Ngā momo o te hanganga kiko tūhonohono, me te mahi

I roto i te tangata, i reira e rave rahi momo rerekē o te kiko. tākaro ratou katoa he tūranga i roto i to tatou ora. Ko tētahi o te nui tino ko te kiko tūhonohono. Ko tōna taimaha tauwhāiti e pā ana ki te 50% o te taimaha tangata. Ko te hononga e hono tahi katoa o matou te kopa. Tei te reira i runga i te āhua o tokomaha o nga mahi o te tinana tangata. Ko te whai ake e whakaaro rerekē ngā momo o tūhonohono kiko.

Overview

Tūhonohono te kiko, hanga me ngā mahi o nei e kua ako hoki maha tenetere, He kawenga mō te mahi o maha okana me ngā pūnaha. Ko tōna mahara motuhake ko i te 60 ki te 90% o ratou taimaha. hanga te reira i te anga tautoko, ka karanga te stroma, me te okana integument, ka karanga nga kiri. āhuatanga matua o te kiko tūhonohono:

• takenga noa o te mesenchymal;
• faitatau hanganga;
• e mahi ana mahi tautoko.

Ko te wahi matua o te kiko tūhonohono totoka e pā ana ki te momo kaiota. Kei a ia ko elastin me collagen muka. Fakataha ki te kiko tūhonohono epithelial ko te wāhi o te kiri. I te taua wa reira Unites reira ki te uaua muka.

Ko te tino rerekē i ētahi atu kiko tūhonohono i roto i taua tukua atu i roto i te āhua rerekē tinana 4:

• muka (tuhonohono e, uaua, fascia);
• pakeke (wheua);
• rā (ngohe, hononga);
• inu (waitinana, toto, intercellular, synovial, inu cerebrospinal).

Hoki, ngā māngai o tenei momo o papanga ko: sarcolemma, ngako, wahopūtau kopu, iris, mā karu, microglia.

Ko te hanganga o te kiko tūhonohono

Kei roto te reira i ngā pūtau pūmau (fibroblasts, fibroblasts) whakatu i te rauemi turanga. Kei reira hoki te hanganga kaiota. Ratou tohu i te intercellular taonga. I tua atu, kei reira rerekē ngā pūtau free (ngako, haereere noa, ngako, etc ..). tito kiko tūhonohono te o te kopu wahopūtau (turanga). ōritetanga Tiēre-rite o te taonga, ko te tika ki tona hanganga. Kopu ko i hanga he rā tino hydrated e te tiketike pūhui taimaha rāpoi. hanga ake ratou e pā ana ki te 30% o te taimaha o te taonga intercellular. Ko te kupu te toe 70% he wai.

Whakarōpū o kopa tūhonohono

faingataa te whakarōpū o tenei momo o te kikokiko e ratou momo. Ko te kupu, Kei te wehea ona momo matua, i roto i te tahuri, kua ki te wehe rōpū. Te wehewehe e whai ake nei ngā momo:

• Mau kiko tūhonohono i nei te tapu, rerekē āhuatanga motuhake kaiota te, me te motuhake. Kei te wehea te tuatahi ki: wewete me mātotoru (rere kore-me whakawātea), me te tuarua - i roto i te ngako, reticular, mucous, ngarahu.
• Te tuahiwi, kua wehea nei ki wheua ngohe me te wheua.
• Arataukai, ki nei te toto, me te tīpona.

Tetahi kiko tūhonohono whakatau te tapatahi mahi, me te morphological o te rauropi. He taua āhuatanga āhuatanga ia:

• kiko whāiti;
• ringa rehe e;
• multifunctionality;
• urutau;
• polymorphism me multicomponent.

mahi General o te kiko tūhonohono

momo rerekē o te kiko tūhonohono mahi i te mahi e whai ake nei:

• hanganga;
• whakarato o te toenga wai-tote;
• arataukai;
• tiaki pūkaha o te angaanga;
• he niao (hei tauira, whakaritea te āhua o te kanohi e te teatea);
• whakarite tamau o te kiko uruhanga;
• musculoskeletal mīhini (wheua ngohe me te wheua, uaua me aponeuroses);
• paruru (immunology me phagocytosis);
• kirihou (urutaunga ki ngā āhuatanga taiao hou, i tukitukia e whakaora);
• homeostatic (whai wāhitanga i roto i tenei tukanga nui o te tinana).

