Silicon me ona pūhui. Silicon i roto i te natura. Ko te whakamahi o te takawai

Ko tētahi o te rongonui tino i roto i te toi me te ahumahi o ngā huānga he takawai. E au te reira i ona āhuatanga rerekē. I teie mahana i reira e maha pūhui rerekē o tenei huānga, e whai wāhi nui i roto i te ariā me te hanga o ngā hua hangarau, karaehe, karaihe, taputapu, rauemi hanga, whakapaipai me te tahi atu ahumahi.

āhuatanga General o te takawai

Ki te whakaaro tatou ki te tūranga o te takawai i roto i te pūnaha wā, he reira taea ki te mea:

1. Kei IV te i roto i te subgroups matua o te rōpū.
2. Ko te tau raupapa 14.
3. papatipu Atomic 28,086.
4. Ko te tohu matū Si.
5. Ingoa - silicon, i roto i ranei Latin - silicium.
6. Ko te whirihoranga hiko o te 4E paparanga waho: 2e: 8e.

Ko te wini whakakahokaho karaihe o silicon he rite ki te wini whakakahokaho taimana. Kua whakaritea nga kōpuku ngota, tona momo - he pūtoru faatumuhia mata-. Heoi, e tika ana ki te roa nui o te kōrero ngā āhuatanga ōkiko o te takawai kaha rerekē i te āhuatanga o te waro allotropic whakarerekē.

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko me te matū

E rua whakarereke allotropic o te huānga: amorphous me te karaihe. He tino rite ratou. Heoi, i te mea he te take ki ētahi atu rauemi, te rerekētanga matua i waenganui i a ratou - te wini whakakahokaho tioata silicon.

I roto i tenei take, e rua putanga - he puehu o ngā tae rerekē.

1. tioata silicon ko te whakarewa pouri pīataata hina paura-rite. hāngai Ko tōna hanganga ki taimana, engari ngā āhuatanga rerekē. He:

• fragility;
• pakeke iti;
• āhuatanga Semiconductor;
• Ko te pāmahana rewa o 1415 ⁰ C;
• kiato 2.33 g / cm ^3;
• te pāmahana kohua o 2700 ⁰ C.

He iti tona mahi matū whakaritea ki ētahi atu puka allotropic.

2. silicon amorphous - paura parauri parauri, he te taimana hanganga silnorazuporyadochennogo. he tiketike nui tauhohenga.

I roto i te whānui, kia tuhia te reira e tauhohe totonú silicon. Ki te hanga tauhohe reira, e kore e tika te pāmahana iti iho i te 400-500 ⁰ C. pūhui matū Various e hanga e o silicon i raro i enei tikanga. Ko te hunga i:

• waikura;
• halides;
• whakamomori;
• nitrides;
• borides;
• carbides.

Pea te pāhekoheko o te takawai ki te waikawa hauota he alkali, e kiia nei ko te tukanga waikawa ranei. silicones whānui, e e hoko inaianei atu noa.

Te riroraa i roto i te āhua

Kei te fakanatula kitea Silicon i roto i rawa te nui nui. Ko reira i roto i te wahi tuarua i muri i te hāora nuinga. Ko tōna hautanga taimaha ko e pā ana ki te 30%. Kei hoki tapoihia te huānga kaha i roto i te kukū o te 3 mg / L. Na reira, e kore e taea e matou te mea e silicon i roto i te āhua - he mea he huānga onge.

I te anga ke, i reira e maha toka rerekē me ngā kohuke, hei wāhanga o e puta reira me i nei e taea te tangohia reira. Ko te pūhui silicon tūturu tino noa e:

1. Takawai. Ko te tātai matū SiO _2. He he he momo rawa o momo o kohuke me toka i runga i tona turanga: onepu, kiripaka, te wherepāra, kiripaka, toka karaihe, ametihita, karakeroni, he harariu, rikuri, hahapa, me ētahi atu.
2. Silicates me silicates konumohe. Kaolin, te wherepāra, Mika, tai waikawa silicic, papa kiripaka, talc.

Ko te kupu, te horapa whānui i roto i te āhua silicon me ona pūhui e rongonui me te tono mō ngā iwi ki te whakamahi mō ngā take hangarau.

Silicon me ona pūhui

Mai i whakaaro parakore ki te tīariari huānga e taea kore, koia, i faufaa rerekē o ona pūhui. Mai i te wāhi matū o te tirohanga kia reira e toru āhua piti hāora +2, +4, -4. Puta i tenei, a hoki no o ratou tūpuku, engari rawa i te hanganga tioata wini whakakahokaho, mahia reira nga momo matua e whai ake nei o matū:

• pūhui ā-rua ki-konganuku kore (silane, carbide, nitride, phosphide, a pera atu;
• waikura;
• waikawa silicic;
• silicates whakarewa.

Kia whai whakaaro tatou i te faufaa, ko te tino noa, me te rongonui mo te iwi te takawai me ona pūhui.

waikura silicon

E rua ngā momo o matū whakahuatia e te tātai:

• SiO;
• SiO _2.

Heoi, ko te whakamahia tino whānui he hāorarua. vai te reira i roto i te natura i roto i te puka o te kohatu āhua-utu nui rawa ataahua:

• akete;
• karakeroni;
• rikuri;
• harariu;
• hahapa;
• ametihita;
• rhinestone.

Ko te whakamahi o te takawai kua kitea i roto i tenei puka tona tono i te hanga o te whakapaipai. Mīharo hanga koura ataahua, me te whakapaipai hiriwa ki enei semiprecious me nga kohatu semiprecious.

