Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich: haurongo, whakaahua me ngā meka ngā

Ko hoki pāhoro pai-mohiotia Russian Zinovev Grigory (i ora ai 1883-1936) he Statesman Soviet me ahua tōrangapū. E ai ki etahi puna, ko tona ingoa tūturu Radomyslsky Ovsey Kerehona (Kerehona Yevsei) Aronovich; atu taua puna, ko tona ingoa Hirsch (Gersh) Apfelbaum (whaea). ka poto haurongo Grigoriya Zinoveva te kaupapa o to tatou arotake.

Childhood me te Whānau

Matamua Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich (poto e pā ana ki te tangata e ako koe i te tuhinga) i roto i 1883, 11 (23) Mahuru i Elisavetgrad (hou Kropyvnytskyi) kawanatanga Kherson. Mai 1924, tona pa ko te tekau tau i Zinoviev. Arona Radomyslsky tona papa, e nona te pāmu miraka kau, ka hoatu e ia he mātauranga taketake.

Hoki 14 nga tau, i takoha Zinoviev ki te mahi rite te karaka, me te hoatu haapiiraa, rite tona hapu rawakore.

wahine tuatahi a Gregory ko te ngaio orurehau Evseevich Ravich Sarra Naumovna, mohiotia ano i raro i te ingoa o Olga. ko ia wahi o te RSDLP, poto whakakapi te Komihana o Taiwhenua o te Northern Region, kua mauheretia tamau ia.

wahine Next Lilina Zinoviev ko zlata Ionovna, mohiotia ano i raro i te pseudonym Zina Levin. whai wāhi hoki i roto i mahi te RSDLP i te mua Soviet, Mahi tahi ia ki te niupepa "Pravda" me "Star". hoatu Zinoviev whanau ki te tama - Radomyslskogo Stefana Grigorevicha. I te tau o 29, i hopukina ia, ka whiua ki te mate.

ka wahine Tuatoru Radomyslsky Evgeniya Yakovlevna Lasman. pau ia i roto i te whakarau, me te whare herehere mo tata 20 tau o tona ora.

ngā mahi mua-orurehau

I te 18 tau (1901), riro Zinoviev he mema o te RSDLP ka anga ki te whai wāhi i roto i te kaupapa hou. whakaritea e ia aro kaimahi 'i roto i te Russia New, hoki i whakatoia e ia e te pirihimana. Tupato ano whakatoi i roto i 1902 ka haere Radomyslsky ki Berlin, a ka i roto i te tau ka whakatutehu ia ki Paris me Bern. I roto i te tau 1903, i reira i reira i tutaki ki ia ki a Lenin, a muri nui ofi ki a ia, ka anga ka ki tohu i roto i te whakahaere hapori Pākehā.

I roto i te 1903, Grigory Zinoviev, te whakaahua e taea kite koe i roto i te tuhinga, piri ia te mua, me i te II Congress o te RSDLP tautoko Lenin. I roto i te taua tau, kua hoki mai te pāhoro ki Ukraine, te wahi arahina e ia he whakatö-hohe.

He tau i muri mai, e tika ana ki te mate ngakau mahue ano Radomyslsky te whenua, e hoki ana ki Berne. I reira ka timata ia ki te ako, te whakauru i roto i te Whare Wānanga i te Faculty o Matū, engari he tau i muri haukotia ana akoranga ki te whai wāhi i roto i te revolution (1905-1907). I roto i Russia, ka tatari i te reira no te ti'araa melo i roto i te gorkomitete RSDLP St Petersburg. a'ee New o mate takoha Zinoviev ano ki te haere ki Bern, engari ki te ako i te Faculty. I roto i te puna o 1906 ka hoki ia ki a St. Petersburg, taka ana e ia ki te CC (atu pōti riro Lenin anake) ka tīmata te ētita mahi i roto i ngā nūpepa "Whakamua" me "Social Democrat" (tānga raro). Hoki ana mahi taka i raro i hopu i roto i te 1908, e tika ana ki te mate manaaki a haere ana ki Austria Galicia ki Lenin i toru nga marama.

Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich reira, nei biography he ki tonu i te ati, riro hoki te rōpū Bolshevik moni nui o te moni i roto i te kiri māia rongonui Parvus. whakapono pirihimana Austria e haina Zinoviev maramarama French.

revolution

I roto i te April 1917, Zinoviev ki tana wahine tuarua zlata Lili, ratou tama Tepene, hoki te wahine tuatahi a Hara Ravich Lenin ki Russia i roto i te pereoo auahi hiri. I muri i nga ra Hōngongoi huna Lenin Radomyslsky me maringi runga i te moana i te Kāwanatanga Takitaro (inaianei i reira ko te tohu whakaturia tau katoa hakari he teneti). E whakapae ratou o mahi torotoro me te mahi tahi ki a Austria-Hungary.