I roto i te ngā whānui, te mahi o te kiko tūhonohono:

• hoatu i te tangata hanga tinana, te pūmautanga, te kaha;
• tiaki, me te pūhui paninga whekau i waenganui ia ratou.

Ko te mahi matua i roto i roto i te tautoko taonga intercellular kiko tūhonohono. Tona turanga whakarato pākia noa. Neural me kiko tūhonohono, me whakarato ngā taunekeneke o te ngā pūnaha whēkau me ratou ture.

Ko te hanganga o ngā momo o papanga

Ko te hanganga o te kiko tūhonohono rerekē i runga i tona momo. Kei a ia ko ngā pūtau rerekē, me te taonga intercellular. He motuhake āhuatanga o tenei papanga - tiketike whakaora kaha. Kei te āhuatanga i te reira na roto i te plasticity me urutaunga pai ki te huri ngā āhuatanga taiao. Tetahi momo o te kiko tūhonohono tupu me te whakawhanake i te utu o te uri me te panoni o taitamariki pūtau undifferentiated. E ahu mai ratou i te mesenchyme, e tohu ana kiko embryonic i hanga i te kiriwai (waenganui apa iroriki).

Kei taonga Intercellular huaina kopu wahopūtau, he plurality o pūhui rerekē (inorganic me organic). Ko runga i to ratou hanganga me te tei rahinga i runga i te ōritetanga me te kiko tūhonohono. Taua matū, rite toto me te te tīpona i roto i roto i tona taonga intercellular hanganga i roto i te puka wai, ka karanga wē. kopu ngohe e te ahua o te rā. Intercellular taonga wheua, me te iohere muka he rauemi rewa totoka.

Kei te reira i te pūmua kopu wahopūtau pērā i elastin me collagen, proteoglycans me glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). kia ngā Ko tōna hanganga hanganga pūmua laminin me fibronectin.

kiko tūhonohono Wetekina me mātotoru

Kei roto ēnei momo o kiko tūhonohono i roto i te pūtau hanganga me te kopu wahopūtau. I roto i te ratou wewete te rota neke atu i roto i te mātotoru. I roto i te whakamutunga wā e te momo o muka. Ko te mahi o enei kopa e whakaritea e te ōwehenga o ngā pūtau me matū intercellular. Ūpoko-tūhonohono kiko mahi te nuinga arataukai mahi. I roto i tenei take, kua whai wāhi i te reira i roto i tautoko mahi aunoa. Ngohe, wheua, me te Inia kiko tūhonohono kaiota i roto i te tinana mahi musculoskeletal mahi aunoa. Etahi - arataukai me tiaki.

kiko tūhonohono Wetekina

Katoatia wewete kaiota tūhonohono kikokiko, hanganga me ngā mahi o nei e tautuhia e ona pūtau kitea, kei roto i whēkau katoa. I roto i maha o ratou i te reira puka te turanga (stroma). Te reira i Kei o collagen me te rapa muka, fibroblasts, macrophages, wē ngā pūtau. haere tahi ana tēnei papanga e nga oko o te pūnaha reretoto. Na roto i tona muka wewete ko te tukanga o ngā pūtau toto ki pākia, i roto i nei puta te whakawhitinga ngā matūkai i reira i roto i te kiko.

