Konganuku takanga me ratou tono

Ahakoa te meka e whakamahi ake me te ake ahumahi me te kāinga rauemi horihori, ki whakarere i te whakamahi o te konganuku kore te mea ano e taea. riro ratou i te huinga ahurei o ngā āhuatanga, me tukua alloys ki te whakamahi i ō rātou pūmanawa ki te mōrahi. I roto i te tahi mau wāhi i reira he te takanga me te whakamahi o te whakarewa?

rōpū āhuatanga o ngā huānga

I raro i mohio whakatakotoria konganuku o ngā matū pararopi me ngā āhuatanga āhuatanga. Tikanga, ngā ratou:

• kawe ia ngāwhā tiketike;
• ngäwari, noho noa whanaunga o machining;
• ira whakakoero āhua tiketike;
• kawe ia hiko pai;
• angamaheni "konganuku" umeraa;
• tūranga hāora i roto i te tauhohe;
• kiato tiketike.

O te akoranga, e kore nga mea timatanga katoa o tenei rōpū riro enei āhuatanga katoa, hei tauira, mēkuri i te pāmahana rūma, rewa te gallium wai e te wera o te ringa tangata, me te bismuth whakauaua ngohengohe. Otiia i roto i te whānui, e taea te ata katoa o enei āhuatanga i roto i te whakarewa whakahiato.

whakarōpū ā-

conventionally wehea konganuku ki te maha ngā kāwai, i ia o nei hopoi mai tahi nga mea timatanga i te hunga tata ki tetahi ki tetahi i runga i ngā tawhā. He nga rōpū e whai ake nei:

• Kawakore - 6;
• kawakore - 4;
• whakawhiti - 38;
• Kōmāmā - 7;
• semimetals - 7;
• lanthanides - 14 + 1;
• actinides - 14 + 1;

rōpū waho noho e rua atu: teriuma me te konupora. Ko te kupu, i te kau o nga āhuatanga tuwhera katoa kōrero 94 pūtaiao ki konganuku.

I tua atu, ko reira utu te whakahua e reira e te tahi atu whakarōpū. E ai ki a ratou, kua whakaaro wehe konganuku rangatira o te rōpū konukawata, pou-whakawhiti, whakangutungutu, pango me te tae, me te t. Hanga D. tenei huarahi tikanga anake mo etahi take, ko reira atu watea ki te whakamahi i whakarōpū tikanga.

rihīti History

i hono tata e fa'ahinga puta noa tona whanaketanga ki te tukatuka, me te whakamahi o te konganuku. I tua atu i te meka i ratou i te āhuatanga tino noa o ratou i taea te whakaputa i ngā hua tika i te machining. Ka rite ki nga pūkenga o ore kihai i reira, i mua ko reira anake te whakamahi o Kowaka. I te tuatahi ko reira he whakarewa ngohengohe, i hoatu te ingoa Parahi Age, e whakakapi te kohatu. I roto i tenei wā, whakawhanakehia matou he tikanga mo te rikarika ki makariri. I roto i te tahi mau u'i ka taea tango,. Āta, kua taukei iwi whiwhi konganuku kore-ferrous, pērā i te koura, he hiriwa, he tine.

I muri whakakapi e parahi ka haere mai te parahi Age. roa ia e pā ana ki 20 mano nga tau, a ka ko he wāhi koki mo te tangata, no te mea i roto i tenei wā ka taea ki te whakaputa i alloys. He he he whanaketanga äta o te ahumahi, pai ake tikanga o te whakaputa konganuku. Heoi, i roto i te mau tenetere 13-12. BC. e. i reira ko te tiango parahi pera-ka karanga i tohua te timatanga o te Iron Age. Tenei hai ko e tika ana ki te kēkeno o rakau o tine. He mata me te mēkuri, tuwhera i tenei wa, e kore i taea e te whakakapinga mō te parahi. Na i te iwi ki te whakawhanake i te hanga o ngā konganuku i tokahuke.

roa te wā i muri mai i te wa poto ngā - iti iho i te Mileniuma, engari mahue he wahi kanapa i roto i te aamu. Ahakoa te meka i nui mua mohiotia te rino, i te reira kihai i tata te tono no te mea o ratou huakore whakaritea ki te parahi. I tua atu, i nui māmā ki te whiwhi i te whakamutunga, i ko te tango, ore atu mahi wā-e kai ana. Ko te mea, ko te e he tino onge te rino taketake, na ehara i te mea maere e te makanga atu o te parahi, ko te pera puhoi.

konganuku Uara pūkenga tohatoha

Na roto i te faaauraa ki te ara te tipuna tangata tuatahi i hanga te mea o te mahi, te here ki te rakau, he kohatu koi, tahuri te whakawhiti ki te rauemi hou i roto i ki te kia rite grandiose. Ko te painga matua o ngā hua whakarewa ngā i roto i te meka e he māmā ki te hanga ratou, a ko reira taea ki te hanga. kihai i Stone i te plasticity me te kōngohe, kia taea anake te mahi tetahi patu i reira i te wahanga, hanga kihai ratou i mahi.

