Ko wai mano i muri i a Paora 1 i roto i Russia. Ko nga rangatira o Russia

I te timatanga o te rau tau XIX i tukua e te torona Russian he ru whakamataku: po Maehe i roto i te 1801 i te rōpū o kaitiaki he, ahu e St Petersburg kawana-whānui me te matenga o te pirihimana ngaro tomo PA Palen nga ruma o Emperor Paora Petrovich ka patua ia, ai mahi i te tukipoto i roto i he hua o nei kake ki te torona o te tama a te Hiha Alexander.

Kingitanga, i timata ki te patu

hiahia ki te hanga i taua mea i te whakakapi o ana kaupapa ahu whakamua - te whaea o kohurutia te kingi - Catherine II. Ko te aha ko te mātauranga matua Paora Panin - he Statesman tino o tona wa. Ko tikanga whakarau te kore. Paora hiahia ki te pupuri i tana aho. Ko ia whakakake, me te hao, rite maha rangatira Russian. I roto i te kingitanga o tenei ariki i poto-ora, engari whakahaere ia ki te riro i te mauahara whānui.

e kore hoki nga kaitiaki toa i hou ki te turaki i te torona o nga rangatira e hiahiatia. Na kaimahi rangitahi Biron me taitamariki Ivan Vi Antonovich, ōkawa kingi o Russia, ko te take i roto i te wāhi. I te tahi taime i ratou, ka patoto i te wairua i roto i o te arii taitaiā - te toto o te kohurutia Tsar Pita III i runga i o ratou ringa.

Ko te hītori poto katoa - ki Pita 1 ki Nicholas 2 - ki tonu o rauhanga me coups, engari i roto i tenei take i reira ko tetahi taipitopito i hoatu e te kōhurutanga pūāhua motuhake. He he take ki te whakapono e ko mōhio o te tama a Paora te wahi haamouraa - kainga ki te torona, Alexander. Ahakoa kahore whai wāhi fakatāutaha mahi hoki te kino, ka ia, i roto i tenei take, ahakoa hāngū, engari parricide, me tenei po, March 12, 1801, tahuna te toenga o tona ora i tona hinengaro.

Alexander 1: I roto i te rangatiratanga

A, no te te karauna o te Russian Empire, karaunatia upoko o Alexander ahau, ko rua tekau ma wha nga tau i ia. Ahakoa tona tamarikitanga, i ia whakaaro ahu whakamua, ka tū he raupapa o whakahounga tika-ohaoha. E ai ki to ratou ngākau, ko Alexander he māngai o te absolutism marama, rite tona kuia Catherine II. kihai ia i haere koe i runga i te kaha o te serfdom, engari he taunaha o te ahunga whakamua i kite i roto i te mātauranga. I roto i puare torutoru ona whare mātauranga fana'o, tae atu i te rongonui Tsarskoye selo Lyceum.

Na roto i te mau tautooraa o te emepera taitamariki i puta ki te pūnaha o te kāwanatanga whakahaere. I roto i te wahi o nga papa tawhito o Pita, i runga i te tauira Pākehā, whakapumautia te mahi minita. He i ara hanga he ngana tūturu ki te hoatu i ana kaupapa i te kaupapa ture, engari noho reira anake i roto i te maha o te pai-whakaaro-. Kua i roto i te hawhe tuarua o te kingitanga o Alexander pau hanganga i roto i te ope, i kō atu e te pūnaha rawa cumbersome o whakatū kati whakataunga hōia Arakcheyev.

kaitōrangapū pūmanawa me te rangatira kino

I roto i te kingitanga o tenei ariki hinga ki te wā o te pakanga Napoleonic. Ahakoa te meka e whakapumautia nga hoia i roto i te 1905 whakakotahi anti-French upoko ōkawa M. I. Kutuzov, kua tangohia whakatau katoa fakafo'ituitui e Alexander, a ka waha reira whakahenga mo te mate o te ope Russian-Austria i te Battle o Austerlitz te. kihai i ia he rangatira hōia tino, engari i te mea homai noa o tōrangapū faahiahia.

Whakairo te whakamahi i te āhuatanga o nāianei, mutu te kingi i roto i te 1808 i te rangimarie pai ki a Napoleon. I roto i enei tau, kua Russia kua piri ki Finland, Bessarabia me Eastern Georgia. Ahakoa te meka e te ingoa o Alexander ahau, pāhono tatou te nuinga ki te whawhai o 1812, tona paetae i roto i toa iti, pea anake he kaupapa here uaua ki Napoleon me pokanoa-kore i roto i te whakahaere o te ope, tīrama i whakatinana M. I. Kutuzovym.