I roto i te Oketopa 1917, ko reira he hui kati o te Komiti Central Bolshevik, te wahi ka mea a Zinoviev me LEV Kamenev e ko reira halá, ki te turaki i te Kawanatanga Takitaro, ka rite ki te taumira o Lenin. Ratou mahi i roto i te "Life New" (Mensheviks) tata arahina ki pana i te rōpū, engari faaoti ki riria noa ratou ki te mahi i runga i mo tona.

A, no te ka mau nga mua me SRS mana i roto i mua, Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev, Alekseem Rykovym ko Viktorom Noginym taunaki whiriwhiringa ki te noa Vizhelem me tona tono ki te hanumi ki te kāwanatanga hapori rōpū kotahi. mutu Lenin ko Trotsky nga whiriwhiringa, me i Noema 4, piri te maha o ratou ki haere mai Vladimir Milyutin i te Komiti Central. Lenin i roto i te whakautu whakapuakina ratou papahoro - ko reira whakahuatia ara i roto i tona kawenata tōrangapū tenei.

whawhai metarahi

Na roto i te mutunga o 1917 i whakaaetia Zinoviev ki hoki ki tōrangapū. I roto i te Pakanga Civil mahi ia rite tiamana o te municipalities mua Soviet Union Sovnarkorma Northern Region, te tahae mua Defence.

Access ki te mana tino kino Zinoviev. A, no te i te matekai katoa a tawhio noa, ka whakaritea e ia mo ana hakari huatau tata. I tona kaupapa, te bourgeoisie me nga āhuatanga ahu tangohia o kāri taro. I o mano tekau o te iwi taka ki roto ki tenei kāwai. Ratou mooni i Manoa ki te hemokai.

Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich (aroaro haurongo poto te ki koutou whakarongo i roto i tenei tuhinga) tīmatanga kihai te "wehi whero" i muri i te nganatanga i runga i Lenin me te kōhurutanga o Volodarsky ko Uritsky, puhoi hoki i whakahē ia Lenin. whakahē ia ki te whakawhitinga o te whakapaipai ki Moscow.

whai Zinoviev Lenin wāhi, tautoko te Tiriti Brest-Litovsk, a ka hohoro hoki ki nga rarangi o te Komiti Central ki mema i roto i te Politburo hou. Tukua ia ki te pou, me te Comintern Executive Tiamana, te wahi whakaurua e ia te ariā o "fascism pāpori".

ka mau Zinoviev wahi i roto i te whakahaere i te "wehi Whero" o te intelligentsia o mua, mo te mea i tapaina a ia a ratou "Grishka te Tuatoru" (i roto i te rite ki a Otrepyev me Rasputin).

I raro i te ārahitanga o te taupori o te pa o mua Zinoviev hinga i neke atu i te 4 miriona tangata. Te nuinga o ratou i mahue noa te pa, engari ka mate i te wahi nui i te hemokai me executions. Impact me te wahie mōrearea - hotoke i roto i te pa kihai noa i kawemai wahie.

Kei te whakapono te reira i taua mahi rautaki Zinoviev ki te whakaiti "āhuatanga kore-proletarian."

Ahakoa koperea rau o iwi i, ko te tino tutu me te hao Zinoviev tāmitanga. Kei te whakapono te reira e i mangai reira e te hepohepo, te wehi mo te mate o te revolution.

Mai 1921, ko Zinoviev he mema o te Politburo me whāinga mō ngā tūranga ārahi. Whakatairangatia ana i te wa o te taonga tuku o Lenin, whakaputaina ana e ia nga pukapuka maha - i timata ana mahi kohia ki te tā.

I whai wāhi Zinoviev i te whakatoi o te minita Siu, ka raupatu i nga mua te hahi uara papatipu. I roto i mua, e ka rere ia, haere te tamataraa, i whiua ki te mate 10 tohunga, tae atu Archimandrite Herekiu me muri mai taimí rite te kaiwhakaatu tapu Metropolitan Pineamine.

ka mau Zinoviev wahi i roto i te ara o Stalin, awe tona whakarite General o te RCP i 1923 i te Hekeretari. i ia tenei e kore i roto i o aroha whaiaro, me ki te kawe ki te whawhai ki a Trotsky.

