Pakihi, Ahumahi
Pharmaceuticals - he aha te mea tenei?
Pharmaceuticals - tenei peka o ahumahi, e rapu ana ki te hanga papatipu o ngā rongoā te papa'iraa. Ko reira te hokohoko hītori o te rongoā. I waenganui i nga ariā me ngā tikanga o te whiwhi taero e rua ko te rerekētanga nui.
Pharmacy me Pharmaceutics: he aha te mea te rerekētanga?
Kua Pharmacy kua mohiotia mai nga wa onamata, ka meinga ai te tuatahi raau taero hangaia. Ki te rā, rongoā - he ako pūtaiao i roto i te hōkai o e ngā te hanga o rongoā, te ako o ratou tika, rangahau i runga i te ariā me te hanga o taero, te ako o te huarahi o te mahi o raau taero i runga i te tangata, me te nui atu. Hoki te kaupapa o te ako, ko te ki te rapu hoki, me te whakamātautau o te taiao rauemi rongoā. Rongoā ano - ko reira te hanga ahumahi o taero, te wāhanga i muri o te whanaketanga o te rongoā ki te whakatau i nga hiahia o te mākete papatipu.
puta pharmaceuticals hei wāhanga o te rongoā i roto i te rau tau 19, ka ka te reira mārama e kore e taea e te tikanga roa-mohiotia hoki te hanga o te raau taero whakarato te mākete papatipu, me nga hua hua he natula artisanal o whakangao. Ko te putanga o te hanga tarukino takitahi nga pōauautanga auau i roto i tūroro, i ia he mātanga - "rongoā" - i ona ake tohutao o te tarukino, i reira ko kahore waihanga whānui me te Waeine o ngā rongoā.
Mai i tīmata te rau tau 19 te wā o Waeine me te putanga o mekameka rongoā, ka anga te kaupapa i roto i te United States, i muri i mahara ki te moni o te hanganga o te mākete hauora. timata Drugs ki kia hua i roto i ngā tau nui i muri i nga hinonga nui-tauine tuatahi. Ko te kupu, pharmaceuticals - tenei hanga hangarau o taero ki ona ngākau nuitanga kaimahi katoa o ahumahi nui-tech.
Aha e Pharmaceuticals
I roto i te ao i teie mahana o pharmaceuticals - ko te wāhi o te matauranga me te mahi i roto i nga ngākau nuitanga o te ahumahi, papatipu me te utu o te hanga tino o raau taero me matū. Akoranga te reira i ngā āhuatanga katoa o ngā hua papatipu-hua. I roto i tona mātau:
- He ako o te whai huatanga o te raau taero, me ratou pānga i runga i te tinana tangata.
- Ko te ako o matū kaipōti Medicine (inenga, kukū, me pera atu.).
- Ngā momo o puka inenga, tikanga o te whakahaere i roto i te hanga me te hoko.
- Ko te āhua tinana o matū rongoa (rahi, te āhua, me pera i runga i. D.).
- Ko te hangarau o production papatipu, mihini me te taputapu mo te ahumahi, taputapu production rārangi.
- ngā rongoā Excipients me ratou mana ki runga ki te hua whakamutunga, me te tinana tangata.
whanaketanga o pharmaceuticals
puta te ahumahi ho'oraa i roto i te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau 19. I roto i tenei wā, i reira i te rongoā tuatahi te wahi e kore e hanga taero, engari anake hokona. I roto i te whakatinanatanga o te raau taero arai hinga. kua te pionie o te hanga ahumahi o raau taero e rua kamupene: te kamupene hua haukini Böhm me Pelletier - quinine. aru ratou hi'oraa i te taha o nga rangatira o pharmacies hokohoko, i runga i te pūtake o i whakatika muri te hanga nui.
A, no te kitenga o nga taka rongoā Enterprising e pharmaceuticals - ko reira tino pai, ka anga ratou ki te hanga i to ratou ake pakihi. I roto i te tau 1827, ka timata te rongoā Merck ki te whakaputa i taero e hāngai ana i runga i kai taiao (rehunanu, quinine me pera atu.), Nei atu arahina ia ki te hanganga o te kamupene nui. Ko te pūtake o maha pai-mohiotia rama rongoā kua riro he rongoā auau, hei tauira, "Schering" (Germany) me "Park-Davis" (USA).