Mate, a ka whanau ki te kōrero

Alexander 1, i haere tahi i te ora kāinga me te ke te paroro, tōrangapū o te whenua, i te mutunga o te rangatiratanga te kingitanga o nei te maha korero e pā ana ki e hiahia ana ki te abdicate ka lī'oa ratou ki te Atua. ko te take e, i muri i tona matenga, i aru i roto i te 1725 i roto i te haerenga ki Taganrog, i reira nga hau, ki te whakapuaki i kawea mai te whakapaipai i ki te kawhena ki tetahi tinana tangata tenei, me te Hiha ia i roto i te hermitages ngahere i raro i te ingoa o te tuakana Fyodor Kuzmich whakamarie mo te hara patricide e rua tekau-wha tau ki muri, i whakaara ia ki te keokeonga o te kaha. E Ko te kiko tenei putanga - he mohiotia ki tenei ra.

timata te rangatiratanga hou ki te tutu

Katoa o nga mano i muri i a Paora 1 i roto i Russia, ko nga piriniha o te momo Pākehā hou. E pā ana tēnei tino ki te Hiha Nicholas ahau, i roto i te tau 1825 ki te whakakapi i runga i te torona o tona teina. Ahakoa te rigidity o kāwanatanga tūturu i roto i te despotism rawhiti, kua mahi ia pakeke ki te hanga i roto i te whenua mārama kaunuku pūnaha whakahaere whakahaere, te whakamahi i te wheako ahu whakamua o whenua ke.

Just rite tona teina, Nicholas ahau, te taitara o "Emperor o Russia" i tauhiuhia ki te toto. A ko ano reira nga kaitiaki, tenei wa nuitia i runga i Hakihea 14 i roto i te kaumatua Square o te whakapaipai. Ki te whakakore i te taea nga mate heke mai, tangohia Nicholas i mehua uruhi, whakapumautia tona ingoa i muri rite te gendarme me suppressor o herekore. A, no te mea i hanga ki te kati "Wāhanga Tuatoru" - te pirihimana ngaro, ki te kawe i roto i te titiro katoa-i roto i o dissidents.

Ko tona kaupapa ke he katoa whakaata o te roto. Milestones i roto i te aamu o te kingitanga o Nicholas ahau timata: ko te pehanga o te Polish me whakaoho Hungarian, whawhai ki Turkey o 1828-1829, te whawhai ki a Pahia me, hopea, te wairangi ngaro te pakanga Crimean i mua i tae ratou ki te mutunga o i mate ia i runga i Hui-tanguru 18, 1855 ..

Tsar-reforomatio

I roto i te hunga ture i muri i a Paora 1 i roto i Russia, te kororia o te reforomatio tino ahu whakamua riro whai te whakawahi o te Atua - Hiha Alexander II. Rerekē tona papa, i tamata ia ki te kawe ki to ratou whenua i te wairua o te haere noa, me te humanism. Ko te tino mahu'inga o tona mahi ko te whakakāhoretanga o te serfdom, kauwhautia i roto i te tau 1861.

I tua atu, i te hītori o tona kingitanga ngā: te whakakorenga o nga kainga hōia, me te whakahou o te ope patu, te mātauranga teitei, me te tuarua, pūtea, me te whakawa, me zemstvos. Whakauaua tetahi tetahi o te hunga e whakahaere tikanga Russia i muri Paora 1, na i taea ki te taui i te whakapakoko o te kāwanatanga, engari ahakoa mate he reforomatio nui i nga ringa o ratou kaupapa ake. I whakaritea te reira e whitu ngana, o nei tata mahia e Maehe 1, 1881 rite te whakahaere kaiwhakatuma "Narodnaya Volya", utu ia tona ora.

