Whakaoranga Carolingian o te Patireia o Roma

Ko te taitara "Pope" (papa -. Lat) he pakiaka Kariki. Te āhua e, e poka ki te whakapono rongonui, kihai ia i haere mai i Pappas - "papa" (Kariki.), me i te papas - (. GK) "kaitohutohu". I te tuatahi, ka karangatia e ratou nga kau pīsopé katoa, engari i muri whakaritea te ingoa i ki te episekopo o Roma rite te mono o St. Pita -. E ai ki te kōrero, te episekopo matamua o Roma. Ko te kupu "popa" e kore te mea he taitara mōhiohio o te matenga o te Katorika Ekalesia Roma. Ana taitara nui - Episcopus Romanus ko Pontivex Maximus, e te tikanga "Supreme tohunga nui". I riro tenei taitara tuarua i te mua-Christian Roma. ka karanga Gregory e ahau te nui ia "Servus Servorum Dei" - "pononga o nga pononga a te Atua." Tenei ingoa te whakaurua hoki i roto i te titulature Rome.

no Gregory ki te whānau Roma pai, me te taonga. I roto i tona tūranga rite kawana o Roma, riro ia wheako whakahaere, me te takawaenga. Ko te kino i meinga e te whakaekenga o te Lombards, revolutionized tona outlook. Me te tona waimarie ki te hanga monasteries, ka anga ia ki te arahi i te ora o te moke me te haapae hua. Otiia i muri i te ia i whakaritea Pope Pelagius II ia rite tona māngai i iari Constantinople. I roto i te 590, i muri i te matenga o Pelagius Gregory i hakeaki'i ki te papacy. Ia whakaritea kore anake te kāwanatanga-Siasí, engari i roto i te meka tu ana i te matenga o te rohe Roma, whakahaere i te korero, supply kai, āwhina ki rerenga, me ētahi atu Kua meinga e te whakatinanatanga angitu o ngā mahi kāwanatanga Gregory ahau riri o te kingi Byzantine, e whakapae nei ki te Pope o te tūkino o te mana, Heoi, whakarite ia te faatura o te minita, te iwi, a tae noa te Lombards, e tīmata ana mana ki te neke ki Katorika.

whakapumautia Gregory te kāwanatanga fakateokalati sīpinga i Itari, ka kia whakawhanakehia i roto i te hanganga o te kāwanatanga Rome pera-ka karanga.

I ngā tau pokapū-VIII i. whakaekea Lombards tata katoa taonga Italian o Byzantium. I roto i te 752, riro ratou te Exarchate o Ravenna, mutu te Byzantine Kawana-Tianara i roto i Itari. Te taahiraa i muri i ki hei te hopu o Roma. E kore e te ti'aturi i runga i te kingi o Constantinople, riro i te pōuri ā, ka tono tangata Pope Stephen II he inoi mo tokoni ki te kingi Frankish. i mauruuru Caroling Korol Pipin mo te āwhina Dads turaki i te whare Merovingian mua, me te hiahia te hahi ki te hei legitimization atu o tona kaha. I muri pakanga e rua i roto i Itari, i akina atu e ia te Kingi o te Lombards pokekore te rohe i Roma ki Ravenna, urutomo. E kore e hiahia ki te whakahoki i te Kawanatanga Byzantine, rite tohe i te kāwanatanga Constantinople, a kore te taea ki te haere mai ki faaû i mau ohipa Italian, hoatu Pepin te Exarchate mua o Ravenna i raro i te mana o te whakahaere Rome.

kahore e mohiotia ïa taipitopito o te kawenata, ka rite ki te mea kua ngaro tuhinga e pā ana. Otiia i muri mai te popa takirihia tikanga reira rite te mahi o te mea homai noa - ". Te mea homai noa o Pepin" I muri i te tahi mau wa, ka tahuri te nanakia "takoha o Pepin" ki "takoha o Constantine" ( "Donatio Constantini") - tetahi o nga tahae o mua nui rawa. fabricated te Rome Chancery i tiwhikete unu ake i runga i mo o te Hiha Konstantina Velikogo ( "Constitutum Constantini"). E ai ki tenei mahi o Constantine, mahara whakaorangia o inoi repera o te Pihopa o Roma Sylvester homai tuatahi whakamutunga i runga i te tahi atu mau episekopo, a hoatu ana ki a ia, me ana riiwhi te mana nui rawa ki runga ki Roma, Italy, me te katoa o te Hau emepera Roma Western. Himself kingi, e kore e ki te faaite i te mana ki te Pope, haere ki Constantinople. E ai ki tenei putanga, kei te hoki mai anake Pepin ki te papacy i i mahara ki no ki a ia ki te IV.

