Pūnaha Maha-rōpū i roto i Russia. Hanganga o te pūnaha maha-rōpū, me ona āhuatanga

Te āhuatanga tōrangapū o nāianei i roto i Russia āhuatanga e te hanganga o te tikanga manapori, te āhuatanga matua o e ko te aroaro o te pluralism tōrangapū, me te wä, te tikanga o te ture, me te hapori ā-. Tenei tukanga - he matatini me te atu i roto i te wa. Ko tētahi o ona faaiteraa tino nui kia mahi pera te kotuituitanga o ngā pūtahi pērā i te pūnaha tōrangapū maha-rōpū, me te kawenga ki te aroaro o te iwi i te taputapu kāwanatanga.

pūnaha Pāti me tona ngako

pūnaha tōrangapū o tetahi kāwanatanga ko te tikanga tino matatini kei roto i te plurality o huānga rerekē. Ko tētahi o ona āhuatanga e here i te pūnaha rōpū, i te mea he fakakātoa 'e kore anake o nga rōpū o te kāwanatanga, engari ano hoki nga tikanga pāpori-ture o te ngā i waenganui ia ratou, pera me te pai kia rite ki te tohu o te māramatanga o nga tangata o te akiaki, me te hiranga o ratou oraraa.

Ko te momo matua o ngā pūnaha rōpū

Kua roa mutu te nuinga o pūtaiao tōrangapū Western me kaipūtaiao pāpori e te aroaro o tetahi ki tetahi pūnaha rōpū ranei tino tika whakaata te whanaketanga tōrangapū o te hapori. Ko te kupu, ko te pūnaha maha-rōpū, me te taunakitanga o te whanaketanga o te anga hapori, me te nui rawa o te mana pāpori ā-i runga i nga whakatau o mana tūmatanui. Engari, kotahi rōpū - te tohu tamau o te hapori totalitarian, whakaatu ki te meka e nui māmā ki te hūnuku i te hopoi'a i runga i rangatira atu ki te tango i reira ki runga ki a ratou ano te iwi e.

I roto i te maha o āhua (hei tauira, i roto i te United States me te Basileia United) i te pūnaha āhua roa-mahi e rua-rōpū. I roto i tenei pūnaha rua-rōpū e kore te auraa i te mea te oraraa o ngā rōpū kia maha. Just ko te whawhai tūturu noa i waenganui i nga ope ārahi tōrangapū, tata te whai wāhi ki te haere mai ki te kaha kore atu rōpū, me ngā nekehanga.

pūnaha Maha-rōpū, me ona āhuatanga

Āhuatanga te pūnaha maha-rōpū ngā e rua rerekētanga waho i te tahi atu pūnaha, me te ngako i roto matatini. ngā te mua te aroaro o neke atu i te rua ngā rōpū, te nuinga o nei i te tupono noa tūturu ki te haere mai ki te mana, te whanaketanga o te ture pōti, hapori ā-kaha, te rerekē haere whiriwhiri tōrangapū.

Interior āhuatanga ahu i te meka e te faufaa o te pūnaha maha-rōpū - ko te ngātahitia matatini i waenganui i te maha nui o ngā kaiuru. Ko te pūnaha tūmatanui mōrahi i runga i te mau parau tumu o te whakataetae me te manaaki tētahi ki tētahi mō ia atu tenei. āhei te reira i nga tangata ki te kitea rite te ahua o te kaha tōrangapū, e ka e kakato ange tohu ona ngākau nuitanga me te hunga o te iwi a tawhio noa ia ia. Ko te pūnaha maha-rōpū tenei, akina nga tangata he hiahia tonu i roto i te mau mea e tupu i roto i te whenua.

kāhua matarohia

vai te pūnaha maha-rōpū i roto i ngā momo rerekē. Tei te reira e kore anake i runga i te hanganga rōpū, engari ano hoki i runga i ngā i roto i te iho tōrangapū i te hapori o hoatu me te ahurea tōrangapū.

Tauhira Ko te wāwāhitanga maha-rōpū pera-ka karanga e tēnei wā te vai i roto i nga whenua pērā i Denmark, Austria, Belgium. I roto i tenei pūnaha, kahore rangatira rōpū, tetahi o te ope tōrangapū i roto i te pōtitanga e kore riro te nuinga tūturu, na reira, takoha ki te whai wāhi i roto i te tahi i te tahi whakakotahitanga ranei. Ko te iu tenei pūnaha, kia e whangai ana ki te neke ki tetahi atu āhua.