He rerekētanga torutoru o te silica:

• kiripaka;
• awa, me te kiripaka kirikiri ;
• kiripaka;
• feldspars.

Ko te whakamahi o te takawai i roto i taua momo whakatinana i roto i te hanga, engineering, hikohiko, ahumahi matū, metallurgy. Fakataha, tirohia nga waikura whakarārangitia ki te taonga kotahi - takawai.

Karbid Kremniya me tona whakamahinga

Silicon me ona pūhui - he rauemi o te heke mai, me te hakari. Ko tētahi taua rauemi he silicon carbide carbide o te huānga ranei. Ko te tātai matū o sic. puta te reira i roto i te natura rite te moissanite kohuke.

I roto i te puka parakore o waro me te takawai pūhui - he ataahua, tioata mārama, hanganga taimana-rite. Heoi, mō ngā take hangarau faaohipahia i pania i roto i te rauemi tae matomato, me te pango.

āhuatanga Main o te taonga, tuku tona whakamahi i roto i te ahumahi, te hangarau, ahumahi matū, te whai ake:

• Semiconductor āputa whānui;
• kaha tiketike rawa (7 Mohs tauine) ;
• ātete ki pāmahana teitei;
• elektroustoychivost pai, me te ngāwhā kawe ia.

Katoa o tenei ka taea te whakamahi o te takawai carbide hei rauemi auaha i roto i te metallurgy me matū kōtuitanga. LED hoki, kua hāngai te reira hua he whānui o te mahi hihinga, wahi ki te oumu karaihe, nozzles, rama, (maiohatia moissanite FIANITE i runga) whakapaipai.

Silane me tona hiranga

Ko silane hauwai silicon pūhui, me te kore e taea te whiwhi te ingoa i te ariā hāngai i tīmata rauemi. Ki te whiwhi te ngā whakarewa e whakamahia silicides, e kua waiho i raro ki te maimoatanga waikawa. Ka rite ki te hua, tukua te hau silane te ka hanga he tote whakarewa.

Ko reira ngā e kore kua te pūhui i roto i te pātai hua anake. Ngā wā katoa i roto i te tauhohe o te ranunga o Pālesi, di- me Trisilane i ai e hono tahi ngota silicon i roto i mekameka.

I runga i nga āhuatanga o enei pūhui - kaha whakaiti āpiha. Ratou kupu ngāwari oxidized e te hāora, i ētahi wā explosively. tauhohenga tutu ki kōnakonako tonu ki te rota o te tuku pūngao.

Ko te tono o te silanes e whai ake nei:

1. Tauhohenga o te kōtuitanga organic, rite ki te hua o nei he mea nui ki silicones - silicone, rapa, käpia, lubricants, rare me etahi atu.
2. Microelectronics (aroturuki i LCD, hoahoa integrated hangarau, me ētahi atu).
3. polysilicon viivii ore High.
4. prosthetics niho.

Ko te kupu, te silanes i roto i te ao hou ko te tiketike.

waikawa Silicic me silicates

Waihā o te huānga - he ratou silicas rerekē. he nunui:

• meta;
• o;
• polysilicon me ētahi atu waikawa.

whai āhuatanga noa katoa o ratou - te tāne tino i roto i te āhua noa. E ngāwari decomposed ratou i te wera. I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa, i reira e poto-ora, tahuri tuatahi ki te Sol, me te ka te rā. I muri i maroke, te momo hopi takawai, kua karangatia e taua hanganga. E whakamahia ratou rite adsorbents i roto i ngā tātari.

Nui i te wāhi o te tirohanga o te ahumahi, ko nga tai o te waikawa silicic - silicates. Ko ratou te pūtake o te faaineineraa o taua matū, pēnei i:

• karaehe;
• raima;
• sima;
• zeolite;
• kaolin;
• porcelain;
• oneone;
• karaihe;
• okouku.

silicates alkali whakarewa - wairewa, te okiokinga - kahore. Na reira, ka karanga te konutai me te konurehu magnesium te karaihe wai. piripiri taonga tuhituhi Pūnoa - ko te tote konutai o te waikawa silicic tenei.

Ko te pūhui tino ngā Ko katoa o te karaihe kotahi. E kōwhiringa anake hoki tenei taonga e mohio! I teie mahana, i homai tae, optical, kōwhiringa Hāmā. Kei te maere glassware i roto i tona kororia, me te kanorau. A, no te tāpiri etahi whakarewa me waikura nonmetal ki te ranunga e taea whiwhi i te whānuitanga o ngā momo o te karaihe. I te tahi taime ara te taua hanganga, engari ōrau rerekē o ngā wāhanga arata'i ki te rerekētanga i roto i ngā āhuatanga o te taonga. Tauira he porcelain me oneone, e tātai SiO ₂ * AL ₂ E ₃ * K ₂ O.

Te kiripaka karaihe - ko te ahua o te hua te viivii tiketike, tona hanganga kua whakaahuatia rite silica.

i roto i te Discovery pūhui silicon

Neke atu i te nga tau torutoru mua, kua whakaaturia ngā taua silicon me ona pūhui - te whai wāhi tino nui i roto i te āhua noa o ngā kaiao ora. C hē te taikaha ranei o te huānga homai e pā ana mate pērā i:

• mate pukupuku;
• kohi;
• kaiponapona;
• awhiowhio wai;
• repera;
• koripi;
• rūmātiki;
• kakā me ētahi atu.

Aging tukanga e pā ana hoki ratou ki te ihirangi ine o te takawai. Kua whakaaturia ngā maha i runga i ngā kararehe e whakahohe i te kore o te huaketo huānga he whakaeke ngakau, ki nga whiu, mate pukupuku me te kakā C te.