Ko reira pea e maia te Pope ki tapaea tenei Pepin rūpahu me te ake kaha tona mono. ka mohiotia whānuitia ia anake i roto i te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau IX. i raro i Pope Nicholas ahau i roto i te heke mai e kore e tika whakamahia e te papacy ki te whakatika te whakapehapeha ngako ki te mana fakamāmaní. mohiotia te meka o tapehatanga "Conatitutum Constantini" i i roto i 1440, engari anake i roto i te rau tau XIX. whakahētia e Katorika Ekalesia tenei mahi.

whakaturia Pepin te ingoa te whare tuarua o nga kingi Frankish i Carolingian i te honore o tona papa - tavana o te whare o Charles. Germanic "raa" hāngai ki Russian "ovich". Carolingians - tikanga Karlovic, nga uri o Karla Martella. Ko te māngai tino nui o tenei whare ko te tama Pipina Karl, haere ki raro, i roto i te hītori rite Karl Veliky.

tangohia tēnei hau o te kaha faahiahia me te taranata kua te ngana angitu tino ki "whakapai ake i te mana o te Hau emepera Roma o te patu Tiamana." Riro whānui kingitanga Frankish o tona papa, a pai whakawhänui reira ki te rawhiti, ki te raki, me te tonga, ka Karl te mutunga o te rau tau VIII. ariki o tata te katoa o continental Western Europe. I roto i tona kingitanga atu te āhua Frankish i te Pyrenees ki te Ingarihi Channel me te moana nui ki te Baltic. I enei whenua kei inaianei France, Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, Western ko Southern Germany, Austria, raki-rawhiti Spain me te wahi nui o Itari.

Tonu i te kaupapa here o tona papa, kua toutou pokanoa Charles i roto i ngā take Italian. I roto i te 772, anō e ia te whawhai Franco-Lombard. Ko te take mo te whakaekenga o Itari ka te tono popa muri mō te āwhina hōia. I roto i te whakautu ki te manaaki me te hiahia o te Pope mo te raupatu ohorere o te Lombards, ka mea a Karl e hiahia ana ia "ki te riro, e kore e ki te wikitoria." "Ahau - i mea ia - ka e huaina Kingi o te Francs ko Lombards, kia rite kore ki te he te iwi e tumanako ki te riro." I roto i te waenganui o 774, kīia te Lombard Kingi Desiderius hinga. Patua i herea i roto i te ohu whakapono, a ka karaunatia te toa tona karauna.

Whakapumautia e Karl Power i mohio a e to'utangata rite te whakakapi o te Hau emepera Roma Western. Ia mau i te mana emepaea, a taea totonu titau i te taitara o te emepera.

I roto i te ngahuru o 800, ka haere ano Karl ki Itari, te wahi i whakatupu te rangatira Roma ki Pope Leo III. pau ia tata ono nga marama i roto i Roma, haere i roto i te totohe i waenganui i popa me ona hoariri. Hakihea 25, ra Kirihimete, rongo ia ki te Mass i St. Pita o. haere o papa ki te Charles tuturi ka hoatu ki runga ki tona matenga he karauna emepaea koura. I aru tenei e te acclamation pera-ka karanga: hakari i te Cathedral o nga māngai o te Francs, nga Roma me nga Saxons, Bavarians me ētahi atu iwi kaupapa toru mea: "te whakauru ora roa, me te Carl August, karaunatia e te Atua te emepera nui, me te mirotvoryaschy Roma." i mahara â parau ki tohu tautoko o te iwi o te rangatira nui rawa.

ka mau a Karl te ūhia emepaea. Ko muri, rite ki tona piokālafi Einhard me kaitohutohu, faaite ia amuamu ki "kāore" mahi a Leo III, ka mea e, e mohio e pā ana ki te whakaaro o te Pope, e te mea e kore taua ra i haere ki te hahi, i te noa'tu o te Kirihimete. Tenei taunakitanga Einhard manganga kōrero, no te mea, rite whakakitea ngā muri, tino whakamoemititia Carl tona taitara hou.

