Pluralism i roto i te rapunga whakaaro - pluralism Philosophical he ...

Ko te kanorau ngā o taumauri nāianei haapapu kotahi ano ngaahi tokāteline e te rahi te momo o pūāhua tangata, momo, me ngā puka o te mahi, te atu ngā me iti iho rite ki tetahi ki tetahi ngā taumauri puta. Ko te whakaaro o te tangata tohe tika whakawhirinaki i runga i te mea e ia i roto i te ora o tenei ao. Pluralism i roto i te rapunga whakaaro - ko tetahi o nga wāhi e kua ara ake hoki o te momo o ngā puka o mahi a te tangata tenei.

Ko te rerekētanga i waenganui i ngā rapunga whakaaro

Ko te matamua a te nuinga tumu wehewehea o te mau philosopho - i runga i te materialists me idealists. Materialists whakaaro ratou taonga aroturuki i roto i te "poro" o te natura. Ko te taonga matua o te mātakitaki o te idealists ko te ahua teitei o te ora i te pae varua, me te pāpori tangata. Ko Idealism o e rua ngā momo: whāinga - te pūtake o te aroturuki o te ora fakalotu o te hapori; a tuakiri - ko te turanga o te ora i te pae varua o te takitahi kotahi. Materialists Ko i te ao ki te hinengaro tangata, me idealists - o te tangata ki te ao.

Ki te materialists piro ki te whakamārama i te teitei i te raro, te idealists Ko nga whakamuri me te whakamārama i te raro i roto i te teitei.

Mai pluralism i roto i te rapunga whakaaro - te pūtaiao whakakitenga o te ao, i roto i nei i te whānuitanga o ngā parau tumu matamua ātete ki tetahi ki tetahi, he mea nui ki te taea ki te ite i rerekē momo o tirohanga o ētahi atu rōpū o philosopho. Ko tenei i roto i te tikanga ki te mahino pai te rerekētanga i waenganui i a ratou. He ko tetahi wehenga o nga philosopho - i runga i irrationalists, rationalists me empiricists.

whakamaoritia te wā "rationalism" te i Wīwī rite rationalisme, ahu te kupu i te rationalis Latin, e, i roto i te tahuri, - i te ōwehenga Latin. ōwehenga tikanga take. whai te reira e te ariā o rationalism kaiwhakamana te whakaaro o te hinengaro o te faufaa i roto i te oraraa o te mahana. He irrationalism, i runga i te anga ke, whakakahore te faufaa tiketike o te take i roto i te oraraa o te taata.

Rationalists tohu te tikanga. Katoa unknown me unidentified, he rite ki te kia te tikanga tino i roto i te matauranga e ratou.

Irrationalists rite tirohanga huru o te ora, e ahu ana ki te karo i tetahi mea e hiahia ana koe, ki runga ki te maere tino. aroha taua iwi faingata'a, ngaro, me te mysticism. Scope o te kuware unknown, me ko to ratou haputanga taketake o te ora.

Empiricism - Ko he faarahiraa, absolutization o wheako tangata, me te ara hohoro o whakaaro tenei. Ko te ariā takawaenga, te piriti i waenganui i rationalism me irrationalism tenei.

Pluralism i roto i te rapunga whakaaro

Kia aroha mai, e kore ko te kaupapa tonu taea ki te kitea whakautu, no te mea hoki ahu tenei pūtaiao ki te mahi ki katoa o ngā whakahēnga. Ko tētahi o nga pātai uaua tino e he uaua rapunga whakaaro ki te hoatu i te whakahoki tino, he: "hia o turanga hohonu o te rangimarie ki reira?" Kotahi e rua ranei, pea ake? I roto i te rapu mo te whakahoki ki tenei pātai tonu i hanga e toru ngā momo o te kaupapa: monism, dualism me pluralism.

