā ana ki te rōpū katoa o ngā āhuatanga, i roto i te 1811, pūtaiao Tiamana, me te . Shveygger kupu i huaina taua wā chloro iritihia iho i Kariki rite "solerod".

hanganga ngota me te tohu o te piti hāora

Ko te whirihoranga o te waho anga irahiko o te kōnakonako ngota ko: astatine - 6s ² 6p ⁵ iodo - 5s 5p ^{2 5 2} 4p 4s bromo ⁵ chloro - 3s 3p ^{5 2,} 2s fluoro ² 2p ^5.

Kōnakonako - nga mea timatanga he i runga i waho irahiko momo anga e whitu irahiko e taea ai ratou ki "mama" tāpiri anga irahiko i te mea iti mo te oti. Tikanga, whakakitea te tohu piti hāora te rite -1. Cl, Br, ahau me te I te tauhohe i ki huānga he tohu teitei, timata ki te whakaatu i te tohu pitihāoratanga pai +1, +3, +5 me +7. Pūkōwhai he tohu tamau o te oxidative -1.

horapa

Nā ki to ratou faito teitei o te tauhohenga o kōnakonako e te nuinga i roto i te puka o pūhui. Tuhinga i roto i te kirinuku o te whenua heke i runga i hua i roto i te pūtoro ngota i F ki ahau Astatine i kirinuku o te whenua whanganga i te katoa i roto i karamu me te tennessin hanga āwenewene.

E kitea Halides i roto i te natura tino maha i roto i nga pūhui o halides, a kia tango hoki iodine te puka o te pāhare pāporo konutai ranei iodate. Nā ki tona memehatanga i roto i te wai hakari i roto i nga wai moana me brines o te take mai tūturu. Ko te F - torutoru māngai o te kōnakonako me te ake maha kitea i roto i nga kamaka o te momo parataiao, me tona puna matua - he pūkōwhai konupūmā.

āhuatanga kounga tinana

Kōnakonako ki tahi i te tahi e taea e tino rerekē, me te whai ratou i nga āhuatanga ōkiko e whai ake nei:

1. Köwhai (F2) - he hau o te tae kōwhai marama, kua he kakara koi me te irritating, a kahore e waiho i raro ki te kōpeketanga i roto i ngā āhuatanga pāmahana noa. Ko te ira whakakoero, ko te -220 ° C, me te wāhi e koropupu -188 ° C.
2. Māota (Cl ₂₎ ko te hau e kore compressible i ambient pāmahana, ara ka raro i te pēhanga, he ta'ota'o, kakara mangeo me te tae kōwhai-matomato. tīmata rewa i -101 ° C, me te whewhe i -34 ° C.
3. Pūkeha (Br _2), - he wai ahua, me te taimaha ki te tae parauri-parauri, me te koi kakara fetid. rewa te reira i -7 ° C, me te whewhe i 58 ° C.
4. Iodine (ahau ₂₎ - he kaihoko momo totoka he tae hina pouri, a ko reira umeraa konganuku āhuatanga, hongi rawa koi. haamata tukanga rewa ina whewhe te 113,5 ° C me i 184.885 ° C.
5. āwheo Rare - he astatine (I _2), i te mea he totoka, me te kua he tae puru-pango ki umeraa konganuku. hāngai te ira whakakoero ki a tawhio noa 244 ° C, kohua haamata me i muri i te taenga 309 ° C.

Ko te āhua matū o kōnakonako

Kōnakonako - nga mea timatanga i te mahi nui rawa oxidative e faaiti i te aronga i F ki I. Köwhai, rite te māngai tino kaha o kōnakonako, taea ariu ki ngā momo katoa o konganuku, kahore hāunga tetahi mōhiotia. Te nuinga o konganuku māngai tomo te huru o te hau köwhai mamae parariraa noa, ko te kupu te tuku wera i roto i moni nui.

Te kore ngohengohe köwhai whakawera taea huru te reira ki te rota o-konganuku kore, pērā i H2, C, P, S, Si. He putawera te momo o te tauhohenga i roto i tenei take, me te kia haere tahi e te pahūtanga. Wera, arata'i F ki oxidize te toe kōnakonako, me te whai wāhi ki te radiation, te huānga e taea ki a e tauhohe ki hau taimaha āhua e mangere.

A, no te pāhekoheko ki te momo pūhui matatini, köwhai ko te tauhohenga tino hihiri, hei tauira, oxidizing wai, kia meinga ai te pahūtanga.

kia hoki kia chloro te urupare, rawa i roto i te āhua noa. taumata mahi o iti iho i te hau köwhai, engari he reira e taea ki te tauhohe ki tata katoa te matū ohie, engari hauota, te hāora, me hau rangatira kore e ariu ki reira. Taunekeneke ki hauwai, wera ngā te chloro hanga rama pai burnoprotekayuschuyu tauhohenga tahi e te pahūtanga ranei.