Ko reira taea e kore te katoa tū Charles tukanga faateronoraahia, loto whakapai III o Leon, whakanohoia te karauna ki te acclamation, tohu te hinaaro o te iwi, a ka i titiro rite te mahi constitutive o te pōtitanga Hiha. Kua tauira kua whakaturia: te whakatamarikitanga o te taitara emepaea i ti'aturi i runga i te mahi o te koroneihana o Pope. I muri, tamata Karl ki te wahi i te tauira houhou. I roto i te 813, i te karauna tana tama Louis rite ana tahi-rangatira, me te kainga, haapae atoa ia ki te whai wāhitanga o te Pope. Na roto i te tikanga o Karl te kuao kuini riro ia te karauna i raro i te â parau o te hunga hakari, ka i whakaaturia emepera me Akuhata. Otiia, Tohe atu popa hao e ko Karl Veliky he kingi anake, i hoatu Leo III i runga ia i te karauna emepaea. I roto i te whakautu, kī nga ideologists o te mana emepaea e paetae hanga ano i te Empire Western no anake ki Charles, a ka iti te tūranga popa ki te hui ōkawa.

Ko te whakatamarikitanga o te emepaea taitara Carl faingataa whanaunga ki Byzantium, whakaaro tonu ia te kainga kapu o te Hau emepera Roma. whakapono nga Byzantines ka huaina ratou Romans (Kariki - Romeo), me ona fetaulaki'anga - Roma (romeyskoy). Ko te ahua o te rua o nga mana emepaea, kī te kainga tupu Roma, i kitea i roto i te Constantinople rite te usurpation.

i whakamahia ano Charles me ana kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro mo e rua "Roma" iloa he ingoa: Eastern ko Western. Otiia i te wa ano i rapu ratou te taea o te whakaora i te tapatahi o te mana o nga tikanga hōia takawaenga ranei Roma. Kei te hanga matou mahere faaipoiporaa o Charles ki te rangatira Byzantine, Irina, i roto i tenei ara ki "hono te Te Tai Rāwhiti me Te Hau-ā-uru" a ka whakahoki kotahitanga i raro i te Romanus hepeta orbis ( "rangimarie Roma"). Hoki te kōrero o tenei kaupapa i roto i Constantinople tae karere Frankish. Otiia i runga i Oketopa 21 802, ka mau te Etat tukipoto d'wahi, tangohia te mana Irina. Torona o te Hau emepera Roma Eastern ka mau akonga o pai Nicephorus ahau (802 - 811), Frankish wareware te "taata haavare". Anake i roto i te muri 812 Basileus Michael i pehia ana e ahau ki te mohio ki te faaho'iraa mai o te kingitanga Western me te taitara emepaea o Charlemagne.

Whakaora (restauratio) me whakahou (renovatio) whakaaro "imperii romanorum" Carl o ratou misioni hītori. Ka rite ki nga fetaulaki'anga Roma , hiahia ia ki te here ia ki te rohe subordinated ki rori, e rere ana me piriti, me te he pūnaha ōrite o pauna me mehua, he moni-te kounga teitei kotahi. Ko te moni o te wa o Charles whakapakoko i roto i te toga Roma, me te karauna Loumaile karapotia e te tuhituhinga "inp aug" ( "Akuhata"). haere te mana o "Hiha te uru" Kua tua atu ona mana. I whakarongo tona whakaaro ki roto i te rangatiratanga Anglo-Saxon, i Scotland, i roto i te rangatiratanga iwi Irish.