Ko te taonga intercellular ko 3 momo o muka:

• Collagen e haere i roto i ngā tūmomo tohutohu. Enei muka i te puka o aho tika, me te undulated (constrictions). Ratou matotoru Ko 1-4 microns.
• Rapa, paku nui muka collagen. E piri ratou (anastomosed) ki tahi i te tahi, hanga whatunga shirokopletistuyu.
• Reticular āhuatanga e ratou thinness. E tuituia ratou i roto i te mata.

huānga pūtau wewete kiko kaiota he:

• Fibroblasts, e ko te maha tino. E ratou he āhua muka. He tokomaha o ratou e rite rawa ki te titaha. E taea e ki te whakaputa uri Fibroblasts. Ratou tango wahi i roto i te hanganga o te matua taonga o tenei momo o papanga, oranga te pūtake o ona muka. Ēnei pūtau hua collagen me elastin, me ētahi atu rauemi e pā ana ki te kopu wahopūtau. huaina fibroblasts Tautauā fibrocytes. Fibroklasty - He pūtau e taea ngaungau ka mimiti te kopu wahopūtau. Ko ratou fibroblasts pakeke.
• Macrophages, e taea e tetahi taha, elongated me kōhikohiko āhua. Ka taea e ēnei ngā pūtau ngaungau ka mimiti tukumate me kiko necrotic, e haamou i tāoke. E whai wāhi tika ratou i roto i te hanganga o te wātea i te mate. E wehea ratou ki gistotsity (he i roto i te āhua āta) me te wātea (kaipaowe) pūtau. E kitea e ratou kaha ki nekehanga amoeboid Macrophages. E ai ki to ratou take e ratou monocytes toto.
• E ahei ki te whakaemi i te cytoplasm o te rakau rāhui i roto i te puka o pata te pūtau ngako. He porohita i roto i te āhua me te taea ki te teke'i te atu kōwae hanganga o te kopa ratou. hanga tenei te kiko tūhonohono adipose mātotoru. tiaki te reira i te tinana i te mate wera. I roto i te tangata, i te kikokiko adipose ko te nuinga i raro i te kiri i waenganui i nga whekau, i roto i te pouaka hau. Kei te wehea te reira ki ma, me te parauri.
• Ko te pūtau wē i roto i te kopa intestinal, wheua wheua , me te waitinana kōpuku. E kitea e ratou a tawhio noa āhua porotītaha ranei enei wae iti hanganga. tākaro rātou i te wāhi nui i roto i ngā pūnaha ārai o te tinana. Hei tauira, i roto i te kōtuitui o antibody. pūtau wē hua globulins toto, e whai wāhi nui i roto i te mahi noa o te tinana.
• Kei te maha i huaina pūtau rewa e āhuatanga basophils kiko e ratou petepeté. I roto i to ratou cytoplasm kei granules motuhake. haere mai ratou i roto i ngā āhua rerekē. Kei ēnei pūtau i roto i te kopa o te whēkau katoa e whai he apa o wewete kiko tūhonohono katoatia. Kei te tito te reira o matū pērā i heparin, waikawa hyaluronic, histamine. Ratou whakaaro hāngai - te secretion o enei matū me te ture o te microcirculation i roto i te kopa. E whakaaro ratou pūtau ārai o tenei momo o te kikokiko, me te he kawenga mō tetahi mumura me mate pāwera. E hāngai basophils kiko a tawhio oko toto me taikiri i raro i te kiri i roto i te wheua whero hinu wheua, kōateate.
• Ngarahu ngā pūtau (melanocytes) ka he te tino branched puka. Ratou i roto i melanin. E kitea ana ēnei pūtau i roto i te kiri, me nga iris o te kanohi. Na roto i te takenga o te huna hoki pūtau ectodermal, me te pärönaki o pera-ka karanga tihi neural.
• pūtau Adveptitsialnye, e kua kei te taha te oko toto (tōiti). E kitea e ratou i to ratou āhua elongated me ko i te pokapū o te matua. Ēnei wae hanganga taea tini me te whakaahua ke ki ētahi atu puka. Ko i to ratou utu i reira ko te otinga o ngā pūtau mate o te kiko.