Kingi taata faatupu me counterreformers

Tana tama, ano Alexander, e kake te torona i muri i te matenga o tona papa, riro te i'oa pii tika ana o te iwi o te kingi-faatupu hau. He take ahurei i roto i te hītori o te autocracy Russian - mo nga tau katoa o tona tikanga, kahore i te whenua whakahaere i tetahi whawhai, me tetahi o ona hoia kihai i hinga i runga i te parekura. E ai ki o ratou whakapono, ko Alexander III he Slavophile me te kaitautoko o te "ara motuhake" o Russia. Tenei arahina ia ki te whakatinana i te maha o te counter-ripeneta e hāngai ana i te tiaki i te turanga o ke mua te whenua o ki ke awe, te ora.

haere atu ana ia i mua i te taenga rima tekau nga tau. Ki te Force kaha me te pūngao faahiahia, i tukua e te kingi i te mate tākihi ma'i e meinga te mutunga o te ora o te kore ngakau me oko toto. Tona matenga Mahuru 21, 1894 ko te timatanga o te kingitanga o te whakamutunga o te Whare o Romanov. Ingoa me te ingoa patronymic o te Hiha, e kua oti trohsotletnyuyu whare - Nicholas II Alexandrovich.

Ko te whakamutunga o te whare

Tona koroneihana e tangohia e wahi i roto i 1896, ka te take o te ati e puta i runga i Khodynka mara, i reira rite ki te hua o te haaputuputuraa o mano o te iwi nei ka haere mai ki te farii i te mau horo'araa i fafauhia ki te whakanui, i hanga te Stampede wehingia ana e patua 1,379 iwi, me te pā ana ki 1,000 whara. I roto i te iwi i whai whakaaro mai te reira rite he tohu aituā, me te mahara inati o te hui kei te rongoa i roto i nga tau katoa o tona kingitanga.

Nicholas II, rite ona matua katoa rangatira o Russia ko Russia, kia whakaaro e tatou i roto i te horopaki o tona tau. Kua hinga Ko tōna wahi ki te tohutohu i te kāwanatanga, ko e ono o te whenua, i roto i te wā tino whakaari i roto i tona hītori. Ko enei nga tau, no te, me te whanaketanga ōhanga tere, tipu te raruraru pāpori, i hoatu he tīmatanga i roto i te toru takaí, te whakamutunga o i i mate mo te whare kingi, me te kingitanga rite te katoa.

mana o Rasputin

Otiia i te wa kotahi, ia me nga rangatira katoa o Russia ko Russia, he kawenga hoki te huru o te kāwanatanga, i ko te hua o tona kingitanga. Ko kino, i mutu te wā o te kingitanga o nga Romanovs, ko te nuinga e tika ana ki te whakatau kino-tohutohu i roto i te mara o te kaupapa here kāinga me te ke - te mutunga mai ki te nuinga o ngā kairangahau hou.

Ka rite ki i tohua nga rangatira o mua o Russia i roto i te kingitanga o nei e koroke me te pōuri, rapu Nicholas II tautoko e rua i roto i te mana hōia, me i roto i te inoi a te Atua. No reira tona whakapono matapo i roto i te "tuakana tapu" - Gregory Rasputin, tona mana te nuinga ake ngaa te kāwanatanga kua tino i roto i nei, ko te kingitanga. Ko te tau whakamutunga o te rangatiratanga āhuatanga e te raupapa ohooho o minita whai me āpiha a te kāwanatanga matua. Ko te whakamātau pau ki te kawe i te whenua i roto o te raruraru, te tohutohu o te tangata koroheke, faauru ia i roto i tona wahine - te Empress Aleksandru Fodorovnu.

Empress whakamutunga o Russia

Ki te titiro tatou ki te rārangi o empresses Russian, ka taea e tatou e kite e tokomaha o ratou i mahue i te mahara pai i roto i te hītori. kingi te reira i roto i te tau o Catherine ko Elizaveta Petrovna, engari te tetahi whakamutunga o ratou - Alexandra Feodorovna - i te whai wāhi ki te inu i te kapu kawa o te mauahara rongonui. Ia tiaturi a te whakapanga o tinihanga nga tini mahi pokanoa, a ko reira i akina atu e ia tana tahu ki te whai wāhi Russia i taua ta'emanakoa i roto i te iwi noa te pakanga. oti ia te rārangi o empresses Russian.

Ko te Hui-tanguru Revolution o 1917 tangohia atu i te torona o Nicholas II. whakakahore ia ia, a ka, tahi ki whakanohoia tona whānau i raro i te whare hopu i roto i te whare o te mua. I maoro te Kāwanatanga Takitaro tonoa ratou ki whakaraua i Roho, a i roto i 1918 i te whakatau o nga mua ko te hapu kingi i roto i Yekaterinburg. I reira, i roto i te basement o runga te po o Hōngongoi 17, 1918 te whare Ipatiev, i koperea tahi te whānau katoa ki te pononga, me te haere tahi Dr. Botkin.