Pharmaceutics me Matū
Ehara i pharmacies anake iti ki tenei ahumahi. pā hāngai ho'oraa ki te ahumahi matū. hua ururua matū ko te tīmatanga mō te maha o ngā kamupene, mo te tauira, pērā i "Bayer". whai wāhi hoki ngā kaupapa here State o patenting rongoā taitara ki te whanaketanga o te ahumahi.
Ka taea e tetahi kaihanga haere ake ki tou ake tarukino ingoa me hoko i te reira i raro i ona ake waitohu, kihai nei i i ārai ētahi atu ite te hua taua i raro i ngā ingoa rerekē. kua hanga angitu pānuitanga me te hokohoko kaupapa te tarukino "ahipirini" ko atu te utu atu i ahipirini, ia, i roto i te meka, ko nei 24 ngā wā.
Fafauhia te whawhai i waenganui i Prussia ko Austria i roto i 1866 ki te whakaongaonga i te hanga o pharmaceuticals. Ko te pakanga hōia muri i roto i Europe, i mahi hoki hei whanaketanga ki te tupu tere o te production nui-tauine o ngā rongoā arai. I mua i te Pakanga o te Ao e ahau ko te rangatira o te ahumahi ho'oraa Germany, ko tona wahi mākete 20% o te katoa rerekē haere o ngā rongoā. I muri mai, ka tangohia te kaiārahi ki te kamupene US.
pharmaceuticals Russian
timata pharmaceuticals i roto i Russia tona whanaketanga ki te monasteries, te wahi riro te mamae katoa kai fakalaumālie kore anake, engari ano te āwhina i roto i te whakaora ma'i, maha tohutohu tohunga. I roto i 1091 i roto i Russia, te hōhipera tuatahi, ko te initiator Pereyaslav i whakapumautia tohunga Eparaima. Kua tiaki pukapuka nga ingoa o maha tohunga Monastic, a he tika o tenetere o karakiatia etahi o ratou, mo te tauira, Pimen Postnik ko Dimian Tselebnik.
Maori-Tatar whakaekenga, a rave rahi tenetere o pononga mutu te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao i roto i ngā wāhi maha o kua whakaritea mutu rongoa ki te tīariari. ka ora ake Interest i roto reira i roto i te utuafare kingi i roto i 1547, ka ki te marae i Europe kawea e rave rahi tohunga.
puta te rongoā tuatahi i roto i Moscow i roto i te kingitanga o Ivan te whakamataku, nga kawenga o te tokotoko i ki te taviniraa i te utuafare kingi. ka te reira i te pūtake mo te hanga Aptekarskaya Chamber. Ko te raraunga pono tuatahi i runga i te rongoā kihai i ora. Kei te whakapono te reira e i tū ai i mua o te ohu whakapono Chudov i te Kremlin. I tino whakaritea te mahi katoa, te kai whakamahia i roto i te rēhita motuhake whakaaro ai hangaia rongoa tukua te tuhituhinga, e tohu te ihirangi o ia wāhanga, me te maha, me te ingoa o te rongoā nei i hanga rongoā. puritia te pukapuka te i te tino Aptekarskaya Chamber tahi me ngā rongoā katoa.
whakahounga o Pita
I 1654, i tuwhera he kura mo te whakangungu o ngā tākuta, me taka rongoā. puta rongoā Public i roto i Moscow i 1672, a kihai i reira matara atu i te Square Whero, i hoatu e ia te ingoa o te hou, e kore ki te e raruraru ki te kingi. kawea mai te ahunga whakamua i roto i tenei rohe i te reforomatio matua o Russia - Pita I. I te 1701, rite ki tona ture, i roto i Moscow i waru taua toa i tuwhera. Ko te rongoā nui me tino matatau i taua wa kei runga i Butcher Street i 1706. Ko te mahi o tenei institution ngā kore anake taero faafaaearaa whānui o kaihoko ngā, engari ano hoki te supply o waeine rongoā ope.
I roto i te 1714 pau Petr Veliky te whakahou i muri o Medicine, a whakaingoatia paroita kaiwhakaranu i roto i te Tari Medical. i te mana e te hōia, me te mau ohipa hauora, ture o taka rongoā pūtahi New. I roto i te rau tau waenganui-18, whakapumautia te whakapaipai i 14 pharmacies, a puta ratou i roto i maha nga pa nui.
