Taha Seamy o te ora, Ko wai ranei ko te lumpen

Ka rite ki mahara tatou i te aamu kura, i tapa te te lumpenproletariat wā Marx, ko te kupu te faaite tona apa raro. Iritihia i te kupu Tiamana tikanga "tawhetawhe".

Āta, kua whakawhānuitia te ihirangi pū o tenei ariā, a ka mohiotia rite te katoa lumpen e noho iho i runga i te "raro" o te hapori: vagrants, kaimahi kino, pinono, kairau me ngā pararau.

Whakarāpopoto i te whakamāramatanga mohiotia, ka taea e tatou te mea e te kupu lumpen e inaianei piha tahoê o te iwi tangohia o ratou taonga whaiaro me mahi rerekē, hiahia ki te ora i roto i enei te tahi atu ranei hua pāpori.

Toi Whakairo

I roto i te reo hou, e taea te whakawhānui ake ngā mahi ki te tamarikitanga piua, tenei ariā noa atu whakawhānui. Na ka puta ohorere i te kupu lumpen, e taea te mohio ki tona tikanga i roto i ara i te iti rawa e toru:

• iwi i te akomanga o raro (manene, Alcoholics, addicts tarukino);

• iwi i waho te kamupene (haurokuroku);

• te tangata nanakia, e kore i roto i te rite ki nga tikanga o te morare tūmatanui (waikura).

Ko te kupu, i teie nei e taea te huaina te lumpen he māngai o tetahi hapori piha haapiiraa, ki te uru ana mahi ki tetahi o toru ngā kāwai. Here, mo te tauira, he parau i te pāpāho, "tupu me whakamahatia PEOPLE lumpen", "ae, ahau - te-hinengaro lumpen" ranei "Ko te piha haapiiraa o tenei tikanga i roto i Russia - te lumpen-taero".

Ko wai e te ko ënei lumpen: te pakiaka o te rapunga whakaaro o te ora

Kua tāutuhia kōrero e tuatahi puta lumpen i roto i nga wa onamata, a ka kua homai ara ki tenei piha haapiiraa o te kāwanatanga pononga. I roto i te pāpori Roma tawhito, e hāngai ana te ōhanga i runga i te whakamahi o pononga mahi maha, me kaipupuri whenua iti, taea ki te whakataetae ki pāmu nui, hohoro i pakaru. Tenei ka hoatu e ara ki te hekenga papatipu o kaimahi ngaro ratou whenua ki te pa.

Kīia ai i ratou i te tika katoa rite nga tangata o te kāwanatanga Roma: ki te whai wāhi i roto i te pōtitanga, i te tika ki te pōti i roto i ngā hui pa. Heoi, i tetahi taonga kahore ratou i whai, me te mahi - rawa, akina ki a ratou te pupuri i to ratou oraraa e tika ki "hoko" ratou pōti i roto i te tautoko o kiritaki taonga, whakarato i ētahi atu ratonga iti ranei.

faaoti te kāwanatanga Roma ki te whakarato āwhina pūtea ki enei iwi i roto i te puka o te mehua taimaha witi (e pā ana ki te hawhe kg ia ra), i riro ratou i runga i ngā rārangi motuhake.

I roto i te Roma lumpenproletariat anake ki te timatanga o te mano tau tuatahi i reira i pā ana ki 300 mano. ka anga ia ki te tango i te wahi kaha i roto i te whawhai tōrangapū, me te hōia katoa. Kore he ona ake ngākau nuitanga hoahoa, i rite ki te mahi tetahi i enei iwi - anake ki te whakarato i ō rātou ake kai, me te whiwhi ahuareka ngāwari.

Taniko - "kaitiaki rohe" hapori

Well, he aha e pā ana ki te marginals? Iritihia i Latin, te auraa "rohe" me te pā ki te tangata e faaatea ia ia i tona rōpū pāpori, otiia kihai i taea ki te whakauru i ki tetahi atu. Tau o piki haurokuroku tino, no te reira he huringa tere rawa i roto i te raupapa pāpori o ripeneta, revolution, me ētahi atu

I roto i Russia, timata tenei tukanga ki te kingitanga o Alexander II me te mau tautooraa tonu o Witte me Stolypin. Na roto i te timatanga o te rau tau rua tekau, kua to matou whenua kē i te whāriki nui o o nga whakaaro i peia atu.