I muri i te matenga o Lenin

I muri i te matenga o Lenin contenders tūturu mō te kaha ko Trotsky me Zinoviev.

I roto i aua tau, i te tino raru tūranga Zinoviev. ka karanga ia ki te whakangaro i te koraha, me te tino e pahuatia te kainga, ki te whakanui ahumahi. Ko reira nukurau whakaaturia e ia e he reira e tika ana ki te whakangaro i te wahi o te taupori Russian, rite whakaako anō katoa i roto i to ratou ake ara nga mua e kore e taea.

tamata Zinoviev ki te whakarite i te revolution ao. tamata Kominiusi ki hopu mana i roto i Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Bulgaria, Estonia, Poland, Finland. Kua arahina tenei katoa ki maha mate, me te ainei utu pūtea.

Na roto i te tahae Comintern Zinoviev Gregory whakapae moni haurangi o te moni i roto i te tahatika Western.

Fifi o te tuakiri

Ahakoa Zinoviev riria nuitia Stalin, engari tona fifi tuakiri hanga ia i te aroaro o, a whakatangihia ana e ia nui kaha. Tona pa kāinga whakaingoatia ia Zinoviev, kia rohi tona ingoa. I roto i te maha pa nui, i tona whakahau, ofa'i me busts kua tāuta. whakaputaina e ia he kohinga katoa o ana mahi (33 buka).

pato'iraa hou

I roto i te 2 nga tau Zinoviev Kamneva whakahē Stalin. Ka rite ki te hua, kei te kore te reira ārahi e te Komiti Executive o te Comintern me te runanga pa, kua ahu tuatahi i te Politburo, me te tau i muri mai i te Komiti Central. aru ana tēnei e pana i te Pāti me te hono.

I roto i te 1928, Zinovev Grigory, tona hapu, kua tukua ano, puta ke, a ka whakahokia ai i roto i te rōpū mā te whakatū i te Rector Kazan University. E whā tau i muri mai, kia hopu i te mahi tuhituhi me te kairīpoata ano me te whakarau, engari tenei wa mo te kōrero-kore. I roto i tenei tohutoro, whakawhiti i ia "Mein Kampf" ( "toku Struggle") Hitler. I te tau 1933 i tukuna reira iti tohanga o tenei translation (ako kaimahi rōpū).

Engari o whā tau i roto i te whakarau, i muri mai i whakahokia e te tau Zinoviev ano i roto i te rōpū, ka tono tangata ki te Kaunihera Central. I te Congress rōpū, ripeneta ia, ka whakakororia Stalin me ana hoa. Reira ka karanga a Zinoviev Stalin he "poto o te wā katoa."

Ko te kupu me te marae

I roto i te Hakihea 1934, kua hopukina kotahi ano Zinoviev, whiu ki te 10 tau i roto i te whare herehere. āwhina hāmene i roto i te kohuru o Kirov, i te whakaaro o kōrero maha, kua tenei meka kua whakaritea e Stalin. I roto i te isolator tōrangapū Verhneuralsk, e ia ngā kōrero, kōrero ki a Stalin ki fakapapau'i e he kore ia te hoariri, a rite ki te whakarite i tetahi whakaritenga.

kua hanga Stalin me ana kaitautoko whānui whakamahi o te take mai o Zinoviev ko Kamenev, horahia hau e he Hurai me pūkenga te pato'iraa.

I tenei wa, ko te whakanohonoho o Zinoviev kihai i aru, me i 1936 haere te "tukanga o te ono", i whakarite ai nga kau taki mua o te rōpū. August 24 faaoti ki te kawe i te mahia - te tautea mate. He ra i muri mai e mahi i te rerenga kōrero.

Ko reira taa'eraa i whakakorea te kupu i roto i te tau 1988, te āhukahuka i te kore o te mahi mau o te hara.

He he taunakitanga e i roto i te tūhuratanga hanga Zinoviev titauraa ki hoki te moni o te Comintern. kawea e ia wahi o te moni i kāhakina te tangata, me te kore i whai wa ki te whakapau haumi ranei. I muri i taua Stalin ora, ia i kore e hiahiatia ana.

Ako e pā ana ki te whanonga o Zinoviev i mua te mahia, whakahihi ka tuwha Stalin i te patunga witi, e mea ana e ki atu te tahi mea ki te taiepa hoatu i rite te whakamutunga.