Ētahi atu momo o ngā pūnaha maha-rōpū

Ko tētahi o nga āhua tino pūmau o te pūnaha tōrangapū e tika ana ki te kimi huarahi maha-rōpū. Tenei pūnaha maha-rōpū, mahi, hei tauira, i roto i France, faaite ope nui katoa tōrangapū i roto i te maha o ngā wae taketake. hanga ana tēnei hanganga nga rōpū me ratou kau taki ki kia etahi ātetenga ki ona hoa, huru atu tautika ki te tātuhi ake o ngā hōtaka pōti me te ako ā-rōpū.

I te pae hopea, i reira te mea he pūnaha maha-rōpū i roto i i te whakatangihanga a te wāhi matua e tetahi, te uniana nui. Kei hea he kongakonga me taea ki te whakahere tangata he rerekē pipiri ope pato'iraa. Ko te drawback matua o te tikanga taua, āhuatanga nei i te, hei tauira, India ko Sweden, he e maha te reira arata'i ki stagnation i roto i te ora tōrangapū me te paari i roto i te hohonu o te hapori e tohe mo huringa hou.

Ko te hanganga o te pūnaha multiparty i Russia: te wā mua-orurehau

timata pūnaha Maha-rōpū i roto i Russia ki te whakawhanake nui i muri atu i roto i te nuinga o whenua whakawhanakehia o Western Europe me Amerika. Ko te take matua mō tenei ko te tenetere serfdom anö ki te mana Ngātuere, kaha.

Ko te hanganga o nga Heoi o te rau tau XIX kihai i arahina anake ki te tipuranga öhanga tere, engari ano ki tino huringa i roto i te ao tōrangapū o te whenua. E pā matua tenei ki te tukanga o te tapahi i te politicization o te hapori, te wahi rerekē ngā rōpū pāpori kua rapua ki te whakaawe āta ngaro tona autocracy mana.

pūnaha Maha-rōpū i roto i Russia he ona takenga mai i roto i te mutunga o te XIX -. Early senituli rua tekau, ka tangohia e te wahi-tekau tau hanga i runga i rima tekau tūranga. O te akoranga, kei te pā hāngai tenei tukanga ki te ngā ririhau o te revolution Russian tuatahi me te putanga whitu o te Faaiteraa o Oketopa 1905. I roto i te whakahaere tōrangapū tino nui ko ki te whakarato i te RSDLP, te Ture-Democratic Party, nga Octobrists, te Union o te iwi Russian me te Pāti pāpori-Revolutionary.

I te wa ano kia tuhia te reira e tangohia e te hanganga o te pūnaha multiparty i roto i to tatou whenua wahi i roto i ngā āhuatanga o pāpori huringa nui, i mua i te revolution, e kore i oti tenei tukanga. Ko te mau haafifiraa matua i konei he pūnaha matatini maha-wāhanga o ngā pōtitanga, ngā āhuatanga taurite mo nga rōpū i roto i te tukanga tōrangapū me ki mau tonu te tūranga tino o te autocracy i roto i te ao tōrangapū.

Ko te wā Soviet

Ki te taenga i roto i Oketopa 1917 ki te kaha i te mahi Bolshevik Party orurehau-whakaaro o te tahi atu rōpū tōrangapū katoa kua āta poua atu. Na roto i te raumati o 1918, te RSDLP (b) tonu te rōpū tōrangapū te mahi ture anake, nga etahi katoa i rānei kati kua rewa ranei. No te tekau tau maha, whakapumautia te whenua he heriheri o kaha.

pūnaha Maha-rōpū i roto i te USSR anga ki te whakahauora i te mutunga o nga 1980. A, no te, i roto i te hononga ki te hanganga me te democratization o te hapori i roto i tōrangapū i roto i te whenua timata ki puta te kaupapa tōrangapū pato'iraa. tīmata Rawa nohopuku tenei tukanga i muri i te whakakāhoretanga i 1990, i te tuhinga tuaono o te Ture, i whai te tūranga tino o te Pāti Communist.

Kua i te tuatahi o nga marama torutoru i muri i te Maehe rongonui o te Congress o te tangata kawana o te USSR Tāhū o te Ture rēhita e pā ana ki e rua tekau ngā rōpū tōrangapū me ngā nekehanga i. Na roto i te wa o te mimiti o te kāwanatanga i ia ratou i runga i ono tekau.

Ko te hanganga o te pūnaha multiparty i Russia: te atamira hou

Kua tae Hanganga o te pūnaha maha-rōpū i roto i te Russia te taumata hou i muri i te whakatamarikitanga i Hakihea 1993 o te Ture hou. Ko konei te reira i, i roto i te tekau ma toru o nga tuhinga, noaa he institution tōrangapū me te ture, kia rite ki te pūnaha maha-rōpū. fakahu'unga te reira i te oraraa o te here i te maha o ngā rōpū e, i runga i te ringa kotahi, i te tika ki te ture whawhai mo te mana, me te i runga i te tahi atu - me whakahoki mo ratou mahi ki te aroaro o nga kaipōti.

