Ōhanga centralized - he aha te mea tenei?

He aha te mea te ōhanga centralized? Ko reira, ki te kahore e te tangata mohio te ingoa tuarua o te pūnaha ōhanga whakaritea. He aha ngā āhuatanga e kitea? Kia pehea te Ko te pāhekoheko o te pūnaha iho? Ka enei a ētahi atu take e kōrero i roto i tenei tuhinga.

mōhiohio whānui

pū ōhanga i āta whakamaheretia ko te pūtake mo tetahi mahi e tango tuu i te tangata rōpū ranei me te hāngai ana ki te whakatutuki i te tetahi whāinga. Ngā mihi ki te maha o ngā āhuatanga i roto i tenei take share te-taumata moroiti, me te taumata-tonotono. I roto i te take tuatahi e pā reira ki te whakamahere i te taumata hinonga. I te taumata tonotono, kei te tupu kē tenei tukanga puta noa i te whenua katoa. Enei momo e rua i roto i te kotahi te ahua ranei tetahi e taea te kitea i roto i tetahi ōhanga. Ko te tauine, me te hiranga rerekē i runga i te whānuitanga nui. I tenei wā o te wā ko te whakamahere rongonui i te taumata hinonga. Tenei Ko e tika ana ki te meka e whakawhetai ki a ia, ka taea e tatou e mahara utu me hua heke mai, tohu te utu āwhiwhiwhi o production, me te ki te whakatū i te whārite huringa production. Ko mo tatou te Tuhinga whakarato moni nui ko te centralized ōhanga. Tenei te tikanga e ka waiho i te arotahi ki runga i mo o te whenua.

Ko te pūnaha centralized o ōhanga: te turanga ariā

Ko te rongonui tino konei ko te huarahi pāhekoheko, i ko i te Soviet Union. Otiia pehea i hanga e te reira? i whakatakotoria e Vilfredo Pareto, Friedrich von Wieser me Enrique Baron turanga pūtaiao. whakamatauria ratou e te ōhanga kua whakamaheretia i roto i nei i reira ko te whakahaere centralized o te hanga me te utu, ka taea e te tango ki pūkete nga hiahia rerekē o te tangata, me te pae hopea arahi ki te whakatūnga o te taurite i waenganui i te putanga me te hiahiatanga. Na roto i te mau tautooraa o pūtaiao ka mau painga o te i runga Karl Marx me Friedrich Engels. kauwhautia ratou e te ōhanga whakaritea ko te paetae nui, me i te wa ano he painga nui o te hapori hapori. Ko ratou te tuarua me te Vladimir Lenin. ka anga ki te puta i muri tonu ka haere nga mua ki te mana te whakatinanatanga mahi o te whanaketanga ariā. Ko tenei tukanga mua ki te whakatamarikitanga o ona āhuatanga taketake roa hoki tekau tau.

Ko te hanganga o te ōhanga centralized i runga i te tauira o te Soviet Union

ka whakatika ake te tauira o te pūnaha katoa kua i roto i te Hakihea 1917, te Economic Kaunihera Hupirimi. Ko ia te tuatahi tahi-whakarite, me te whakamahere tinana. Otiia ko te pakaruhanga tino nui-tauine te hanganga o te Electrification. Ki te te waia koe koe ki te tuhinga hangarau, mo te tokomaha e ite i te reira e kore te whakaratohia anake tenei mahere mo te whanaketanga o te kaha hiko, engari ano hoki i te ahumahi hiko katoa. I roto i te Electrification whakarara i runga i te kaupapa o Vladimir Lenin i 1921 i hanga matou i te Whakamahere Komihana State, i roto i nga tini te whanui mohiotia rite Gosplan. Tona mahi i ki te arotake me te whakaaetanga o mahere whanaketanga ōhanga motu. Ina e hanga e te turanga mo te whakawhiti. A i roto i te tau 1927 i whakaritea e te reira ki te whakawhanake i te mahere whanaketanga-tau e rima tuatahi, i hāngai ana ki te ōhanga o te Soviet Union. tauira hanga mercilessly whakahē hoki o te kaimahi i roto i te mutunga o nga '80s me' 90. Engari kia hoatu peka o te wāhanga tōrangapū, me te kite i te aha i te ōhanga kāwanatanga-centralized i te wāhi mahi o te tirohanga.