Mātotoru kiko tūhonohono kaiota

Hoki kiko tūhonohono pā papanga:

• Matotoru katoatia, e ngā o te maha nui o muka Tuitui whakaritea. Kei roto te reira i te tau iti o ngā pūtau tikanga therebetween.
• kāhua Matotoru, kitea e te whakaritenga motuhake o muka kiko tūhonohono. Te reira i He te tuatahi whare rauemi tuhonohono a ētahi atu hanganga i roto i te tinana. Hei tauira, iohere i hanga e tata mokowā muka collagen puchochkami whakarara, te wāhi i waenganui i nei ki tonu i te he taonga taketake, me te whatunga rapa kikokore. Tuitui kiko tūhonohono kaiota o tenei momo kei roto anake fibroblasts-pūtau.

i reira ora ake tonu te muka rapa, e ngā o te maha paihere (reo). O enei, te anga i hanga oko a tawhio, te pukorokoro me taiepa bronchi. papatahi ratou ranei häunga he whakarara matotoru muka rapa, a he tokomaha o ratou i te pekapeka. Ko te wāhi i waenganui i a ratou e te kiko tūhonohono kōhikohiko wewete.

wheua ngohe

pūtau hononga i hanga kiko cartilaginous me te rōrahi nui o te taonga intercellular. Kei te hangaia te reira ki te kawe i roto i ngā mahi aunoa. E 2 ngā momo o ngā pūtau hanga tenei papanga:

1. Chondrocytes, he he āhua porotītaha me te matua. E kitea ratou i roto i capsules, e kua horahia e huri noa i te taonga intercellular.
2. Chondroblasts, e he papatahi pūtau taitamariki. Ratou i runga i te taha o te wheua ngohe.

Tohunga wehe te wheua ngohe ki 3 momo:

• Puata, tupu i roto i ngā whēkau, pērā i rara, hononga, Airways. taonga Intercellular o te translucent wheua ngohe. He he ōritetanga maheni. hipoki puata wheua ngohe ki te perichondrium. He hue kikorangi-ma. Kei a ia ko te kōhiwi o te ira.
• Rapa, i te mea he rauemi hanga o te paeoro, te ngao horomi, nga taiepa awa taringa waho, te wheua ngohe o te wahi auricle, bronchi iti. E whakawhanakehia muka rapa i roto i tona taonga intercellular. Tenei ngohe ko kahore te konupūmā.
• Collagen, i He te pūtake o te intervertebral porotiti, menisci, te hononga puke, me sternoclavicular tahi. Ko tōna wahopūtau kopu Kei roto he mātotoru kaiota te tūhonohono kiko, arā o whakarara collagen muka puchochkov.

Tenei momo o te kiko tūhonohono, ahakoa o wāhi i roto i te tinana e te taua kapinga. Kei te karanga a te reira i te perichondrium. Kei te tito te reira o te kiko kaiota mātotoru tito o muka rapa me te collagen. He he maha nui o raru me oko toto. Kei te tipu haere ngohe whakawhetai ki te hurihanga o te āhuatanga hanganga o te perichondrium. I te wa ano e taea ki te taui i hohoro ratou. E puta ēnei āhuatanga hanganga ki ngā pūtau wheua ngohe. he ona ake peculiarities tenei papanga. Ko te kupu, te wahopūtau poukapa o matu'otu'a ngohe kua kahore he toto oko, na reira ko Powered i te tūringiringi o ngā matū i te perichondrium. āhuatanga tēnei papanga e tona ngāwari, he reira ātete ki te pēhanga, me te kua he whenu rawaka.