He maha ngā āwangawanga kawea Karl whakahaere whakakotahitanga me te whakatinanatanga o te tikanga o te ture i timata i roto i te kingitanga rauiwi. tomo ia ki te "tautangata" iwi i whakahau ki te faaineine i te haaputuraa o ratou tikanga, ki te tumanako o ratou kōtuitanga muri, i roto i a ratou ano, me ki te ture Roma e rua. Carl ia utua aro nui ki te mahi ā-ture. I muri i te koroneihana emepaea whakaputaina e ia 47 te whare pene tohatoha, hohoro horahia puta noa i te kāwanatanga.

Ko te wā Karla Velikogo huaina "Carolingian parare". Ia ora e kore anake te āhua emepaea Roma, engari ano hoki i te ahurea tawhito i runga i te pūtake o te Karaitiana hou, tumanako ki te aukati i te pirau, me te peka. Hoki i 789, tona whare pene whakaaro kaupapa faauruhia "Admonitio whānui" e pā ana ki te hiahia mō te mātauranga. ngä Emperor nga kura tuatahi, me te tuarua, te kohinga me te whakahokinga mai o papai tahito, hanganga o whare pukapuka, te whakapai ake i te "pukapuka toi".

I te ngakau o te kingitanga, ko Karla Velikogo te whakaaro o te kotahitanga o Western Europe. Tona kaha, pūngao me te Charisma, tona "magnanimitas" whakaratohia ia te tautoko o ana to'utangatá me mateaki o apa. i taea e tetahi tumanako e ka e taea ki te whakakore i te pānga o te whakaekenga he Tautangata, ka whakauru ano te iwi taketake ki Tiamana me tahi waihanga he Western Empire kotahi Italy me Gaule.

mate Charles i 28 Kohitātea 814 Body "emepera rahi nei whakawhānui te kingitanga Frankish me mo tau fiefia mano XLVII ratou" i tanumia i roto i te fare pureraa o Aachen Cathedral. I muri noa iho ka anga tona matenga te whāwehe (kinonga) i hanga e ia te pūnaha kāwanatanga. Tama me te mahuetanga iho Karla Lyudovik, haere ki raro, i roto i te aamu ki te ingoa he mo te kingi, "te Pious", ki te uaua nui puritia te tapatahi o te kingitanga. I roto i te 817, tukuna e ia he whare vahe "I te tikanga o te kingitanga" ( "imperii Ordinatio"), i whakaaturia tana tama matamua Lothair "tahi-rangatira me te kaiawhina i roto i nga take o te kingitanga." I muri mai i roto i ona ringa, ko ia ki te arotahi i te mana emepaea. tama o muri, ahakoa e hua ana ki te whenua nui, i ki te tuku ki a Lothar tütü ki a tōrangapū. Heoi, "imperii Ordinatio" kore i whakatinanahia. I muri i te matenga o Louis, ana tama Lothar, Louis ko Charles, taea ki te faaite i te mana, wehea te mana o tona koroua nui, a Europe kupu Western.

Ko tenei akoranga mooni o ngā? Te āhua e te whakahoki, ko te rangirua. Carl waihanga hāngai te kingitanga i runga i te turanga hītori oti o te kāwanatanga Roma. Kua whakaatu kē Romance me iwi Germanic te whaihuanga o te whakawhenumi tahi. Whakaorangia ka whakahoki nga toenga o te hanganga Roma, whakawhanake hononga mākete me te pūnaha pūtea whānui. I raro i ngā āhuatanga pai, te Empire Western taea te tu i te mau hinaaro turai, me te whakakaha centripetal. Ko haua me te irresponsibility o nga kainga tōrangapū o Charles whakatuwheratia te ara mo te decentralization takaro. aro mātai aronganui Bright o ngā tupu teolosia hoatu Flor Lyons i te "Amuamu o te wāhanga Empire." Empire, i "tiaho i roto i te kanohi o te ao, - tuhituhi ia - kua haea inaianei ki hukahuka State tata kotahi tonu, kua wehea reira e toru nga wahi ... Engari o te Hiha -. Patena" karaka toto "hei utu o Mana -., Kua mutu pai noa Kongakonga ki te tīariari ... riro katoa i ratou ake ngākau nuitanga: whakaaro o tetahi, engari wareware te Atua ".