Pluralism i roto i te rapunga whakaaro - he kaupapa i roto i te ao, ki te mohio ki te oraraa o te maha nui o pāhekoheko parau tumu me ngā āhuatanga. Ko te kupu "pluralism" (i te pluralis Latin -. Vahine Rau) whakamahia ki te whakaahua i te wāhi o te ora i te pae varua. Ka taea te kitea pluralism i roto i te ora ia rā. Hei tauira, i roto i te kotahi whenua kia te oraraa o rerekē whakaaro tōrangapū me ngā rōpū. whakaaetia hoki te oraraa o e rua whakaaro papā pluralism. Ko te aha "pluralism". Whakamāramatanga o te pluralism he tino māmā, te oraraa o whakaaro e rave rahi, te mau parau tumu, me ngā āhuatanga fakanatula ki te tangata, me te he e kore te tahi mea i roto i o te mau.

Pluralism i roto i te ora o te tangata i roto i te huarahi

Ki te titiro koe ki muri, e taea te kitea i pluralism i roto i te ora ohie rā. He aha ta tatou e nehenehe e mea, he reira nga wahi katoa. Hei tauira, he mōhio ki te katoa kua pluralism i mahara ki te āhua. Tata ki te katoa whenua he pāremata, e taea e i tetahi ki te maha rōpū. E ratou whāinga rerekē, me te he ripeneta rerekē i ia atu kāwanatanga kaupapa me whakahounga. He tino ture he momo taua o ope tōrangapū me ratou whakataetae, me te taupatupatu o ngā ngākau nuitanga, te tautohe i waenganui i kaitautoko o ngā rōpū rerekē e kore e nohinohi. Ko te oraraa o ope rerekē i roto i te Pāremata i huaina pūnaha maha-rōpū. Tenei - ko te pluralism i roto i te tikanga o te āhua.

dualism

Dualism - he outlook taumauri, e kite i roto i te ao o te whakakitenga o rua ritenga ia atu anga, te pakanga i waenganui i nei hanga ki ta tatou e kite a tawhio noa tatou, a reira hanga hoki he mooni. He maha töna timata tenei pakanga: pai, me te kino, Yin ko Yang, ra me te po, te Arepa me te Omeka, te toa me te uha, te Atua, me te rewera, Black ko White, Wairua, me te Mahu'inga, Light me pouri, mea faufaa me Antimatter, a na i runga i. . whakaturia tokomaha philosopho me ngā kura taumauri i runga i te rapunga whakaaro o te dualism. E ai ki a Descartes me Spinoza dualism whai wāhi nui i roto i te ora. Ahakoa Plato ko Hegel, Marxism ( "Trud", "Capital"), ka taea e kitea e koe i te ao o e rua fehangahangaí. Ko te kupu, Ko paku rerekē i whene mō ngā rerekētanga kitea te plurality wā.

Pluralism i roto i Culture

Haunga tōrangapū, taea ki te pā maha atu ngā wāhi o mahi a te tangata, pērā i te ahurea pluralism ko. pluralism Ahurea taea hoki te oraraa o ngā pūtahi pāpori me pekanga wairua. Hei tauira, kua wehea Karaitiana ki Katorika, 'Ofotokisií ko Protestantism. Ko tēnei rerekētanga o te Ekalesia whakaū te oraraa o pluralism i roto i te ao ahurea o te tangata. fakahu'unga pluralism e whai rerekē ngā rōpū taupori te tika ki te hoko ia ratou me o ratou hiahia ahurea. Ka rite ki te tikanga, he utu ki te whakapuaki i me te paruru i to ratou he takitahi orientations uara e pā ana ki ngā kaupapa nui mō te ia. plurality wä ture haapapu e mohio te kāwanatanga kanorau wä, me kahore Māoritanga kotahi.