I roto i Russia i te wa nei ano, tera te mea kahore tetahi Māoritanga mōhiohio, kia taea whai rōpū tōrangapū e rua tika, me te maui-parirau rītaha. Ko te huru matua - te kore o ratou whakaritenga hōtaka karanga mō te whakahāwea ā iwi ranei, me te te mahi orurehau ki te tirohanga ki radically huri te pūnaha ngā. Mahara o te wheako Soviet, te whakatūnga o ngā pūtau rōpū i roto i ngā wheketere, rāhuitia whakahaere me ngā pūtahi.

Ko te nekehanga tōrangapū nui me te pai-mohiotia, kua tonu te mahi o nei mo neke atu i te kotahi huringa pōtitanga, kia whakauru te Party Communist, "United Russia", "Apple", te Rīpera Democratic Party, "Russia Fair". rerekē ēnei rōpū i ia atu e kore anake nga whakaritenga hōtaka, engari ano hoki tona hanganga whakahaere me ngā tikanga o te mahi ki te taupori.

Āhuatanga pūnaha maha-rōpū Russian hou

Whakaaro i te hanganga o te pūnaha multiparty i roto i to tatou whenua, tātari ona āhuatanga, kia mahara ai e tangohia e tona hanganga me te whanaketanga wahi i roto i ngā āhuatanga uaua o te whakawhitinga i tetahi pūnaha pāpori ki tetahi. Hoki, kia mau koutou i roto i te ngakau te kotuituitanga āhuatanga o ngā rōpū kāinga, me ore te e pā ana ki te nuinga o tangata i roto i te nuinga o te pūnaha rōpū.

Ko tētahi o nga wāhanga tino nui o te tukanga maha-rōpū i roto i to tatou whenua, kia mohio ai e he te reira huru pakū noa. Kei te kaha te awe pūnaha Maha-rōpū i roto i Russia hou e ngā tukanga waho. Ko te tika tenei matua ki te meka e kua hanga e maha ngā rōpū katoa o ngā whāinga wā-poto, kihai i whakaturia atu ki te whakatutuki i te raruraru pāpori, me te wä nui.

Ko tonu āhuatanga o te pūnaha multiparty i Russia i te meka e tata rōpū katoa (anake, pea, te Party Communist) hanga huri noa te rangatira ngā, a kihai i rite te māngai o te ngākau nuitanga o etahi rōpū pāpori akomanga ranei. Te feia faatere o te, i roto i te tahuri, whakaaro te hanga o te uniana tōrangapū rite ha faingamālie ki te tiki ia ratou i roto i nga taumata o te mana, me te kōtuitui ki te tauira tōrangapū ngā.

Nga uauatanga matua me o ratou otinga

Te fifi matua i roto i te tukanga o te whanaketanga o tōrangapū pluralism me wä i roto i to tatou whenua e tika ana ki te meka e kore kua te hapori mō neke atu i te rua tekau tau o te wā whakawhiti, a whakapumautia te matua wä taketake. I roto i te ara maha, ko tenei he aha arotahi te rōpū i runga i ngā hua wā-poto kore ano e pā te pūnaha o te mahi nahanaha. Ko te ara i roto i o tenei āhuatanga e taea riro te mahi ōrite o te hapori kāwanatanga me te tivira, e ka arahi ki te whanaketanga o mahuki mō orientations wä katoa.

takoto tetahi uaua i roto i te meka e te pūnaha maha-rōpū, tauira o nei e kōrero i runga ake, i roto i te nuinga o nga whenua, i hanga e i roto i te pera-ka karanga takaí bourgeois. I roto i to tatou whenua timata i te pūnaha multiparty ki te whakawhanake i muri i whitu nga tau o te tauira fakaaoao mārō. Tenei, i roto i te tahuri, mahue tona tohu i runga i te huru o tangata noa ki te mana, i runga i to ratou hinaaro, me hiahia ki te whai wāhi i roto i te hapori.

kitenga matua me ngā tirohanga

whakaata pūnaha Kotahi-rōpū, me te maha-rōpū i roto i nga whenua rerekē te āhuatanga i roto i te porowhita tōrangapū, hoatu he whakaaro e pā ana ki te tuku iho, me te mentality o te iwi. he Modern Russia i roto i te wā whakawhiti uaua, i te tere ngaro whakaaro roa ngā utanga inviolable, a kihai i te takotoranga wä hou kua hanga e.

I raro i enei tikanga, mate te pūnaha maha-rōpū te ki te tukanga roa, me te uaua o te whanaketanga. I te wheako taua ao wa taea ki te amo i taua e kia hinga katoa o nga uauatanga nui ki te wa, a ka whakawhiti Russia ki te hanga kaha ake o te hapori manapori hou.