I tauhohenga tua me te whakauru e taea Cl ariu ki te rota o te matatini-momo matū. Taea ki te teke'i Br me ahau i te whakawera o te pūhui i hanga e ratou ki te whakarewa hauwai ranei, a kia hoki ariu ki matū kawakore.

Bromo matū iti kaha atu i māota köwhai ranei, engari tonu rawa mārama faaite ake. Ko tenei no te mea te nuinga o te pūkeha Br whakamahia te rite te wai, no te mea i roto i tenei huru te tohu o te kukū tuatahi i te tahi atu tikanga rite runga ake i Cl. Whānui e whakamahia ana i roto i te matū, rawa organic. Ka taea te rewa te reira i roto i H ₂ E a wāhanga ariu ki reira.

Kōnakonako-iodo huānga hanga he taonga ohie ahau ₂ me te nehenehe o ariu ki H ₂ E, rewa i roto i te rongoā konutawa, hanga ngota tīhiko matatini. Ko te nuinga o te kōnakonako ahau faikehekehe i e kore e tauhohe reira ki te nuinga o ngā māngai o-konukore me āta tauhohe ki konganuku, i roto i tenei take, ko te mea e tika ana ki te wera. Mai tauhohe anake kitea te hauwai ki te wera nui, a ka he pauwera te tauhohenga.

Rare kōnakonako astatine (I) whakaaturia reactivities o iti iodine, engari ka taea e tauhohe ki konganuku. Ka rite ki te hua o te dissociation puta e rua ng ngota me tīhiko.

tono

Kei te whānui pūhui kōnakonako whakamahia e te tangata i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā wāhi. whakamahia cryolite Natural (Na ₃ Alf ₆₎ te ki te faaineine Al. Pūkeha me te konutawa matū rite ohie whakamahia nuitia ho'oraa me kamupene matū. I roto i te hanga o ngā wāhanga mō ngā waka whakamahi maha kōnakonako. Lights - Ko tetahi o aua wahi tenei. Qualitatively whiriwhiri te rauemi he tino nui hoki tenei wahi o te mīhini, ka rite ki te tupohehia huluhulu te ara i te po, me te tikanga mo te kimi rua koutou me ētahi atu kaitaraiwa. Ko tētahi o nga rauemi hiato pai ki te hanga i tupohehia hautūāpōkere whakaaro. Kōnakonako ahakoa paku iho i roto i te kounga ki te hau e mangere.

āwheo pai - he hau köwhai, he tāpiri nuitia whakamahia i roto i te hanga o toothpastes. E tauturu te reira ki te ārai i te takanga o mate niho - caries niho.

Taua te huānga-kōnakonako pērā i māota (Cl), kua kite i tona tono i roto i te faaineineraa HCl, maha whakamahia i roto i te kōtuitui o ngā matū organic pērā i te kirihou, rapa, muka waihanga, waikano, me whakarewa me te rite. D. A hoki e whakamahia te pūhui māota rite āpiha bleaching muka me te miro rauemi, pepa, me rite ki te tikanga o te whakahaere huakita i roto i te te wai inu.

Whakatūpato! Paitini!

I roto i te tirohanga o te tauhohenga tiketike rawa o kōnakonako tika i huaina paitini. Ko tino mārama tenei te kaha ki te uru atu te tauhohenga whakahuatia i roto i te hau köwhai. Kōnakonako whai āhuatanga kaha, me te ta'ota'o ahei o mahi kiko pāhekoheko.

whakaaro pūkōwhai i roto i takirua me aerosols te tetahi o nga puka tino pea mōrearea o te kōnakonako kino ki ētahi atu taata ora. Ko e tika ana ki te meka e te mohio a te reira painga i te kakara, me te ite anake i runga i te taenga nohanga tiketike tenei.

Komititanga ake

Ka rite ki taea e matou te titiro, nga kōnakonako he he wahi tino nui o te taka pūmotu, i ratou maha ngā āhuatanga e rerekē i roto i te mau huru maitatai tinana, me te matū, te hanganga ngota, te tohu o te hāora, me te kaha ki te ariu ki te konganuku me-konganuku kore. Ka whakamahi te ahumahi he momo o te tikanga, mai i tāpiritanga i roto i ngā hua akuaku whaiaro, me te oti matū kōtuitui anō o matū waro kaihoroi ranei. Ahakoa te meka e tetahi o nga ara pai ki te mau tonu me te hanga marama i roto i te headlamp waka he hautūāpōkere, kōnakonako, otiia ehara i te mea iho, me te he ano hoki whānui whakamahia me he ona ake painga.

Na e matau ana koutou ki ta te āwheo. Panga kupu ki tetahi pātai e pā ana ki enei matū hoki koutou e kore te arai.