monism

Ko te pūtake o tenei kaupapa - te whakaaro e reira he kotahi anake tīmatanga. Ka taea e Monism e materia whai, ranei. I roto i te tikanga whāiti o te pluralism i roto i te kaupapa - ko reira he ariā taumauri, ritenga monism, i roto i nei i reira e maha hinonga motuhake ōrite, tino kore e taea te heke ki tetahi he runga, ka taea e tatou te mea tika te ritenga atu tetahi ki tetahi, ripeneta rerekē. I roto i te puka tuatahi, whakaaro reira te mea anake, me te tuarua e hāngai ana i runga i te whakaaro kotahi i whakapuakina ai, ongo'i te wairua. Monism taua - te parau haapiiraa o te kotahitanga e radically wehe reira i te taua mea rite te "pluralism taumauri."

rapunga whakaaro mahi

kaupapa Practical whai koronga pai, whakaaro, me te kōrero i roto i te akiaki i te iwi ki ngā mahi pai me te mahi, me te tahuri atu i to ratou hapa, tōraro poke, mahi he. I roto i te mau parau ohie, Ko te ahei o te whakamahi i te mana o te whakaaro ki te whakaawe i te hinengaro o te iwi tika i roto i te tukanga o te kōrero ohie te kaupapa mahi.

Āhuatanga pluralism

Te mea faahiahia, te wā "pluralism" whakaurua H. Wolf i 1712. Ko te hītori o te kaupapa e kore he maha e taea e kitea e koe he plurality rangatū, pērā i monism rangatū. pluralism Tino noa i roto i te ao tūmatanui, kua rite kua whakahuatia toutou. pluralism wä whakatairanga te āhukahuka me te whakatōpū o te ture, i roto i ngā te kaupapa ture, te kanorau o te mau parau haapiiraa wä, o te akoranga, ki te kore ratou e karanga mo te tutu, e kore oho te ngangare motu atu ranei. Korerotia te hanganga kāwanatanga i tona oraraa rawa haapapu te reira i te parau tumu o te pluralism. He tokomaha huanga tenei ao tini kia iwi rite ratou whakaaro - he tokomaha nui, a he katoa ratou rawa kanorau tika ki te ahurea, ngā uara me ngā rerekētanga o mua.

Dogmatists me taunu

E wehea philosopho ki dogmatists me taunu. He pai philosopho raroto no te mea e taea rānei ratou te whakawhanake ratou ake whakaaro, me te āhua o ētahi atu, e kore o ratou whakaaro ake. Whakatikaia ta a tautohe e pā ana ki a ratou, ka rite ki te tikanga, i roto i te wairua o pai, faaiteraa, philosophizing mārohirohi. Ko te philosopho taetuí ko te ritenga tika o te philosopho-haapiiraa. Ko te rapunga whakaaro o to ratou tino, kino. Ngaahi Fakakaukau kore ratou e hua, engari faaino atu iwi anake. Philosopho mārika - he kaitito i rapunga whakaaro kaiako ranei. Philosopho-taunu - tenei hamuhamu, sweepers, tetahi whakamāramatanga kore ratou e hoatu.

Te subjectivist, objectivist, methodologists

Takitahi aro, subjectivist, objectivist me methodologists. Philosopho objectivist te nuinga arotahi ki runga i ngā take me mau hapehape o te ao, me te hapori. Ki te kāwai o taua philosopho e ontologist materialists, mau philosopho tūturu. Philosopho subjectivists atu hāngai, ka arotahi ki te raruraru o te hapori, te hapori, me te takitahi i roto i ngā. tika ana ēnei philosopho rapunga whakaaro tino whai, o te ora, existentialist, pou-fakaeonopõní. Philosopho, methodologists taa nga painga hanga nga hua o te mahi a te tangata. Katoa i mea whakaaro te, rau muri a ka waiho te iwi, ko te mara o mahi, me te pūtake mo te kōrero o philosopho, methodologists. Ēnei ngā neo pragmatists positivists, me te māngai o te kaupapa reo, kaupapa o te pūtaiao.