painga

He tino nui, me te tika o te aro ratou:

1. He he he nui tere o te tupu o te ōhanga.
2. whanaketanga taurite me te rite o te āhua.
3. E whakaratohia ana tangata mātauranga free me te rongoā.
4. Ko te tono ko te wāhi taurite ki te tono.
5. Optimally whakaoti ao raruraru ohaoha.
6. E whakamahia tōtika ngā rauemi, ahakoa he iti ratou.
7. Hapa etahi momo o te hanga, me te tauwhitinga utu.
8. Tautokona e te aroaro o te whānuitanga ikeiketanga o te hua.
9. whakawhirinaki tangata 'i roto i te heke mai o ratou whenua.
10. Ka taea te hohoro huihuia te ōhanga ki te mahi i ngā mahi.

hapehape

E riro te reira he ki te ko te arotahi painga anake. I muri i te katoa, kua kore i taea e karohia hapehape te taata:

1. pūnaha ōhanga uaua, me te tino centralized.
2. Whakaroa i roto i pā ana ki ohorere puta take, me te te whakaroa o te tauhohe i te huringa i roto i te tono mo te tetahi momo o te hua i roto i te rangimarie.
3. Ki te pohehe o te pūnaha i te taupori i te ringa e nui moni o moni. Kei te haere tahi te reira e te kore o te supply i runga i te mākete o etahi rōpū momo o taonga ranei.
4. Ko te aroaro o te taero nui.
5. Ko te kukū o te mana i roto i nga ringa o tetahi tangata, he rōpū iti ranei.
6. A, no te kore e pohehe hanga tikanga mo te hanganga o te whaiaro moni-i roto i te pakihi tangata, me te ki te mahi tōtika me te whakaora hua kounga (ranei ratonga).

āhuatanga

E tatou te āhuatanga taketake i te ōhanga pū whakamaheretia. Ka inaianei te ōhanga mākete kia whakaaro mō ngā take whakarite. Na, ko te mea e tika ana te tuatahi ki te kite i te nuinga o ngā momo rerekē o te taonga. Ko te kupu, ko te ōhanga whakaritea e kore e tutakina i i nga tikanga o te hanga i te tangata. Otiia i raro i te hama i matau i mua, ringa-i hanga mihini, me te pera i runga i. Tātuhi tauritetanga ki te hakari, i konei ka taea e koe te tāpiri atu-a 3D-pūreretā. Notemea i roto i te ōhanga mākete, ko te nuinga o nga tikanga o te hanga i roto i te ringa o te whakapaipai tūmataiti. O te akoranga, ki te hiahia koe ki te kia huihuia ki te kawe i roto i te raruraru nui-tauine, te reira kino. No te mea noa ki te rauemi soberosh whakarite te wa tino ngaro katoa. I roto i te vairaa papû o te āhuatanga, ko te tino rerekē. Otiia ara i konei i reira he ngaahi tō'anga. Ko te kupu, me tiaki kia riro ki te karo i tetahi heriheri e ka kotēhia te wai katoa i roto o nga kaihoko. E ko, i konei, rawa, he reira he whakatikatika nui, engari e kore e hoki te wahi tino he reira te kite rawa, me te he te huru o te wawaotanga autaki. Taea e te reira e te ōhanga mākete - centralized? Ae, me pehea! Ka rite ki te tauira, France. Here, ahakoa kahore he whakamahere i roto i te kāhua Soviet, engari whakawhanakehia ona mahere-tau e rima, e whakarato i te rautaki whanaketanga noa.

mutunga

Ka rite ki a koutou e taea te kite, te ōhanga centralized - he take kaua tautohetia i roto i tikanga ōhanga. I roto i te aroaro o te kāwanatanga pai, me te whakangungu te kounga, ka taea e whakaatu i te reira i te hua pai. Na te whanaketanga o te mātauranga horihori, ngā pūnaha o te mechanization me aunoatanga o tukanga production homai whenua ki te mea e te ōhanga centralized - ko reira te heke mai o te taata nei. Just rere kore e whai reira tatou, me nga rorohiko e kua programmed hei whakapai ake mōrahi o te whakamarie ora.