Tiriti o Verdun kawea Western Europe mimiti, tiango ōhanga, pakanga mutunga, toto, me te rumakina e ki te hepohepo. I te wa ka kawe tika taonga i te pūwāhi A ki te pūwāhi B i tino he feat, hononga mākete vēkeveke, ko ōhanga Tuhinga.

Tae noa te rau tau XIX. i titiro tataitia e o te kingitanga o Charlemagne i pūtaiao hītori unambiguously kino. Heoi, i te kōrero Wīwī F. Guizot, ko A. Thierry hou tata o te Tiriti o Verdun, e kitea, i roto i to ratou tirohanga, te hanga o rori o āhua motu, te tuatahi o te katoa, o te akoranga, France. e kore e tangohia e ratou ki pūkete te utu i utua iwi mo te wehenga kotahi Carl Western Europe me e, ai tapiritia ahau, ano i ki te utu.

i tawhiti Kaiuru Verdun whakaaetanga i whakaaro rautaki, arahina e hua wā-poto. e kore ratou e tohu i te pau ki te kia wehea te rohe e muri hoatu ara ki pakanga maha. kore kua tetahi o te taupori States hou ano i te iwi kotahi.

Whakaotinga mokopuna Karla Velikogo, i tomo te hītori rite Charles te Pakira, ko rohe romanized hauauru o te Rhine. mokopuna waenganui - ka Louis rohe pono Tiamana te rawhiti o te Rhine me te wāhi maui-pēke iti haere te pito waenganui o te Rhine, ngā "mo te waina", whakaputaina i te mara waina German Tonga. I te pae hopea, te tuakana - Lothair riro ka Itari me te "waenga" o nga whenua Frankish takoto ana i waenganui i te rangatiratanga o tona teina, me te rawa hohoro te wheua o ngangare. Louis ko Charles i pai ki te ite i te mana emepaea Lothar, engari mahue ia te taitara emepaea, kowaiwai o te ihirangi tūturu.

Kua whakaaturia ngā muri e kore e taea e pai te faatere i te katoa. Kaiuru Verdun whakaaetanga rawa hohoro i ki te utu i nga pire. patua ratou taonga i i te tonga o nga Arapi (Saracens), i te rawhiti - nga a Hungali i te raki - Vikings Scandinavian.

hoatu Karl Veliky matua ki te tiaki o te rohe mā te hanga raina o taiepa rohe. I roto i te raki, i hanga ki te taha o te Danemaka waitohu, ki hipokina Saxony, te rawhiti - te Maehe o Pannonia, te matua o te heke mai o, etc. Austria Kei te mātātoa te te hanga kaipuke, me te tauranga whakaurunga.

Heoi, ana riiwhi, hei utu o te whakapakari i te kaipuke me pa taiepa e topa i roto i te pakanga kaiakiri. I muri noa iho u te hainatanga o te Tiriti o Verdun i 846, i te kapa Saracens ki kaipuke pirate, patua ia Roma, a whakangaromia wahi o te pa. ka Te Tai Tokerau wehenga o te kingitanga i te ūnga ngāwari mo te Normans. I roto i te 845 o ratou kaipuke, ake te Elbe, ka haere mai ki a Hamburg. I tata te pa ngaro, i patua maha e noho ana. ka haere mai tetahi atu kaipuke Norman iho te Seine ki Paris me, whakaīngoa, pahuatia reira. I roto i te 50-doma. zapadnofranksky Korol Karl tukua te Pakira te korero o nga marau Norman o tona hoa Robert te kaha, hoatu ki a ia te taitara o te Kaute o Paris. I muri mai, i roto i 987, te-tama nui o Robert Gugo Kapet riro te kaiwhakarewa o te whare kingi French Capetian.