Mark i tuhinga Russian

Tohaina haurokuroku me lumpen ratou hinengaro motuhake, tino mārama taia i roto i ta tatou mau papai puāwaitanga, pērā i Maxim Gorky, e whakaahuatia nei i te lumpen. I roto i te tākaro "nga rire Lower", ka huihuia e ia māngai o whenei pāpori katoa: Baron - o rangatira, Kaitapere - i ngā kaitaurima, Satin - o te intelligentsia hangarau, Bubnov - i te piha haapiiraa waenganui, Luca - i peasants me tohu - i proletarians.

Otiia e kore e taea te pēnei te katoa ki te lumpen haurokuroku. He nui ki te whakahē ki te tautuhinga o ona ngā reira, noho i roto i te ahua ki te sitepu pāpori taua. "? Ko wai Mo'uí Well i Russia" Ko te kupu, i roto i te whiti o Nekrasov, I roto i te meka, e ora kino katoa - i tohunga ki lackeys.

Ki te i tenei wāhi ki te whakaaro i te toa o "Te Cherry Orchard" e Chekhov, hinga ratou katoa i raro i te tautuhinga o haurokuroku: te kaiwhakarēti, e faahepo tūkunga ki te hoko i te whenua; utuafare, e wawahi i runga; waiter, ite tonu te whakakāhoretanga o te serfdom; dropout ākonga, moemoea o revolution.

Gorky ko te hoho'a hinengaro o te māngai o tetahi whakatinanatanga o marginality - te tangata e angatu'u "whatiia atu" (whakamāramatanga o kaituhi) o tona taiao piha haapiiraa, tino kore tango ona uara, me i te wa ano, tonu ki pai te kawe i roto i ta ratou mau ohipa ngaio ( "Egor Bulychev me etahi ").

Savva Morozov - te taha o te whare moenga

Ko te hītori o te industrialist rongonui Savva Morozov rawa i roto i te wairua o Gorky Bulycheva: reira ko, rite tūmanakohia, nana ratou ake kaimahi, me te moni i pau i runga i te tautoko o te rōpū anarchist pāhoro, kei te keri e ia he poka. Ko reira metsenatstvoval hoki.

kihai i taea e te ora taua mutunga fakamamahi - taea ki te tu i te ngangare ki ā, ia te mutunga koperea ia.

rerekētanga: Lumpen me warea

I roto i te papakupu tuhipoka reira e lumpen me haurokuroku - ko te āhuatanga noa o te iwi e kua ngaro pa ki to ratou taiao pāpori tenei, kua meinga i peia atu pāpori. Ko te aha te mea te rerekētanga i waenganui i a ratou?

Whakamārama ko wai te lumpen. Na roto i te tatararaa, he iwi e kua ngaro ratou hononga e kore anake ki tona rōpū pāpori, engari ngaro ano hoki ratou te tikanga o te imiraa i te ora, he kore puna o moni enei. Ko tonu taniko i runga i te mata: ratou i āraia atu, a ka piri ki te tangata - e kore i kitea. Ko te kupu e taea te konatunatua ratou i waenganui e rua ngā āhuatanga pātata o te subculture.

I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, te lumpen kahore mahi pūmau, me te ora i runga i mahi rerekē, ngā hua pāpori, ranei te wahi i te ture. I peia - iwi i roto i te āhua rohe, taea ki te urutau ki te mooni huri.

Huri i te reira i roto i taua i te lumpen me warea - he ratou e rua ngā rōpū motuhake o te hapori hou. Marginality - Kei te kaua dissidence tūturu i roto i te tangata, ngaro i roto i te ao e kore e e ōrite ana ngā tūmanako.

I te tahi atu te ringa, e ko te lumpen - he rōpū o te iwi, kahore tetahi āhuatanga pāpori hāngai, kore te waihanga o ngā uara, te werau i runga i te tinana o te hapori.

whakaahuatanga kore rawa whakapati - haurokuroku. Ka karanga lumpen, te tikanga o te reira ki te he.