R & D - te reira ...

Ko te tūranga o te pūtaiao he tiketike rawa i roto i te sotaiete i teie mahana no te mea whakatau te reira i te whanaketanga o te hapori, me te whakataki o ngā hua ahu whakamua pūtaiao, me te hangarau i roto i te ao ōhanga me te ora rā o te iwi. R & D, he aha te mea te reira? Tenei huinga o te reta tuatahi o etahi ngā ohaoha. R & D - he acronym e tu hoki ngā mahi rangahau me te whanaketanga, ki te kia matau rite te kohinga o mahi e arotahi ana ki te i te putanga o te matauranga hou, me o ratou tono i ngā i roto i te whanaketanga me te hanga o ngā hangarau hou hua ranei.

Ko e pā ana ki te mara o te rangahau me te whanaketanga He maha o ngā rōpū rerekē. Ko tenei he ngā whare rerekē rangahau me o ratou tari, pae whakamātautau, hoahoa bureaus me te paerata production.

R & D - he poi pūtea utu o te ōhanga. Hoki tona whanaketanga, e titau te reira i te rota o ngā rauemi pūtea, me te rauemi, me te he tohu tiketike rawa o kaimahi, me te reira tauine nui tukua atu anake i roto i te whenua tino whakawhanakehia.

utua te Soviet Union he rota o te whakarongo ki te whanaketanga o te mahi rangahau me te whanaketanga. E te 90 tau th o te rau tau 20 i roto i te ahumahi mahi neke atu i te 2 miriona kairangahau. Neke atu i te 70% o ngā whanaketanga pūtaiao me te rangahau i roto i te Soviet Union ka mau wahi i roto i te Russian Federation. Pūtaiao i roto i te USSR ngā o rāngai toru: ahumahi, whare wānanga, me te mātauranga. More Kua whakawhanakehia katoa rāngai ahumahi, te wahi i te aroaro ratou te nuinga ngā whare rangahau hōia, me te ahumahi, me te hoahoa.

kawea pūtea o te pūtaiao i roto i nga wa Soviet i roto i te nuinga e te pūtea kāwanatanga, kua matemate nei kua heke i roto i te 90, i arahina ki te whakaiti nui i roto i te rōrahi o te whanaketanga me te rangahau. Ko te tokomaha o kairangahau i roto i Russia i 2002 heke i neke atu i rererua whakaritea ki 1990, a me te ki 420 000 iwi. He maha kaimahi i te ao pūtaiao hono i te tahi atu "arumoni" rāngai: nama me ngā mahi pūtea, hokohoko, me ētahi atu Etahi o nga tohunga tino tohu haere ki te mahi i roto i ētahi atu whenua.

I roto i te āhuatanga tino uaua nga whakahaere hoahoa pūtaiao rangahau me te kaupapa, i nga i runga i te taha. He iti rawa te tono mō te rangahau me te whanaketanga i runga i te whenua. Ka rite ki te hua o te timatanga o tenei rau tau, i reira te mea tonu he kukū nui o te whanaketanga me te rangahau i roto i Moscow, Moscow rohe (50% o te whanaketanga) ko St Petersburg (10% o te whanaketanga katoa).

R & D i Russia e te faaruru tēnei wā ngā wā uaua - te whakaiti i te maha o ngā kaimahi mahi i roto i te rangahau me te whanaketanga. Otiia, i te Russian Federation kua te maha rima nui o kaimahi i roto i te ao, mahi nei i roto i te R & D me te maha o ngā kairangahau

R & D - te reira hanganga tino utu nui, me te rangahau pūtea me te whanaketanga i roto i te āhua tuatahi, a na reira te whakaiti i roto i te rōrahi o moni tohaina ki te rangahau me te whanaketanga, te ngāwari faataa - te kāwanatanga "whakaora" i runga i te pūtaiao. Ko taua "penapena" anake arata'i ki backwardness i ōhanga te whenua o. pakihi Private, kāore, e kore e hono ki te pūtea o te rangahau. Tētahi atu take mo te heke koi i roto i R & D ko ki te whakaiti i ngā utu whakapaunga hōia, tae atu ki te rangahau hōia, me te pūkete whanaketanga mo te wahi nui o te rangahau me te whanaketanga i roto i te wā Soviet.

I roto i te ao i teie mahana, te ōhanga nui, kahore te pūtaiao kaha motu, e pai kia hāngai i runga i ona ake whanaketanga matatau, i te iti rawa i runga i ētahi o ngā wāhanga matua o te angitu i roto i te whanaketanga o te whenua ki te tae, a reira Concept 2020 riro he hua i roto i te moni i runga i te rangahau me te whanaketanga i roto i 2020 ki te 3% .