Kihai i whakamarie iho i muri i te Tiriti o Verdun, nga mokopuna kua toutou whakamātau Karla Velikogo ki te hopu i nga taonga o tetahi ki tetahi. Na, i roto i te 858 tamata German Ludwig ki te tango i te torona o Charles te Pakira. I roto i te tahuri, tamata Charles te Pakira ki te hopu i te whenua o ona irāmutu - nga tama a te Hiha Lothair ahau, e mate i roto i 855. I te 869, riro ia te Lorraine, engari i ki te faaite i te reira ki Louis te Tiamana. I roto i te 875, i muri i te pehanga o Lothair whare, ka haere Karl tonu ki Itari mo te karauna emepaea, te tau'a ore i te tika o tona tuakana Ludwig.

karangatia Pope John VIII Emperor Karl, hua noa e riro tiaki i te riri Arab. I roto i te 876, i muri i te matenga o Ludwig te German, Carl, e ngana ana ki te whakahui katoa te "Roma me Frankish kingitanga" i roto i ona ringa, ka haere mai Germany, engari i patua e nga tama a Ludwig. Na, i roto i Itari, tino rerenga o nga Arapi ki te taiepa o Roma. Ko te popa huaina te kingi hou mo te awhina. i mua hokona Carl atu tahoroa ana nga Normans te raorao Seine, manauhea haere ki 877 i roto i Itari, engari hohoro oma atu, wehi i te tīmatanga o te hoia Tiamana. I te ara hinga ia mate, ka mate i te tau o 54 tau. reignited te rongo o te mate o te Hiha hihiritanga mo te riiwhitanga ki te torona.

kapea Ahakoa āwhiwhiwhi Charles o ana mahi mātātoa Italian, kī e i kahore ki te mahi i roto i Itari ka te hinga tona kingitanga ake motu ia. Hei whakamarie ratou, Karl i mua te rua o nga pakanga Itari mana te faafariuraa o benefices whenua i roto i te kainga tupu, me te tatau whakapapa pou. Ko tenei ture i te wahi me te tau o te taitara tānga Kersiyskogo pene whare 877 tūranga kāwanatanga kaute me ariki i tahuri ki taitara rangatira tuku. I te whenua, i hanga te whare rangatira o nga tika o kingi rohe. "Taua te aroha noa o te Atua" - tuku ki a ratou ano i roto i te tahi mau 878 ngā wāhi rangatira.

Kingitanga o te whakamutunga o te whare Carolingian ko te wa o te decentralization atu o te kinonga te mana kingi, me te whaturama o ngangana kōpaki ōhanga me te tufaa. whare chapter Royal ka karanga kau mo te whawhai ki "te looting kino, me te whakangaromanga." "He aha te mea poitirere ko te ... iwi e whawhai tatou, tahae matou taonga, ki te te ia o tatou pahua tona hoa tata?" - whare pene lau 884

Tukanga tīmataria e te Tiriti o Verdun, tahuri atu ki te kia a maua. rēhitatia mootua Charles he tauira kino mo ratou tamariki, me apa. I roto i to ratou pakanga kaiakiri ki mohio i mua whakarōpū tahi i roto i te torona emepaea, ako ia pehea ki te neke i tetahi puni ki tetahi, extorting kingi tāwhai o te whenua, me te mau haamaitairaa. Na roto i te mutunga o te rau tau IX. kihai Karl Veliky e mohio i mahue ia i te kingitanga. tonu riro o ana uri ki te "hu'ahu'a" i roto i te seigneury āhua-motuhake, me te whare hohoro i hopukia e te mutunga inglorious. I roto i Italy Carolingians kingi tae noa ki 887 g i Te Tai Rāwhiti Francia (Germany) - ki runga ki te 911; i roto i Te Hau-ā-uru Francia (heke mai France) - ki runga ki te 987

Rawa whiwhi whakarau whakaari Lothar "waenganui" o whenua. I muri i tona matenga i roto i te 855 o ratou e kei i runga i te taha maui o te Rhine, i puta ke ki te rangatiratanga motuhake, ka mau i roto i te rua i tana tama, Lothar II. I huaina te reira i Lothari regnum, Lorraine. Neke atu i te te tekau ma tahi rau tau i muri ko Lorraine te ahanoa o te pakanga i waenganui i France ko Germany, i roa noa te mutunga o te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao.

I roto i te horopaki o "ihe seignorial," timata i te wā Karla Velikogo ki te mea "tau koura", me ia - te "papa o Europe".