I roto i te hopu o Zinoviev puritia i roto i ngā āhuatanga hē. Ko te wera i roto i te mōrahi whakawera ruma ngā. kawea raruraru ki nga whatukuhu, me te ate, me taua tikanga te herehere ki te whakaeke taimaha - i te mamae i okeoke ia i runga i te patunga witi, a ka inoi ki te kia whakawhitia ki te hōhipera. Engari, ko te āwhina e tika ana ki te mau taote i hoatu ki a ia taero, kē atu atu te mate.

Ko te tikanga herehere pāhuatanga i muri i te ora hāneanea me te haumaru wahia iho Grigoriy Evseevich Zinovev me ta'i inoi Stalin ki te whakakahore i te marae.

i korero Stalin ki Zinoviev me te pupuri Kamenev ratou ora ki o ratou hapu, ki te whakaae ratou ki te marae ki nga whakapae katoa, me te aparau i te tahi o te mua tawhito. I tū tenei Maumau i te tamataraa, engari kihai i whakaora i te ora o herehere.

mate

i koperea Zinoviev i te po o Akuhata 26, 1936 ¶ Na i roto i te whare ECCU (Moscow). kaiwhakaatu mahia haamana'o e piko Zinoviev ka ui hoki te aroha, kihi pūtu kaitiaki, engari i roto i te mutunga e kore i taea e ia ara te haere, na te mita torutoru whakamutunga ia tika toia. I mua i te mahia, ka anga ia ki te pānui i te mau pure i roto i tona Hiperu taketake. Kamenev, nei i whiua me ia, tohe ia ki te mutu numinumi, ka mate ki te rangatiratanga. Tera atu ano tetahi putanga, kia rite ki nei i roto i te mahi o Zinoviev i ki kia kawea i runga i te moenga.

I muri i whakanohonoho o Zinoviev i 1988, i te tau torutoru o tona whakamoemiti rite kahore he-kua koroheke rawa ka repressions a Stalin.

whanaunga tāmitanga

Tāmitanga i tukua e te katoa wahine e toru Zinoviev. e toru nga wa, te mutunga rehabilitated ka tukua i te mate nui noa e toru nga tau i mua i tona mate i roto i 1954 te wahine tuatahi Hara Ravich i hopukina.

wahine Tuarua zlata Liling rua hopukina, ka tonoa ki te whakarau, engari i rite ki tana tama, i mawhiti ia te mate. ka mate te tama a Zinoviev i te tau e whai ake nei i te reira. I muri i te mahia o Gregory i whare pukapuka murua te mahi katoa Lili (te nuinga mahi i runga i te mātauranga pāpori me te mahi).

hopukina wahine Tuatoru Zinoviev Evgeny Lyasman tata rua tekau tau. tukua ratou i te reira anake i roto i te tau 1954, ka rehabilitated i roto i te rau tau i muri mai - i roto i te 2006. Mō tana tane tuhituhi ia haamana'oraa, engari ki te whakaputa i o ratou whanaunga rāhuitia.

pikitia

faufaa o Zinoviev i te ngā hītori, me te tōrangapū toutou kitea i roto i te kiriata. Ko te kiriata tuatahi ko "nuku" - te hanga wahangu Eisenstein. Ko reira taa'eraa e Zinoviev takaro Apfelbaum - tona teina. I roto i te tahi atu kiriata mohiotia "pukapuka puru", "I roto i nga ra o Oketopa", "Whero", "Bells Whero", "Lenin. Train "," Stalin "," I raro i te Waitohu o Scorpio "me te raupapa TV" Yesenin ".

to'utangata whakaaro

Poto haurongo Grigoriya Zinoveva, tetahi ara ranei tetahi, o te pānga ki to'utangatá maha. He aha te mea te mana'o i roto i te iwi whānui e pā ana ki tenei tangata? Fele kihai i tino pai whakaturia to'utangata ake ki Zinoviev. mohio ratou tona maramarama me te peu, engari tuhia ano hoki e ko ia te au tika, me te rapu.

Katia ki te iwi Zinoviev mea e te mea kahore puaretanga, horihori nui me te hao, whakanuia peu kahurangi.

whakahē hoa Party Zinoviev mō te he ware i roto i te totohe me te whiriwhiri he maminga, o tikanga ki te whakatutuki angitu whaiaro, me te tōrangapū.

I roto i te matekai i mua, Zinoviev ki te tepu kawea mai he momo o reka. ka mea te reira e tupu peu kikokore, me te tano prerevolutionary Gregory i faufaa, ki te whakakake "voyou mōmoma" nei ka romia moni i te tangata matekai.

I roto i nga pukapuka o to'utangata Zinoviev te kupu e pā ana ki te oraraa o Leningrad i te fifi o tona huru i.