pluralism matarohia

kae tau'atāiná Classic, e whakaae e rua timatanga motuhake, whakaaro Empedocles. I roto i ona mau haapiiraa mārama tohua te ao, me te hanga e te taha o nga mea timatanga wha - wai, te whenua, rangi me te ahi. He ratou tonu, me te taui ore, a na reira, e kore e pā tahi i te tahi, a ka he manene ki te haere tahi i te tahi ratou. E whakamārama ana tēnei ariā e mea katoa puta mā te ranu i te āhuatanga e wha o te ao. Fele pluralism taumauri - ko te raruraru mua o te ariā, me te haere ona whakamahi ki anake i roto i te take, ka whakamārama te tahi mea te ara arorau mua e kore e mahi.

Pluralism i roto i te hapori

Oddly nui, engari te pluralism o te hapori, ko te tika rite rangi ki te tangata. Ki he hapori i roto i te huru pai, me te mahi tika, he mea e tika ana te aroaro o te torutoru rōpū o te iwi ki te whakaaro tino rerekē, te mau parau tumu wä me te karakia. Nui ko te meka e kore e tika ana iti me te taea o te faaino noa o dissidents - rite te kupu haere, i roto i te pono tautohe whanau. Ko reira te oraraa o ngā rōpū rerekē whai wāhi ki te ahunga whakamua o te kaupapa, te pūtaiao, me te tahi atu marau huri noa te ao.

He he tetahi rōpū iti o philosopho, i te mea uaua ki te huanga ki tetahi aronga ngā. E huaina ratou rapunga whakaaro parakore, ranei tātai hono, te kaihanga o nga pūnaha taumauri whānui. He omnivorous i roto i te tikanga pai o te kupu ratou. E ratou he ngäkau kino aroha he āhua pai-whärite, a kua whakahaua nga whakaaro me ngā ngākau nuitanga i roto i ngā tohutohu rerekē. I roto i tenei kamupene paipōro katoa tika ratou i te taitara o mau philosopho - iwi e rapu whakaaro nui, te matauranga. Mohio te ora, ki te wheako i te reira no te aha te mea te reira, a kahore e mahue i te kau - ko to ratou whāinga matua tenei. e kore te mea No pluralism monism ranei mo ratou axiom. e kore ratou e hiahia ki te whakakahore, engari ki te matau katoa. Ratou - te ope taumauri pera-ka karanga.

hua

riro pluralism me kātakí e pā ana ki taua mea, kia nui kanohi mozolyaschaya o te pā o te Māoritanga fakaaoao me fundamentalism wä he faufaa nui i roto i te ao pou-totalitarian i roto i te hononga ki te hiahia mō te democratization o te hapori, me ona Germanization muri. I roto i tenei tūranga, Kei te whiwhi pluralism manapori tere nui, a taea tatou te mea, te maua e te whakaaro o te hanganga atu o rua te kāwanatanga me te hapori. , I te ara, he whakahoki tenei tika rite ki te aha pluralism kia wehi o dictators maha. Just te whakaaro o taua pluralism, kāwanatanga, tetahi whakaaro e he e poka ki to ratou ake, i reira kia kia rushila tika totalitarian, kia fakatikitató katoa.

I roto i te tikanga ki te mahino atu ata te pluralism, e tūtohu ana ki te pānui i te mahi o te pūtaiao o te University o Tartu, te tangata tohe Leonida Naumovicha Stolovicha. Tona pukapuka ko te oti tino, pūkenga me te ake nahanaha atu te tahi atu mahi rite i roto i te rapunga whakaaro. Ko te pukapuka ngā toru ngā wāhanga:

1. kaupapa kae tau'atāiná.
2. Pluralism i roto i te rapunga whakaaro.
3. kaupapa kae tau'atāiná.

te hunga katoa e he hiahia i roto i te mea he pluralism, e taea te kitea i te whakamāramatanga i roto i tenei pukapuka. Kei te hoki rawa ngā whakaaturia te reira i te pea o te tikanga pluralistic mo auaha, perception auaha whakaaro taumauri.