Ko te kupu, ko reira te whakawhiti ki te whakamahi o te konganuku kua arahina ki te whakapai ake anō o te mea o te mahi, te putanga o tūemi whare hou, whakapaipai, kia e ko mua taea. hoatu ara ki hangarau te ahunga whakamua tenei katoa, ka whakatakotoria te turanga mo te whanaketanga o te metallurgy.

tikanga hou

Ki te i roto i nga wa onamata, ko te iwi maheni anake ki te hanga o ngā konganuku i tokahuke, taea noho ratou mo taonga, i te wa nei, i reira e te tahi atu huarahi ranei. I hanga e ratou taea e te whanaketanga o te matū. Ko te kupu, i reira e rua ngā wāhi matua:

• Pyrometallurgy. timata te reira i tona whanaketanga i mua, me te te e pā ana ki te pāmahana tiketike e hiahiatia ana ki te tukatuka i te rauemi. hangarau hou i roto i tenei rohe tukua te whakamahi o te wē.
• Hydrometallurgy. mahi tēnei aronga e te tango i ngā huānga i tokahuke, aro ururua me te t. D. Ki te wai, me te matū. Hei tauira, ko reira tikanga noa tā whiwhi konganuku i te iahiko, he hoki tikanga tino rongonui o te WHAKAPIRIPIRINGA.

Tera atu ano tetahi hangarau ngā. I hanga whiwhi konganuku utu nui o te viivii ore tiketike, ki te parekura iti whakawhetai taea ki ia. Korero e pā ana whakatere whakapai. Tenei tukanga - tetahi o nga momo o para, e ko, te wehenga o te poke āta. Hei tauira, i roto i te take o te koura whakamahia māota waiwai rewanga me te konukawata rewa i roto i te waikawa kohuke, aru e tauhohenga wehenga.

Ratau, Kei te tino maha whakamahia te hanga o te konganuku i te iahiko ka faataheraa i ranei whakaiti öhanga disadvantageous. Ko tenei te mea tupu ki konumohe, me te konutai. He hoki hangarau atu auaha e āhei te hanga o konganuku kore-ferrous noa i te tika tokahuke iti-kōeke kahore utu nui, engari ka haere matou e pā ana ki reira i te wahi iti i muri mai.

Mō alloys

e kore te nuinga o nga konganuku mohiotia i roto i te tawhito, i te whakatau tonu etahi hiahia. Waikura, pakeke takarepa, brittleness, fragility, impermanence - nga huānga i roto i tona puka parakore he ona drawbacks. Na reira, ka mea e tika ana ki te kitea rauemi hou e ngā nga painga o te pai-mohiotia, e ko te ki te kitea huarahi ki te whakaputa i alloys whakarewa. I teie mahana, i reira e rua tikanga matua:

• Maka atu. ngohe wāhanga Mixed mātao, me te crystallizes. Ko reira whakaaetia ki te whiwhi i te tauira tuatahi o alloys tenei tikanga: parahi, me te parahi.
• Te pēhi i. i raro i te ranunga o puehu e ki pēhanga teitei, a ka sintered.

whakapai ake anō

I roto i te tekau tau tata nei, te mea te whaihua te nuinga ki te whiwhi konganuku ki te whakamahi o te hangarau koiora, matua i te huakita. Kua meinga e taea ki te ora i te sulfidic rauemi raw parahi, nika, konutea, te koura, me te konukarihi. Scientists tumanako microorganisms hono ki tukanga pērā i wīra, hāora, adsorption me te rerenga. I tua atu, take tino wā ko e tamata ano te horoi hohonu o te puunaha ki te kitea te otinga e whai wāhi te whai wāhitanga o te huakita mo ia.

tono

Te kore konganuku me alloys e kia ora e taea i roto i te puka i roto i nei mohiotia inaianei reira ki te taata. whare High-ara, rererangi, rihi, whakaata, taputapu, waka, me te maha atu nga mea i reira he whakawhetai anake ki te iwi tawhiti te whakawhitinga i te kohatu ki te parahi, parahi, rino, me te.

Nā ki ratou hiko, me te tino kawe ia waiariki o konganuku e whakamahia i roto i waea me taura mo ngā tono. Kei te whakamahia te koura mo te hanga o te hoapā kore-oxidizing. Nā ki tona kaha, me te pakeke o te whakarewa Kei te whānui whakamahia i roto i te hanganga me te mo te momo o whakaaro. Tētahi atu wāhi o te tono - taputapu. Hei hanga i te tauira mahi o te wahi whakairo pinepine whakamahia alloys pakeke me steels motuhake. I te pae hopea, tino e te konganuku utu nui wāriutia rite he rauemi mō te whakapaipai. Na hira tono.

Interesting e pā ana ki konganuku me alloys

Ko te whakamahi o enei āhuatanga, ko te pera whanui, me te kua he hītori roa, e kore te mea maere e te takanga o ngā āhuatanga rorirori. E noa ratou o meka ngā te tokorua, a kia hua i roto i te mutunga:

• I mua ki tona konumohe tohatoha whānui te rawa mauruuru. Rīnena, e ka whakamahia te fariiraa i manuhiri Napoleon III, i hanga ïa i tenei rauemi, a ko raro ariki whakapehapeha.
• taitara konukawata i roto i Spanish tikanga "serebrishko". riro taua huānga ingoa unflattering i roto i te hononga ki te ira whakakoero āhua tiketike, me te no reira te eita mo te wa roa ki te faaohipa i te reira.
• He ngohengohe te koura parakore, a taea te ngāwari Rakuraku reira ki te maikuku. Ko Ko te aha hoki te hanga o te whakapaipai e kongatia reira ki te hiriwa parahi ranei.
• He alloys ki te taonga whakairo o te thermoelasticity, e ko te pānga o "mahara" āhua. A, no te deformation me whakawera muri e hoki mai ratou ki te āhua taketake.