Whakatutukinga o taka rongoā Russian
hanga Pharmaceuticals Domestic kua he wāhi nui ki te pūtaiao ao. Kua mahia e te āhuatanga tino a Tūrongo, i roto i te Medical-Whārangi Academy (St Petersburg). I runga i te pūtake o te whare, whakaritea Ahorangi OV Zabelin te taiwhanga i reira e whakahaere ngā pharmacological. Na roto i te mahi o te A. A. Sokolovskogo marau pērā i Pūtaiao me pharmaceutics ako i University Moscow. Koha ki te whanaketanga o te raau taero, me taka i hanga maha pūtaiao mahi i te tahuri o 19-20 tenetere.
tukuna hua rongoā i roto i te wā Soviet i muri noa o te whakamātautau i te wā roa, whakau te miramira me te haumaru o tona whakamahi. Kua whakaturia e te whenua ake he whatunga o taiwhanga me hinonga nui i runga i te kōtuitui o raau taero matatini. he hua Hangaia o te kounga teitei. I reira tino e ü ana te ahumahi ho'oraa Russian ki ngā paerewa o te ao. Mahi ki te whakawhanake ki te waihanga taero hou, ngā me te rangahau whakahaere tonu te whatunga o ngā taiwhanga, me te hanga.
Russian wheketere rongoā hua taonga i roto i te tono i runga i te mākete kāinga me te ke. E rima o te nui rawa kamupene ho'oraa o te Russian Federation e whai ake:
- "AstraZeneca".
- JSC "akitu".
- Te kahui Kihi.
- "Microgen".
- JSC "Grindeks".
Tikanga "rongoā"
Pharmaceuticals - Ko te pūtaiao, me te ahumahi o te hanga, tono mohio kaimahi. whakangungu kura Medical tohunga i roto i te rua ngaio - taka rongoā me taka rongoā. Rongoā - he hōhipera, he makehe rite i roto i te mau fare haapiiraa, pumau whakangungu 4 tau. ariki taka rongoā tikanga i roto i ngā whare wānanga hoki i runga i 7 nga tau (6 tau + 1 tau o anō).
He taka rongoā turanga Knowledge i roto i wha ngā wāhi matua. I muri kei te mahi i te tukunga o ngā tohunga i roto i te mara i roto i pharmacies i roto i te rongoā warehouses, taiwhanga, whare rangahau motuhake. E ngā ākonga Pharmacy pūmanawa nui, me te auaretanga. E kore e tukua te mātanga anake te rongoā, engari ki te hoatu tohutohu i runga i whiriwhiri kē. I tua atu, i te rironga o te turanga matauranga e āhei ki te mārama me pēhea te e hanga taero, he aha ratou pānga me contraindications.
Ko wai ka taea e rere hinonga mahi kaimahi i - pharmaceuticals? hanga te rongoa mo tetahi mate i roto i te tirohanga o me tautukunga ki te tino tikanga, me te hangarau. Hoki te rongoā he mahi i roto i tetahi wahi o te hinonga. Ngā wāhanga o te mahi o te tohunga:
- Ko te rongoā-kaihoko - mahi i roto i pharmacies hokohoko. Ko te whānui o ngā kawenga ngā kōrero ki kiritaki, mauhanga, hanga o taero whakahaunga, te rokiroki tika o ngā rongoā, restocking.
- Ko te rongoā-kairangahau e mahi ana i roto i te taiwhanga. Kei te ako i te whāinga o te kairangahau te mate, te whakaora i tukanga, te whanonga o te huakita, wheori, microflora, etc. whai wāhi ki te momo huaketo kino (AIDS, Ebola, etc ...) hoki te whanaketanga o kano ki enei mate nga ngaio tino anga ...
- Taka rongoā, tono Distributors i roto i te kamupene ho'oraa wāhi i roto i te whakatinanatanga o to ratou ake rongoā ranei he māngai o corporations nui.
Pharmaceuticals - he kōtuitui o pūtaiao me te ahumahi. taka Medical whakamahi production rangatū tata tetahi mea. He huarahi whaitake ki te kai o ngā rongoā whakahaere te tiaki o te hauora me te ora i maha mate.
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