Hono wheua kiko

Hononga wheua ko ngā pakeke. he tika ki te calcification o tona taonga intercellular tenei. Ko te mahi matua o te kiko tūhonohono o te wheua - tautoko-aunoa. Mai i reira i hanga katoa te wheua o te kōhiwi. Ko te āhuatanga hanganga matua o te tukutuku:

• Osteocytes (pūtau wheua), e whai i te Tukanga āhua matatini. E ratou he atarangi karihi mumura kiato. E kitea ana ēnei pūtau i roto i te kōwhao wheua, e mihia nga takiwa o nga osteocytes. Kei waenganui i te taonga intercellular. e taea ki te whakaputa uri enei pūtau.
• Osteoblasts, te wheua ko te huānga hanganga. E ratou he āhua tawhio. I roto i etahi o ratou i reira he maha ngā karihi. He Osteoblasts i roto i te kiriuhi wheua.
• Osteoclasts, e he pūtau nui multinucleated wāhi i roto i te whakangaromanga o te wheua calcified me wheua ngohe. I roto i te ora o te tangata i reira ko te huringa o te hanganga o te papanga. I te wa ano ki te tukanga tiango kawea i roto i te hanganga o ngā tūemi hou puta i roto i te wahi o te whakangaromanga, a i roto i te kiriuhi wheua. I roto i tenei matatini wāhi te whakakapinga o ngā pūtau, osteoclasts me osteoblasts.

Bone kiko ngā te intercellular taonga arā o amorphous whenua taonga. He muka osseinovye kahore e i kitea i roto i te tahi atu whēkau. Hoki kiko tūhonohono pā papanga:

• makaka-fibered whakaratohia i roto i te kukune;
• rau, e wātea ana i roto i ngā tamariki me ngā pakeke.

Tenei momo o te papanga titoa o taua wae hanganga rite te pereti wheua. Kei te hanga e te reira e te pūtau, he i roto i ngā capsules. I waenganui ia ratou i reira he he taonga intercellular pai-fibered, e kei konupūmā tote. Osseinovye muka he matotoru nui, i roto i mau api wheua foredeck faitatau ki tahi i te tahi. takoto ratou i roto i te tetahi te aronga. I roto i te mau api wheua tata o te muka e hāngai ki te aronga o te tahi atu āhuatanga. Ka āta whakarite tēnei i te kaha nui o te papanga.

mau api wheua kei roto i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te tinana e whakaritea i roto i te tetahi raupapa. Ko ratou nga poraka hanga o papatahi, tubular me wheua whakauru. I roto i ia o enei mau api e hāngai ana i runga i ngā pūnaha matatini. Hei tauira, te wheua tubular tito te o 3 paparanga:

• Outdoor, ai runga i te mata o te rihi īnaki nga wae hanganga o te apa raraunga e whai ake nei. Heoi, e kore ratou e hanga i te mowhiti oti.
• Waenga i hanga osteons i ai te mau api wheua e hanga e huri noa i te oko toto. I roto i tenei take, kua whakaritea e ratou concentrically.
• Ā-, ai te papanga o mau api wheua aukati te wāhi i reira te hinu wheua wheua.

Wheua tupu a whakahokia whakawhetai hipoki ki to ratou te mata o te kiriuhi wheua waho, arā, o te kiko tūhonohono pai-fibered me osteoblasts. tai kohuke whakatau ratou kaha. Ki te kaimahi o huaora me disorders hormonal ihirangi konupūmā i tino heke. Wheua hanga he tuahiwi. I te hononga tohu ratou te pūnaha musculoskeletal.

Mate meinga e ngoikore kiko tūhonohono

Iti rawa te kaha o te muka o collagen, te ngoikore o te ligamentous taputapu kēne take nui ai nga mate pērā i scoliosis, flat waewae, tahi hypermobility, mahuetanga o tinana, tuaroa ropu, toto mate, sepsis, osteoporosis, iti hoki te mamae, kaikai, puku, te rūmātiki, cellulite. He maha ngā tohunga ki te āhua pathological o kiko tūhonohono ngā te vaivai o te pūnaha ārai mate, mai te mea te reira te kawenga mo te pūnaha circulatory me lymphatic.